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  • PyQt - QLabel inheriting

    - by Ockonal
    Hello, i wanna inherit QLabel to add there click event processing. I'm trying this code: class NewLabel(QtGui.QLabel): def __init__(self, parent): QtGui.QLabel.__init__(self, parent) def clickEvent(self, event): print 'Label clicked!' But after clicking I have no line 'Label clicked!' EDIT: Okay, now I'm using not 'clickEvent' but 'mousePressEvent'. And I still have a question. How can i know what exactly label was clicked? For example, i have 2 edit box and 2 labels. Labels content are pixmaps. So there aren't any text in labels, so i can't discern difference between labels. How can i do that? EDIT2: I made this code: class NewLabel(QtGui.QLabel): def __init__(self, firstLabel): QtGui.QLabel.__init__(self, firstLabel) def mousePressEvent(self, event): print 'Clicked' #myLabel = self.sender() # None =) self.emit(QtCore.SIGNAL('clicked()'), "Label pressed") In another class: self.FirstLang = NewLabel(Form) QtCore.QObject.connect(self.FirstLang, QtCore.SIGNAL('clicked()'), self.labelPressed) Slot in the same class: def labelPressed(self): print 'in labelPressed' print self.sender() But there isn't sender object in self. What i did wrong?

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  • How to provide an inline model field with a queryset choices without losing field value for inline r

    - by Judith Boonstra
    The code displayed below is providing the choices I need for the app field, and the choices I need for the attr field when using Admin. I am having a problem with the attr field on the inline form for already saved records. The attr selected for these saved does show in small print above the field, but not within the field itself. # MODELS: Class Vocab(models.Model): entity = models.Charfield, max_length = 40, unique = True) Class App(models.Model): name = models.ForeignKey(Vocab, related_name = 'vocab_appname', unique = True) app = SelfForeignKey('self, verbose_name = 'parent', blank = True, null = True) attr = models.ManyToManyField(Vocab, related_name = 'vocab_appattr', through ='AppAttr' def parqs(self): a method that provides a queryset consisting of available apps from vocab, excluding self and any apps within the current app's dependent line. def attrqs(self): a method that provides a queryset consisting of available attr from vocab excluding those already selected by current app, 2) those already selected by any apps within the current app's parent line, and 3) those selected by any apps within the current app's dependent line. Class AppAttr(models.Model): app = models.ForeignKey(App) attr = models.ForeignKey(Vocab) # FORMS: from models import AppAttr def appattr_form_callback(instance, field, *args, **kwargs) if field.name = 'attr': if instance: return field.formfield(queryset = instance.attrqs(), *kwargs) return field.formfield(*kwargs) # ADMIN: necessary imports class AppAttrInline(admin.TabularInline): model = AppAttr def get_formset(self, request, obj = None, **kwargs): kwargs['formfield_callback'] = curry(appattr_form_callback, obj) return super(AppAttrInline, self).get_formset(request, obj, **kwargs) class AppForm(forms.ModelForm): class Meta: model = App def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(AppForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) if self.instance.id is None: working = App.objects.all() else: thisrec = App.objects.get(id = self.instance.id) working = thisrec.parqs() self.fields['par'].queryset = working class AppAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): form = AppForm inlines = [AppAttrInline,] fieldsets = .......... necessary register statements

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  • Ruby syntax error: unexpected $end, expecting keyword_end

    - by user2839246
    I am supposed to: Capitalize the first letter of string. Capitalize every word except articles (the, a, an), conjunctions (and), and prepositions (in). Capitalize i (as in "I am male."). Specify the first word of a string (I actually have no idea what this means. I'm trying to run the spec file to test other functions). Here's my code: class Book def initialize(string) title(string) end def title(string) arts_conjs_preps = %w{ a an the and but or nor for yet so although because since unless despite in to } array = string.downcase.split array.each do |word| if (word == array[0] || word == "i") then word = word.capitalize if arts_conjs_preps !include?(word) then word = word.capitalize end puts array.join(' ') end end puts Book.new("inferno") Ruby says I'm messing up at: puts Book.new("inferno") <--(right after the last line of code) I get exactly the same error message with this test code: def title(string) array = string.downcase.split array.each do |word| if word == array[0] then word = word.capitalize end array.join(' ') end puts title("dante's inferno") The only other Stack Overflow thread regarding this particular syntax error that did not suggest trailing or missing ends or .s as the root of the problem is here. The last comment recommends deleting and recreating the gemset, Which sounds scary. And I'm not sure how to do. Any thoughts? Simple solution? Resources to help? Solution class Book def initialize(string) title(string) end def title(string) arts_conjs_preps = %w{ a an the and but or nor for yet so although because since unless despite of in to } array = string.downcase.split title = array.map do |word| if (word == array[0] || word == "i") || !arts_conjs_preps.include?(word) word = word.capitalize else word end end puts title.join(' ') end end Book.new("dante's the inferno")

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  • how to use @ in python.. and the @property

    - by zjm1126
    this is my code: def a(): print 'sss' @a() def b(): print 'aaa' b() and the Traceback is: sss Traceback (most recent call last): File "D:\zjm_code\a.py", line 8, in <module> @a() TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable so how to use the '@' thanks updated class a: @property def b(x): print 'sss' aa=a() print aa.b it print : sss None how to use @property thanks

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  • Pyqt - QMenu dynamically populated and clicked

    - by mleep
    I need to be able to know what item I've clicked in a dynamically generated menu system. I only want to know what I've clicked on, even if it's simply a string representation. def populateShotInfoMenus(self): self.menuFilms = QMenu() films = self.getList() for film in films: menuItem_Film = self.menuFilms.addAction(film) self.connect(menuItem_Film, SIGNAL('triggered()'), self.onFilmSet) self.menuFilms.addAction(menuItem_Film) def onFilmRightClick(self, value): self.menuFilms.exec_(self.group1_inputFilm.mapToGlobal(value)) def onFilmSet(self, value): print 'Menu Clicked ', value

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  • Rails: (Devise) Two different methods for new users?

    - by neezer
    I have a Rails 3 app with authentication setup using Devise with the registerable module enabled. I want to have new users who sign up using our outside register form to use the full Devise registerable module, which is happening now. However, I also want the admin user to be able to create new users directly, bypassing (I think) Devise's registerable module. With registerable disabled, my standard UsersController works as I want it to for the admin user, just like any other Rail scaffold. However, now new users can't register on their own. With registerable enabled, my standard UsersController is never called for the new user action (calling Devise::RegistrationsController instead), and my CRUD actions don't seem to work at all (I get dumped back onto my root page with no new user created and no flash message). Here's the log from the request: Started POST "/users" for 127.0.0.1 at 2010-12-20 11:49:31 -0500 Processing by Devise::RegistrationsController#create as HTML Parameters: {"utf8"=>"?", "authenticity_token"=>"18697r4syNNWHfMTkDCwcDYphjos+68rPFsaYKVjo8Y=", "user"=>{"email"=>"[email protected]", "password"=>"[FILTERED]", "password_confirmation"=>"[FILTERED]", "role"=>"manager"}, "commit"=>"Create User"} SQL (0.9ms) ... User Load (0.6ms) SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE ("users"."id" = 2) LIMIT 1 SQL (0.9ms) ... Redirected to http://test-app.local/ Completed 302 Found in 192ms ... but I am able to register new users through the outside form. How can I get both of these methods to work together, such that my admin user can manually create new users and guest users can register on their own? I have my Users controller setup for standard CRUD: class UsersController < ApplicationController load_and_authorize_resource def index @users = User.where("id NOT IN (?)", current_user.id) # don't display the current user in the users list; go to account management to edit current user details end def new @user = User.new end def create @user = User.new(params[:user]) if @user.save flash[:notice] = "#{ @user.email } created." redirect_to users_path else render :action => 'new' end end def edit end def update params[:user].delete(:password) if params[:user][:password].blank? params[:user].delete(:password_confirmation) if params[:user][:password].blank? and params[:user][:password_confirmation].blank? if @user.update_attributes(params[:user]) flash[:notice] = "Successfully updated User." redirect_to users_path else render :action => 'edit' end end def delete end def destroy redirect_to users_path and return if params[:cancel] if @user.destroy flash[:notice] = "#{ @user.email } deleted." redirect_to users_path end end end And my routes setup as follows: TestApp::Application.routes.draw do devise_for :users devise_scope :user do get "/login", :to => "devise/sessions#new", :as => :new_user_session get "/logout", :to => "devise/sessions#destroy", :as => :destroy_user_session end resources :users do get :delete, :on => :member end authenticate :user do root :to => "application#index" end root :to => "devise/session#new" end

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  • Python : How to close a UDP socket while is waiting for data in recv ?

    - by alexroat
    Hello, let's consider this code in python: import socket import threading import sys import select class UDPServer: def __init__(self): self.s=None self.t=None def start(self,port=8888): if not self.s: self.s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) self.s.bind(("",port)) self.t=threading.Thread(target=self.run) self.t.start() def stop(self): if self.s: self.s.close() self.t.join() self.t=None def run(self): while True: try: #receive data data,addr=self.s.recvfrom(1024) self.onPacket(addr,data) except: break self.s=None def onPacket(self,addr,data): print addr,data us=UDPServer() while True: sys.stdout.write("UDP server> ") cmd=sys.stdin.readline() if cmd=="start\n": print "starting server..." us.start(8888) print "done" elif cmd=="stop\n": print "stopping server..." us.stop() print "done" elif cmd=="quit\n": print "Quitting ..." us.stop() break; print "bye bye" It runs an interactive shell with which I can start and stop an UDP server. The server is implemented through a class which launches a thread in which there's a infinite loop of recv/*onPacket* callback inside a try/except block which should detect the error and the exits from the loop. What I expect is that when I type "stop" on the shell the socket is closed and an exception is raised by the recvfrom function because of the invalidation of the file descriptor. Instead, it seems that recvfrom still to block the thread waiting for data even after the close call. Why this strange behavior ? I've always used this patter to implements an UDP server in C++ and JAVA and it always worked. I've tried also with a "select" passing a list with the socket to the xread argument, in order to get an event of file descriptor disruption from select instead that from recvfrom, but select seems to be "insensible" to the close too. I need to have a unique code which maintain the same behavior on Linux and Windows with python 2.5 - 2.6. Thanks.

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  • Scala: "Parameter type in structural refinement may not refer to an abstract type defined outside th

    - by raichoo
    Hi, I'm having a problem with scala generics. While the first function I defined here seems to be perfectly ok, the compiler complains about the second definition with: error: Parameter type in structural refinement may not refer to an abstract type defined outside that refinement def >>[B](a: C[B])(implicit m: Monad[C]): C[B] = { ^ What am I doing wrong here? trait Lifter[C[_]] { implicit def liftToMonad[A](c: C[A]) = new { def >>=[B](f: A => C[B])(implicit m: Monad[C]): C[B] = { m >>= (c, f) } def >>[B](a: C[B])(implicit m: Monad[C]): C[B] = { m >> a } } } IMPORTANT: This is NOT a question about Monads, it's a question about scala polymorphism in general. Regards, raichoo

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  • Groovy & Grails Concurrency ( quartz, executor )

    - by Pietro
    What I'm trying to do is to run multiple threads at some starting time. Those threads must stay alive for 90minutes after start. During the 90minutes they execute something after a random sleep time (ex: 5minutes to 15minutes). Here is a pseudo code on how I would implement it. The problem is that doing it in this way the threads run in an unexpected way. How can I implement correctly something like this? Class MyJob { static triggers = { cron name: 'first', cronExpression: "0 30 21 * * FRI" cron name: 'second', cronExpression: "0 30 19 * * FRI" cron name: 'third', cronExpression: "0 30 17 * * FRI" def myService def execute() { switch( between trigger name ) case 'first': model = Model.findByAttribute(...) ... myService.run( model, start_time ) break; ... } } class MyService { def run( model, start_time ) { def end_time = end_time.plusMinutes(90) model.fields.each( field -> Thread.start { executeSomeTasks( field, start_time, end_time ) } ) } def executeSomeTasks( field, start_time, end_time ) { while( start_time < end_time ) { ...do something ... sleep( Random.nextInt( 1000 ) ); } } }

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  • python multiprocessing member variable not set

    - by Jake
    In the following script, I get the "stop message received" output but the process never ends. Why is that? Is there another way to end a process besides terminate or os.kill that is along these lines? from multiprocessing import Process from time import sleep class Test(Process): def __init__(self): Process.__init__(self) self.stop = False def run(self): while self.stop == False: print "running" sleep(1.0) def end(self): print "stop message received" self.stop = True if __name__ == "__main__": test = Test() test.start() sleep(1.0) test.end() test.join()

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  • Why One-to-one relationship dosen't work?

    - by eugenn
    I'm trying to create a very simple relationship between two objects. Can anybody explain me why I can't find the Company object via findBy method? class Company { String name String desc City city static constraints = { city(unique: true) } } class City { String name static constraints = { } } class BootStrap { def init = { servletContext -> new City(name: 'Tokyo').save() new City(name: 'New York').save() new Company(name: 'company', city: City.findByName('New York')).save() def c = Company.findByName('company') // Why c=null????! } def destroy = { } }

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  • No Method Error Undefined method 'save' for nil:NilClass

    - by BennyB
    I'm getting this error when i try to create a "Lecture" via my Lecture controller's create method. This used to work but i went on to work on other parts of the app & then of course i come back & something is now throwing this error when a user tries to create a Lecture in my app. I'm sure its something small i'm just overlooking (been at it a while & probably need to take a break)...but I'd appreciate if someone could let me know why this is happening...let me know if i need to post anything else...thx! The error I get NoMethodError in LecturesController#create undefined method `save' for nil:NilClass Rails.root: /Users/name/Sites/rails_projects/app_name Application Trace | Framework Trace | Full Trace app/controllers/lectures_controller.rb:13:in `create' My view to create a new Lecture views/lectures/new.html.erb <% provide(:title, 'Start a Lecture') %> <div class="container"> <div class="content-wrapper"> <h1>Create a Lecture</h1> <div class="row"> <div class="span 6 offset3"> <%= form_for(@lecture) do |f| %> <%= render 'shared/error_messages', :object => f.object %> <div class="field"> <%= f.text_field :title, :placeholder => "What will this Lecture be named?" %> <%= f.text_area :content, :placeholder => "Describe this Lecture & what will be learned..." %> </div> <%= f.submit "Create this Lecture", :class => "btn btn-large btn-primary" %> <% end %> </div> </div> </div> </div> Then my controller where its saying the error is coming from controllers/lectures_controller.rb class LecturesController < ApplicationController before_filter :signed_in_user, :only => [:create, :destroy] before_filter :correct_user, :only => :destroy def index end def new @lecture = current_user.lectures.build if signed_in? end def create if @lecture.save flash[:success] = "Lecture created!" redirect_to @lecture else @activity_items = [ ] render 'new' end end def show @lecture = Lecture.find(params[:id]) end def destroy @lecture.destroy redirect_to root_path end private def correct_user @lecture = current_user.lectures.find_by_id(params[:id]) redirect_to root_path if @lecture.nil? end

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  • foo and _foo - about variables inside a class

    - by kame
    class ClassName(object): """ """ def __init__(self, foo, bar): """ """ self.foo = foo # read-write property self.bar = bar # simple attribute def _set_foo(self, value): self._foo = value def _get_foo(self): return self._foo foo = property(_get_foo, _set_foo) a = ClassName(1,2) #a._set_foo(3) print a._get_foo() When I print a._get_foo() the function _get_foo prints the variable self._foo . But where does it come from? self._foo and self.foo are different, aren't they?

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  • Ruby execute code in class getting inherited to

    - by AdamB
    I'm trying to be able to have a global exception capture where I can add extra information when an error happens. I have two classes, "crawler" and "amazon". What I want to do is be able to call "crawl", execute a function in amazon, and use the exception handling in the crawl function. Here are the two classes I have: require 'mechanize' class Crawler Mechanize.html_parser = Nokogiri::HTML def initialize @agent = Mechanize.new end def crawl puts "crawling" begin #execute code in Amazon class here? rescue Exception => e puts "Exception: #{e.message}" puts "On url: #{@current_url}" puts e.backtrace end end def get(url) @current_url = url @agent.get(url) end end class Amazon < Crawler #some code with errors def stuff page = get("http://www.amazon.com") puts page.parser.xpath("//asldkfjasdlkj").first['href'] end end a = Amazon.new a.crawl Is there a way I can call "stuff" inside of "crawl" so I can use that exception handling over the entire stuff function? Is there a better way to accomplish this?

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  • Django context processor gets AnonymousUser

    - by myfreeweb
    instead of User. def myview(request): return render_to_response('tmpl.html', {'user': User.objects.get(id=1}) works fine and passes User to template. But def myview(request): return render_to_response('tmpl.html', {}, context_instance=RequestContext(request)) with a context processor def user(request): from django.contrib.auth.models import User return {'user': User.objects.get(id=1)} passes AnonymousUser, so I can't get the variables I need :( What's wrong?

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  • python need some help

    - by maxt0r
    hi i have my codes i have to do a module def subjects but i cant figure out how can u help me thanks. class Enrol: def init(self, dir): def readFiles(, dir, files): for file in files: if file == "classes.txt": class_list = readtable(dir+"/"+file) for item in class_list: Enrol.class_info_dict[item[0]] = item[1:] if item[1] in Enrol.classes_dict: Enrol.classes_dict[item[1]].append(item[0]) else: Enrol.classes_dict[item[1]] = [item[0]] elif file == "subjects.txt": subject_list = readtable(dir+"/"+file) for item in subject_list: Enrol.subjects_dict[item[0]] = item[1] elif file == "venues.txt": venue_list = readtable(dir+"/"+file) for item in venue_list: Enrol.venues_dict[item[0]] = item[1:] elif file.endswith('.roll'): roll_list = readlines(dir+"/"+file) file = os.path.splitext(file)[0] Enrol.class_roll_dict[file] = roll_list for item in roll_list: if item in Enrol.enrolled_dict: Enrol.enrolled_dict[item].append(file) else: Enrol.enrolled_dict[item] = [file] try: os.walk(dir, _readFiles, None) except: print "directory not properly been recognise error" def subjects(what should i write here??): for name in suject_list: print name, out put should look like import enrol e = enrol.Enrol("/path/to/data") e.subjects() ['bw101', 'bw110', 'bw232', 'bw290', 'bw660']

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  • How do I set up my @product=Product.find(params[:id]) to have a product_url?

    - by montooner
    Trying to recreate { script/generate scaffold }, and I've gotten thru a number of Rails basics. I suspect that I need to configure default product url somewhere. But where do I do this? Setup: Have: def edit { @product=Product.find(params[:id]) } Have edit.html.erb, with an edit form posting to action = :create Have def create { ... }, with the code redirect_to(@product, ...) Getting error: undefined method `product_url' for #< ProductsController:0x56102b0 My def update: def update @product = Product.find(params[:id]) respond_to do |format| if @product.update_attributes(params[:product]) format.html { redirect_to(@product, :notice => 'Product was successfully updated.') } format.xml { head :ok } else format.html { render :action => "edit" } format.xml { render :xml => @product.errors, :status => :unprocessable_entity } end end end

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  • Possible to change function name in definition?

    - by Bird Jaguar IV
    I tried several ways to change the function name in the definition, but they failed. >>> def f(): pass >>> f.__name__ 'f' >>> def f(): f.__name__ = 'new name' >>> f.__name__ 'f' >>> def f(): self.__name__ = 'new name' >>> f.__name__ 'f' But I can change the name attribute after defining it. >>> def f(): pass >>> f.__name__ = 'new name' >>> f.__name__ 'new name' Any way to change/set it in the definition (other than using a decorator)?

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  • Rails 4 json return on API

    - by El - Key
    I'm creating an API on my application. I currently overrided the as_json method in my model in order to be able to get attached files as well as logo from Paperclip : def as_json( options = {} ) super.merge(logo_small: self.logo.url(:small), logo_large: self.logo.url(:large), taxe: self.taxe, attachments: self.attachments) end Then within my controller, I'm doing : def index @products = current_user.products respond_with @products end def show respond_with @product end The problem is that on the index, I don't want get all the attachments. I only need it on the show method. So I tried it : def index @products = current_user.products respond_with @products, except: [:attachments] end But unfortunately it's not working. How can I do to not send :attachments? Thanks

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  • Django, url tag in template doesn't work: NoReverseMatch

    - by Lukasz Jocz
    I've encountered a problem with generating reverse url in templates in django. I'm trying to solve it since a few hours and I have no idea what the problem might be. URL reversing works great in models and views: # like this in models.py @models.permalink def get_absolute_url(self): return ('entry', (), { 'entry_id': self.entry.id, }) # or this in views.py return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('entry',args=(entry_id,))) but when I'm trying to make it in template I get such an error: NoReverseMatch at /entry/1/ Reverse for ''add_comment'' with arguments '(1L,)' and keyword arguments '{}' not found. My file structure looks like this: project/ +-- frontend ¦   +-- models.py ¦   +-- urls.py ¦   +-- views.py +-- settings.py +-- templates ¦   +-- add_comment.html ¦   +-- entry.html +-- utils ¦   +-- with_template.py +-- wsgi.py My urls.py: from project.frontend.views import * from django.conf.urls import patterns, include, url urlpatterns = patterns('project.frontend.views', url(r'^entry/(?P<entry_id>\d+)/', 'entry', name="entry"), (r'^entry_list/', 'entry_list'), Then entry_list.html: {% extends "base.html" %} {% block content %} {% for entry in entries %} {% url 'entry' entry.id %} {% endfor %} {% endblock %} In views.py I have: @with_template def entry(request, entry_id): entry = Entry.objects.get(id=entry_id) entry.comments = entry.get_comments() return locals() where with_template is following decorator(but I don't think this is a case): class TheWrapper(object): def __init__(self, default_template_name): self.default_template_name = default_template_name def __call__(self, func): def decorated_func(request, *args, **kwargs): extra_context = kwargs.pop('extra_context', {}) dictionary = {} ret = func(request, *args, **kwargs) if isinstance(ret, HttpResponse): return ret dictionary.update(ret) dictionary.update(extra_context) return render_to_response(dictionary.get('template_name', self.default_template_name), context_instance=RequestContext(request), dictionary=dictionary) update_wrapper(decorated_func, func) return decorated_func if not callable(arg): return TheWrapper(arg) else: default_template_name = ''.join([ arg.__name__, '.html']) return TheWrapper(default_template_name)(arg) Do you have any idea, what may cause the problem? Great thanks in advance!

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  • create a class attribute without going through __setattr__

    - by eric.frederich
    Hello, What I have below is a class I made to easily store a bunch of data as attributes. They wind up getting stored in a dictionary. I override __getattr__ and __setattr__ to store and retrieve the values back in different types of units. When I started overriding __setattr__ I was having trouble creating that initial dicionary in the 2nd line of __init__ like so... super(MyDataFile, self).__setattr__('_data', {}) My question... Is there an easier way to create a class level attribute with going through __setattr__? Also, should I be concerned about keeping a separate dictionary or should I just store everything in self.__dict__? #!/usr/bin/env python from unitconverter import convert import re special_attribute_re = re.compile(r'(.+)__(.+)') class MyDataFile(object): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(MyDataFile, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) super(MyDataFile, self).__setattr__('_data', {}) # # For attribute type access # def __setattr__(self, name, value): self._data[name] = value def __getattr__(self, name): if name in self._data: return self._data[name] match = special_attribute_re.match(name) if match: varname, units = match.groups() if varname in self._data: return self.getvaras(varname, units) raise AttributeError # # other methods # def getvaras(self, name, units): from_val, from_units = self._data[name] if from_units == units: return from_val return convert(from_val, from_units, units), units def __str__(self): return str(self._data) d = MyDataFile() print d # set like a dictionary or an attribute d.XYZ = 12.34, 'in' d.ABC = 76.54, 'ft' # get it back like a dictionary or an attribute print d.XYZ print d.ABC # get conversions using getvaras or using a specially formed attribute print d.getvaras('ABC', 'cm') print d.XYZ__mm

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  • Exposing members or make them private in Python?

    - by deamon
    Is there a general convention about exposing members in Python classes? I know that this is a case of "it depends", but maybe there is a rule of thumb. Private member: class Node: def __init__(self): self.__childs = [] def add_childs(self, *args): self.__childs += args node = Node() node.add_childs("one", "two") Public member: class Node2: def __init__(self): self.childs = [] node2 = Node2() node2.childs += "one", "two"

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  • Weird callback execution order in Twisted?

    - by SlashV
    Consider the following code: from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred d1 = Deferred() d2 = Deferred() def f1(result): print 'f1', def f2(result): print 'f2', def f3(result): print 'f3', def fd(result): return d2 d1.addCallback(f1) d1.addCallback(fd) d1.addCallback(f3) #/BLOCK==== d2.addCallback(f2) d1.callback(None) #=======BLOCK/ d2.callback(None) This outputs what I would expect: f1 f2 f3 However when I swap the order of the statements in BLOCK to #/BLOCK==== d1.callback(None) d2.addCallback(f2) #=======BLOCK/ i.e. Fire d1 before adding the callback to d2, I get: f1 f3 f2 I don't see why the time of firing of the deferreds should influence the callback execution order. Is this an issue with Twisted or does this make sense in some way?

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  • Example of contravariance

    - by Misha
    I am thinking of the following example to illustrate why contravariance is useful. Let's consider a GUI framework with Widgets, Events, and Event Listeners. abstract class Event; class KeyEvent extends Event class MouseEvent extends Event trait EventListener[-Event] { def listen(e:Event) } Let Widgets define the following methods: def addKeyEventListener(listener:EventListener[KeyEvent]) def addMouseEventListener(listener:EventListener[MouseEvent]) These methods accept only "specific" event listeners, which is fine. However I would like to define also "kitchen-sink" listeners, which listen to all events, and pass such listeners to the "add listener" methods above. For instance, I would like to define LogEventListener to log all incoming events class LogEventListener extends EventListener[Event] { def listen(e:Event) { log(event) } } Since the trait EventListener is contravariant in Event we can pass LogEventListener to all those "add listener" methods without losing their type safety. Does it make sense ?

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  • django modeling

    - by SledgehammerPL
    Concept: Drinks are made of components. E.g. 10ml of Vodka. In some receipt the component is very particular (10ml of Finlandia Vodka), some not (10 ml of ANY Vodka). I wonder how to model a component to solve this problem - on stock I have particular product, which can satisfy more requirements. The model for now is: class Receipt(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=128) (...) components = models.ManyToManyField(Product, through='ReceiptComponent') def __unicode__(self): return self.name class ReceiptComponent(models.Model): product = models.ForeignKey(Product) receipt = models.ForeignKey(Receipt) quantity = models.FloatField(max_length=9) unit = models.ForeignKey(Unit) class Admin: pass def __unicode__(self): return unicode(self.quantity!=0 and self.quantity or '') + ' ' + unicode(self.unit) + ' ' + self.product.genitive class Product(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length = 128) (...) class Admin: pass def __unicode__(self): return self.name class Stock(Store): products = models.ManyToManyField(Product) class Admin: pass def __unicode__(self): return self.name I think about making some table which joins real product (on stock) with abstract product (receiptcomponent). But maybe there's easy solution?

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