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  • Instance variables vs. class variables in Python

    - by deamon
    I have Python classes, of which I need only one instance at runtime, so it would be sufficient to have the attributes only once per class and not per instance. If there would be more than one instance (what won't happen), all instance should have the same configuration. I wonder which of the following options would be better or more "idiomatic" Python. Class variables: MyController(Controller): path = "something/" childs = [AController, BController] def action(request): pass Instance ariables: MyController(Controller): def __init__(self): self.path = "something/" self.childs = [AController, BController] def action(self, request): pass

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  • Closures and universal quantification

    - by Apocalisp
    I've been trying to work out how to implement Church-encoded data types in Scala. It seems that it requires rank-n types since you would need a first-class const function of type forAll a. a -> (forAll b. b -> b). However, I was able to encode pairs thusly: import scalaz._ trait Compose[F[_],G[_]] { type Apply = F[G[A]] } trait Closure[F[_],G[_]] { def apply[B](f: F[B]): G[B] } def pair[A,B](a: A, b: B) = new Closure[Compose[PartialApply1Of2[Function1,A]#Apply, PartialApply1Of2[Function1,B]#Apply]#Apply, Identity] { def apply[C](f: A => B => C) = f(a)(b) } For lists, I was able to get encode cons: def cons[A](x: A) = { type T[B] = B => (A => B => B) => B new Closure[T,T] { def apply[B](xs: T[B]) = (b: B) => (f: A => B => B) => f(x)(xs(b)(f)) } } However, the empty list is more problematic and I've not been able to get the Scala compiler to unify the types. Can you define nil, so that, given the definition above, the following compiles? cons(1)(cons(2)(cons(3)(nil)))

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  • Ruby open_id_authentication with Google OpenID

    - by Patrick Daryll Glandien
    I am in my first steps of implementing OpenID in my Rails app. open_id_authentication appeared to be a fairly easy-to-use plugin, which is why I decided to use it. Logging in with my Google account seems to work perfectly, however I do not get the sreg/AX fields that I require. My code is currently as follows: class SessionsController < ApplicationController def new; end def create open_id_authentication end protected def open_id_authentication authenticate_with_open_id(params[:openid_identifier], :required => ["http://axschema.org/contact/email"]) do |result, identity_url, registration| if result.successful? p registration.data @current_user = User.find_by_identity_url(identity_url) if @current_user successful_login else failed_login "Sorry, no user by that identity URL exists (#{identity_url})" end else failed_login result.message end end end private def successful_login session[:user_id] = @current_user.id redirect_to(root_url) end def failed_login(message) flash[:error] = message redirect_to(new_session_url) end end I have already read various discussions about Google OpenID and all only say that you need to require the AX schema instead of the sreg field email, but even when I am doing so (as you can see in the code above), registration.data will remain empty ({}). How do I effectively require the email from most OpenID providers with open_id_authentication?

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  • Simple pygtk and threads example please.

    - by wtzolt
    Hello, Can someone give me a simple example involving threads in this manner, please. Problem with my code is that when I click button One, GUI freezes until its finished. I want buttons to stay responsive when def is being executed. How can i fix that? class fun: wTree = None def __init__( self ): self.wTree = gtk.glade.XML( "ui.glade" ) dic = { "on_buttonOne" : self.one, "on_buttonTwo" : self.two, } self.wTree.signal_autoconnect( dic ) gtk.main() def sone(self, widget): time.sleep(1) print "1" time.sleep(1) print "2" time.sleep(1) print "3" def stwo(self, widget): time.sleep(1) print "4" time.sleep(1) print "5" time.sleep(1) print "6" do=fun() Pretty please, help me.

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  • Python Introspection: How to get varnames of class methods?

    - by daccle
    I want to get the names of the keyword arguments of the methods of a class. I think I understood how to get the names of the methods and how to get the variable names of a specific method, but I don't get how to combine these: class A(object): def A1(self, test1=None): self.test1 = test1 def A2(self, test2=None): self.test2 = test2 def A3(self): pass def A4(self, test4=None, test5=None): self.test4 = test4 self.test5 = test5 a = A() # to get the names of the methods: for methodname in a.__class__.__dict__.keys(): print methodname # to get the variable names of a specific method: for varname in a.A1.__func__.__code__.co_varnames: print varname # I want to have something like this: for function in class: print function.name for varname in function: print varname # desired output: A1 self test1 A2 self test2 A3 self A4 self test4 test5

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  • Django database caching

    - by hekevintran
    I have a Django form that uses an integer field to lookup a model object by its primary key. The form has a save() method that uses the model object referred to by the integer field. The model's manager's get() method is called twice, once in the clean method and once in the save() method: class MyForm(forms.Form): id_a = fields.IntegerField() def clean_id_a(user_id): id_a = self.cleaned_data['id_a'] try: # here is the first call to get MyModel.objects.get(id=id_a) except User.DoesNotExist: raise ValidationError('Object does not exist') def save(self): id_a = self.cleaned_data['id_a'] # here is the second call to get my_model_object = MyModel.objects.get(id=id_a) # do other stuff I wasn't sure whether this hits the database two times or one time so I returned the object itself in the clean method so that I could avoid a second get() call. Does calling get() hit the database two times? Or is the object cached in the thread? class MyForm(forms.Form): id_a = fields.IntegerField() def clean_id_a(user_id): id_a = self.cleaned_data['id_a'] try: # here is my workaround return MyModel.objects.get(id=id_a) except User.DoesNotExist: raise ValidationError('Object does not exist') def save(self): # looking up the cleaned value returns the model object my_model_object = self.cleaned_data['id_a'] # do other stuff

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  • is an instance variable in an action of a controller available for all the controllers view?

    - by fenec
    I am just trying to printout the parameters that have been entered into my form. basically i create a new bet then i display the parameters: MIGRATION enter code here class CreateBets < ActiveRecord::Migration def self.up create_table :bets do |t| t.integer :accepted ,:default = 0 t.integer :user_1_id #proposer t.integer :user_2_id #receiver t.integer :team_1_id #proposer's team t.integer :team_2_id #receiver's team t.integer :game_id t.integer :winner t.integer :amount t.timestamps end end def self.down drop_table :bets end end CONTROLLER bets_controller.erb enter code here class BetsController < ApplicationController def index redirect_to new_bet_path end def new @b=Bet.new end def create @@points=params[:points] @@winner=params[:winner] end end VIEWS New.erb New Bet <% facebook_form_for Bet.new do |f| %> <%= f.text_field :amount, :label=>"points" %> <%= f.text_field :winner, :label=>"WinningTeam" %> <%= f.buttons "Bet" %> <% end %> create.erb enter code here points:<%= @@points %> <br> winner:<%= @@winner %>

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  • Why does this explicit call of a Scala method allow it to be implicitly resolved?

    - by Matt R
    Why does this code fail to compile, but compiles successfully when I uncomment the indicated line? (I'm using Scala 2.8 nightly). It seems that explicitly calling string2Wrapper allows it to be used implicitly from that point on. class A { import Implicits.string2Wrapper def foo() { //string2Wrapper("A") ==> "B" // <-- uncomment } def bar() { "A" ==> "B" "B" ==> "C" "C" ==> "D" } object Implicits { implicit def string2Wrapper(s: String) = new Wrapper(s) class Wrapper(s: String) { def ==>(s2: String) {} } } }

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  • Best way to code this, string to map conversion in Groovy

    - by Daxon
    I have a string like def data = "session=234567893egshdjchasd&userId=12345673456&timeOut=1800000" I want to convert it to a map ["session", 234567893egshdjchasd] ["userId", 12345673456] ["timeout", 1800000] This is the current way I am doing it, def map = [:] data.splitEachLine("&"){ it.each{ x -> def object = x.split("=") map.put(object[0], object[1]) } } It works, but is there a more efficient way?

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  • error while using cancan in ruby: "uninitialized constant CanCan::Rule::Mongoid"

    - by Ran
    here is my controller: class AdminController < ApplicationController before_filter :require_user authorize_resource :class => false def index end def users_list end end here is my Ability class: class Ability include CanCan::Ability def initialize(user) if user.admin? can :manage, :all else can :read, :all end end end when trying to access "/admin/users_list" (with an admin user or without) i get the following error: uninitialized constant CanCan::Rule::Mongoid any thoughts?

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  • Dynamically creating page definitions in Cherrypy

    - by Hugh
    Hi, I've been looking around the CherryPy documentation, but can't quite get my head around what I want to do. I suspect it might be more of a Python thing than a CherryPy thing... My current class looks something like this: import managerUtils class WebManager: def A(self, **kwds): return managerUtils.runAction("A", kwds) A.enabled = True def B(self, **kwds): return managerUtils.runAction("B", kwds) B.enabled = True def C(self, **kwds): return managerUtils.runAction("C", kwds) C.enabled = True Obviously there's a lot of repetition in here. in managerUtils.py, I have a dict that's something like: actions = {'A': functionToRunForA, 'B': functionToRunForB, 'C': functionToRunForC} Okay, so that's a slightly simplistic view of it, but I'm sure you get the idea. I want to be able to do something like: import managerUtils class WebManager: def __init__(self): for action in managerUtils.actions: f = registerFunction(action) f.enabled = True Any ideas of how to do this?

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  • Small Python optional arguments question

    - by ooboo
    I have two functions: def f(a,b,c=g(b)): blabla def g(n): blabla c is an optional argument in function f. If the user does not specify its value, the program should compute g(b) and that would be the value of c. But the code does not compile - it says name 'b' is not defined. How to fix that? Someone suggested: def g(b): blabla def f(a,b,c=None): if c is None: c = g(b) blabla But this doesn't work, because maybe the user intended c to be None and then c will have another value.

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  • alias_method and class_methods don't mix?

    - by Daniel
    Greetings, I've been trying to tinker with a global Cache module, but I can't figure out why this isn't working. Does anyone have any suggestions? This is the error produced for the below code: NameError: undefined method get' for moduleCache' from (irb):21:in `alias_method' module Cache def self.get puts "original" end end module Cache def self.get_modified puts "New get" end end def peek_a_boo Cache.module_eval do # make :get_not_modified alias_method :get_not_modified, :get alias_method :get, :get_modified end Cache.get Cache.module_eval do alias_method :get, :get_not_modified end end # test first round peek_a_boo # test second round peek_a_boo TIA! -daniel

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  • Newbie question: undefined local variable or method , why??

    - by Mellon
    I am new in Rails (I am using Rails 3.0.3), currently I am following the book "Agile Web Development with Rails" to develop a simple rails application. I followed the book to: --create a model 'Cart' class; --implement 'add_to_cart' method in my 'store_controller', I have a line of code <%=button_to "Add to Cart", :action => add_to_cart, :id => product %> in my /store/index.html.erb As you see, there is :action => add_to_cart in my index.html.erb, which will invoke the add_to_cart method in my *Controllers/store_controller.rb* But after I refresh the browser, I got the error "undefined local variable or method 'add_to_cart'", apparently I do have the method add_to_cart in my 'store_controller.rb', why I got this error??? What is the possible cause??? Here are my codes: store_controller.rb class StoreController < ApplicationController def index @products = Product.find_products_for_sale end def add_to_cart product = Product.find(params[:id]) @cart = find_cart @cart.add_product(product) end private def find_cart session[:cart] ||= Cart.new end end /store/index.html.erb <h1>Your Pragmatic Catalog</h1> <% @products.each do |product| -%> <div class="entry"> <%= image_tag(product.image_url) %> <h3><%=h product.title %></h3> <%= product.description %> <div class="price-line"> <span class="price"><%= number_to_currency(product.price) %></span> <!-- START_HIGHLIGHT --> <!-- START:add_to_cart --> **<%= button_to 'Add to Cart', :action => 'add_to_cart', :id => product %>** <!-- END:add_to_cart --> <!-- END_HIGHLIGHT --> </div> </div> <% end %> Model/cart.rb class Cart attr_reader :items def initialize @items = [] end def add_product(product) @items << product end end

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  • what is this 'content_type' mean..

    - by zjm1126
    content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Map) maps = maps.extra(select=SortedDict([ ('member_count', MEMBER_COUNT_SQL), ('topic_count', TOPIC_COUNT_SQL), ]), select_params=(content_type.id,)) and the ContentType is: class ContentType(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=100) app_label = models.CharField(max_length=100) model = models.CharField(_('python model class name'), max_length=100) objects = ContentTypeManager() class Meta: verbose_name = _('content type') verbose_name_plural = _('content types') db_table = 'django_content_type' ordering = ('name',) unique_together = (('app_label', 'model'),) def __unicode__(self): return self.name def model_class(self): "Returns the Python model class for this type of content." from django.db import models return models.get_model(self.app_label, self.model) def get_object_for_this_type(self, **kwargs): """ Returns an object of this type for the keyword arguments given. Basically, this is a proxy around this object_type's get_object() model method. The ObjectNotExist exception, if thrown, will not be caught, so code that calls this method should catch it. """ return self.model_class()._default_manager.using(self._state.db).get(**kwargs) def natural_key(self): return (self.app_label, self.model) i want to know: what is the 'content_type' used for ??

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  • Help calling class from a class above.

    - by wtzolt
    Hello, How to call from class oneThread: back to class fun:? As in, address a class written below. Is it possible? class oneThread(threading.Thread): def __init__(self): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.start() def run(self): print "1" time.sleep(1) print "2" time.sleep(1) print "3" self.wTree.get_widget("entryResult").set_text("Done with One.") # How to call from here back to class fun, which of course is below...? class fun: wTree = None def __init__( self ): self.wTree = gtk.glade.XML( "main.glade" ) self.wTree.signal_autoconnect( {"on_buttonOne" : self.one} ) gtk.main() def one(self, widget): oneThread(); gtk.gdk.threads_init() do=fun()

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  • pysvn client.log() returning empty dictionary

    - by nashr rafeeg
    i have the following script that i am using to get the log messages from svn import pysvn class svncheck(): def __init__(self, svn_root="http://10.11.25.3/svn/Moodle/modules", svn_user=None, svn_password=None): self.user = svn_user self.password = svn_password self.root = svn_root def diffrence(self): client = pysvn.Client() client.commit_info_style = 1 client.callback_notify = self.notify client.callback_get_login = self.credentials log = client.log( self.root, revision_start=pysvn.Revision( pysvn.opt_revision_kind.number, 0), revision_end=pysvn.Revision( pysvn.opt_revision_kind.number, 5829), discover_changed_paths=True, strict_node_history=True, limit=0, include_merged_revisions=False, ) print log def notify( event_dict ): print event_dict return def credentials(realm, username, may_save): return True, self.user, self.password, True s = svncheck() s.diffrence() when i run this script its returning a empty dictionary object [<PysvnLog ''>, <PysvnLog ''>, <PysvnLog ''>,.. any idea what i am doing wrong here ? i am using pysvn version 1.7.2 built again svn version 1.6.5 cheers Nash

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  • Scala traits and implicit conversion confusion

    - by pr1001
    The following lines work when I enter them by hand on the Scala REPL (2.7.7): trait myTrait { override def toString = "something" } implicit def myTraitToString(input: myTrait): String = input.toString object myObject extends myTrait val s: String = myObject However, if I try to compile file with it I get the following error: [error] myTrait.scala:37: expected start of definition [error] implicit def myTraitToString(input: myTrait): String = input.toString [error] ^ Why? Thanks!

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  • Define a method that is a closure in Ruby

    - by J. Pablo Fernández
    I'm re-defining a method in an object in ruby and I need the new method to be a closure. For example: def mess_it_up(o) x = "blah blah" def o.to_s puts x # Wrong! x doesn't exists here, a method is not a closure end end Now if I define a Proc, it is a closure: def mess_it_up(o) x = "blah blah" xp = Proc.new {|| puts x # This works end # but how do I set it to o.to_s. def o.to_s xp.call # same problem as before end end Any ideas how to do it? Thanks.

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  • Why does my buffered GraphicsContext application have a flickering problem?

    - by Bibendum
    import wx class MainFrame(wx.Frame): def __init__(self,parent,title): wx.Frame.__init__(self, parent, title=title, size=(640,480)) self.mainPanel=DoubleBufferTest(self,-1) self.Show(True) class DoubleBufferTest(wx.Panel): def __init__(self,parent=None,id=-1): wx.Panel.__init__(self,parent,id,style=wx.FULL_REPAINT_ON_RESIZE) self.SetBackgroundColour("#FFFFFF") self.timer = wx.Timer(self) self.timer.Start(100) self.Bind(wx.EVT_TIMER, self.update, self.timer) self.Bind(wx.EVT_PAINT,self.onPaint) def onPaint(self,event): event.Skip() dc = wx.MemoryDC() dc.SelectObject(wx.EmptyBitmap(640, 480)) gc = wx.GraphicsContext.Create(dc) gc.PushState() gc.SetBrush(wx.Brush("#CFCFCF")) bgRect=gc.CreatePath() bgRect.AddRectangle(0,0,640,480) gc.FillPath(bgRect) gc.PopState() dc2=wx.PaintDC(self) dc2.Blit(0,0,640,480,dc,0,0) def update(self,event): self.Refresh() app = wx.App(False) f=MainFrame(None,"Test") app.MainLoop() I've come up with this code to draw double buffered GraphicsContext content onto a panel, but there's a constant flickering across the window. I've tried different kinds of paths, like lines and curves but it's still there and I don't know what's causing it.

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  • Simple continuously running XMPP client in python

    - by tom
    I'm using python-xmpp to send jabber messages. Everything works fine except that every time I want to send messages (every 15 minutes) I need to reconnect to the jabber server, and in the meantime the sending client is offline and cannot receive messages. So I want to write a really simple, indefinitely running xmpp client, that is online the whole time and can send (and receive) messages when required. My trivial (non-working) approach: import time import xmpp class Jabber(object): def __init__(self): server = 'example.com' username = 'bot' passwd = 'password' self.client = xmpp.Client(server) self.client.connect(server=(server, 5222)) self.client.auth(username, passwd, 'bot') self.client.sendInitPresence() self.sleep() def sleep(self): self.awake = False delay = 1 while not self.awake: time.sleep(delay) def wake(self): self.awake = True def auth(self, jid): self.client.getRoster().Authorize(jid) self.sleep() def send(self, jid, msg): message = xmpp.Message(jid, msg) message.setAttr('type', 'chat') self.client.send(message) self.sleep() if __name__ == '__main__': j = Jabber() time.sleep(3) j.wake() j.send('[email protected]', 'hello world') time.sleep(30) The problem here seems to be that I cannot wake it up. My best guess is that I need some kind of concurrency. Is that true, and if so how would I best go about that? EDIT: After looking into all the options concerning concurrency, I decided to go with twisted and wokkel. If I could, I would delete this post.

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  • I am trying to use user-defined functions to print out an T out of stars, but i need help shifting t

    - by lm
    I know main() and other parts of the prog are missing, but please help def horizLine(col): for cols in range(col): print("*", end='') print() def line(col): #C,E,F,G,I,L,P,T for col in range(col//2): print("*", end='') print() def functionT(width): horizLine(width) line(width) enter width for the box width = int(input("Enter a width between 5 and 20: ")) letter=input("Enter one of the capital letters: T ") if ((width >= 5 and width <=20)): if letter=="T": functionT(width) else: print() print("Invalid letter!") else: print("You have entered a wrong range for the width!") main()

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  • Executing a dynamically bound function in Clojure

    - by Carl Smotricz
    I'd like to pre-store a bunch of function calls in a data structure and later evaluate/execute them from within another function. This works as planned for functions defined at namespace level with defn (even though the function definition comes after my creation of the data structure) but will not work with functions defined by let [name (fn or letfn inside the function. Here's my small self-contained example: (def todoA '(funcA)) (def todoB '(funcB)) (def todoC '(funcC)) (def todoD '(funcD)) ; unused (defn funcA [] (println "hello funcA!")) (declare funcB funcC) (defn runit [] (let [funcB (fn [] (println "hello funcB"))] (letfn [(funcC [] (println "hello funcC!"))] (funcA) (eval todoA) ; OK (funcB) ; OK (eval todoB) ; "Unable to resolve symbol: funcB in this context" at line 2 (funcC) ; OK (eval todoC) ; "Unable to resolve symbol: funcC in this context" at line 3 ))) Is there a simple fix I could undertake to get eval'd quoted calls to functions to work for functions defined inside another function?

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  • Decorator for determining HTTP response from a view

    - by polera
    I want to create a decorator that will allow me to return a raw or "string" representation of a view if a GET parameter "raw" equals "1". The concept works, but I'm stuck on how to pass context to my renderer. Here's what I have so far: from django.shortcuts import render_to_response from django.http import HttpResponse from django.template.loader import render_to_string def raw_response(template): def wrap(view): def response(request,*args,**kwargs): if request.method == "GET": try: if request.GET['raw'] == "1": render = HttpResponse(render_to_string(template,{}),content_type="text/plain") return render except Exception: render = render_to_response(template,{}) return render return response return wrap Currently, the {} is there just as a place holder. Ultimately, I'd like to be able to pass a dict like this: @raw_response('my_template_name.html') def view_name(request): render({"x":42}) Any assistance is appreciated.

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