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• Opening firewall to incoming port 443

  - by jrdioko

  I recently set up the ufw firewall on a Linux machine so that outgoing connections are allowed, incoming connections are denied, and denied connections are logged. This seems to work fine for most cases, but I see many denied connections that are incoming on port 443 (many with IPs associated with Facebook). I can open that port to incoming connections, but first wanted to ask what these could be. Shouldn't HTTPS requests be initiated by me and be treated as outbound, not inbound connections? Is it typical to open incoming port 443 on consumer firewalls?

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• Creating user accounts in Amazon EC2

  - by Tvanover

  I am putting together a test environment using Amazon's EC2 for me and some friends to collaborate on a project. I am not a server guy but I do know my way around a bash prompt and have done some work on ubuntu before. I am using Amazon Linux AMI i386 EBS and have gotten apache and php running. Now I need to create the user accounts my friends and I will use to upload files (sftp) and work on the project (ssh). How should I go about this? Should I just use adduser and configure it like normal? Or should I use the AWS IAM groups?

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• Is rsync --delete safe in case of disk failure

  - by enedene

  I have two data hard drives on my Linux server and I use second as a backup for a first drive. I use rsync for that purpose. An example would be: rsync -r -v --delete /media/disk1/ /media/disk2/ What this does is that it copies every file/directory from /media/disk1/ to /media/disk2/ but also deletes any difference. For example, lets say that files A and B but not file C are on disk1, and on disk2 there is no A and B files, but there is C. The result would be that after the command on disk2 I'd have files A and B, but file C would be deleted, just like on disk1. Now, a rather disastrous scenario had crossed my mind; what if disk1 dies, system continues to work since system files are on my system disk, but when rsync tries to backup my data on disk2 from broken disk1, it deletes all the files from disk2 because it can't read anything on disk1. Is this a possible scenario, or is there a protection from it build in rsync?

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• Server responses "bus error" to every command

  - by Temnovit

  I have a linux machine dedicated to MySQL server with a pretty high load. Today I woke up and was terrified to see, that database server is down. I could connect to it via SSH, but it was responding with bus error to each and every command. [root@r1304 home]# ls Bus error [root@r1304 home]# tail /var/log/messages Bus error [root@r1304 home]# reboot Bus error [root@r1304 home]# free -m Bus error [root@r1304 home]# chkdisk Bus error I went to Data Center and did a hard reset, which seemed to help, but after a half an hour situation reapeated and now I can't even connet via SSH anymore. Any ideas what this could be? how to diagnose such a problem and what are possible fixes? Server has 32 GB RAM, 2xSSD drives with software RAID UPDATE According to Zabbix, when MySQL died, number of processes stated to increase drammaticaly, until I did a hard reset. What could those be? Number of processes

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• Post raid5 setup reboot shows single hard drive failure on ubuntu 12.10?

  - by junkie

  I just set up raid 5 on linux using three HDDs as per a guide. It all went fine until when I rebooted I got the following text: http://i.stack.imgur.com/Zsfjk.jpg. Does this mean one of my HDDs has failed? How do I check if any of them are failing? I tried using smartctl and didn't see any issues. Or is it nothing to do with failure and something else altogether? I would like to get the raid 5 working again but I'm not sure where to go from here. I'm using ubuntu 12.10 and the three raid disks each have a gpt partition with a single full size partition of filesystem type ext4. Note I only got an error on reboot not while I was creating the raid array which went fine. Thanks.

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• cdrom drive doesn't work on laptop

  - by bozdoz

  Here's as best as I can describe it: When starting up, the boot order doesn't recognize the cdrom drive, but I can open and close the drive during this time. In Windows 7, I can't open the cdrom drive, and it doesn't recognize it in device manager, disk management, or my computer. In Ubuntu Linux, I can open the cdrom drive, but it still doesn't recognize the cds, and it won't mount. If I reformat everything, would my cdrom drive work again? Can I reinstall Windows without a cdrom drive? I've deleted the upper and lower filters as was suggested in Google searches. Took the disk drive out and checked that it was installed correctly (no reason it shouldn't have been). Still: nothing works.

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• Issues with hard disk secure erase

  - by John Watson

  I want to completely wipe all the data and both OSes (Ubuntu and Windows 7) from my hard drive. I tried DBAN but it gives me an error and does not run. I am looking for an alternative. After reading some articles online, I came to know that, using a Linux live CD, it can be done using either of following commands. a) sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda b) sudo shred -vfz -n 1 /dev/sda My questions are 1) Which option (a or b) is more secure (wipes everything) and faster? 2) Does either of the options damage the hard drive or anything? I want to use hard drive again i.e. installing Windows and Ubuntu again.

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• How restore qmail backup files

  - by Maysam

  We are using qmail as our mail application on a linux server. A few weeks ago our server crashed and we had everything installed from scratch and our users started to send & receive email again. The problem is they have lost their old emails. We have a back up of the whole qmail directory. But I don't know how to restore the old emails without losing the new ones. It's worth mentioning that I don't have any problem with restoring old sent mails. When I copy email files into .sent-mail/cur directory, I have them restored in sent box of users, but restoring files in /cur directory doesn't work for inbox emails and I can't get them restored.

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• How can I fix my C++ compiler as it isn't loaded by default?

  - by GNR

  Recently I had installed the Ubuntu flavour of the Linux operating system. I had opened a terminal and just wrote a sample C program to check if it is compiling. When I saved the sample file and compiled with cc a.c, errors comes that the standard library is not loaded (i.e stdio.h). When I went to help pages, it says that the C or C++ compiler doesnt gets loaded by default and we should do it ourselves. So can anyone help me out to fix this problem, i.e to load the C/C++ compiler.

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• Replacement for NIS/YP

  - by mdpc

  The company that I am working for is embarking on replacing the current locally developed NIS/YP structure with LDAP. We already have AD in house for the Windows stuff and would like to consider using an AD system. The AD people are quite restrictive and would not support extensive modifications. We have needs to have the replacement include the support the full capabilities of the NIS/YP suite include netgroups, login restrictions to specific servers for specific users or groups of users, consistent passwords between the *nix and Windows environment,etc. Our environment is a mixture of Linux (suse, RH, Debian), Sun, IBM, HP and MPRAS as well as a NETAPP. So whatever we use must be totally inclusive to all environment. We have looked at Likewise, but our management wants other alternatives to compare with. What other things should I be looking at and what is you assessment of the alternative? Thanks

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• How do you synchronise huge sparse files (VM disk images) between machines?

  - by chrisdew

  Is there a command, such as rsync, which can synchronise huge, sparse, files from one linux server to another? It is very important that the destination file remains sparse. It may be longer (but not bigger) than the drive which contains it. Only changed blocks should be sent across the wire. I have tried rsync, but got no joy. groups.google.com/group/mailing.unix.rsync/browse_thread/thread/94f39271980513d3 If I write a programme to do this, am I just reinventing the wheel? http://www.finalcog.com/synchronise-block-devices Thanks, Chris.

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• how to google a symbol keyword like "$?"

  - by ZhengZhiren

  i saw a trick in a book: in a linux shell, we can use &? to get the return value of a command. For example,we run a command,if it exit normally, the return value is 0. And then we type $?,we will get 0 in the screen. i want to google this kind of usage, so i have to type these two symbol $? in the search blank.But the search engine just return nothing to me... i have looked at the google help page, but still can't find a solution. so my question is: how can i search with this kind of keyword. or if you can give me some advise of the usage of $? or sort of thing, that will be also appreciated.

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• When HDD becomes full, how to create a symbolic link to the data store on another disk?

  - by Brij Raj Singh

  I have a Linux Ubuntu machine which has an X GB hard disk. There is folder, say, /opt/software/data. The disk /dev/sda1 is almost full and I have attached another disk at /dev/sda2 which is mounted at /hdd2. Is it possible for me to link the folders /opt/software/data with /hdd2/software/data so, that every file get stored in the /hdd2/software/data but may be referred from the /opt/software/data? I can't do a reinstall of the software that creates this data, to change the default location of storage.

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• How to login without entering username and password

  - by torbengb

  I'm a newbie running Ubuntu 9.10. I have two users (wife and me), and each user's screensaver is set to lock so that on wakeup, we get to choose which user's desktop to go to. However, Ubuntu requires a password, so this is pretty tedious. I'd like to switch users without entering any password. I know about this trick that works for the boot login, but it doesn't deal with multiple users. Is it possible to set empty passwords for users in Ubuntu, or skip the password in other ways? (I'm expecting real Linux users to suggest that passwordless users must not get any rights and there be an admin user with a strong password. Yes, you're right. But that's not what this question is about. Thanks.)

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• Critical (Unixlike) Distros for Sysadmin Hopefuls to Have Experience With

  - by Interwebs

  Hi All, I'm trying to learn to be a Unix/Linux Sysadmin, and am hoping to get some hands-on experience by setting up a few installs (VMs, old comps, and the like) at home and practicing administering them. I was wondering, in the experience of those on this site, which distros are critical to be comfortable with. Obviously, to a certain extent, they're all similar, but there are substantial enough differences between administering, say, Debian, OpenSolaris, FreeBSD, and CentOS. So, which distros are most important to practice with in your opinion? Which have had most demand/come up most often in actual work situations? Thanks!

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• How to tell if any MySQL connections has been dropped or timed out?

  - by Continuation

  A client is using PHP to connect to MySQL. The PHP scripts and the MySQL database are located on 2 different Linux servers. He complained that database connections were being dropped or timed out and asked me to take a look. Is there any place in MySQL that can show me what and how many connections have been dropped or timed out? I looked into slow query log and didn't see anything. Any suggestions on how to diagnose this dropped/timed out database connection problem? Thanks EDIT: Slow query log is enabled in my.cnf: log-slow-queries=/var/log/mysql-slow-queries.log And when I do a mysql> show global status; I got: | Slow_queries | 11402347 | So there are a lot of slow queries. But the file /var/log/mysql-slow-queries.log doesn't exist. Why is that?

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• How do I prevent 'net ads join' from doing DDNS update?

  - by genehack

  I'm using 'net ads join' to add Linux servers to an AD domain. The servers are multi-homed, with a public IP on eth1 and a non-routable private background network on eth0 (in the 172.20 space, used for netboots and installs and stuff -- no routing to the Internet on that network). When I 'net ads join', it appears that a DDNS entry is getting created for the 172.20 interface. How can I prevent this from happening? (FWIW, my powers at the AD level are very limited -- I can join servers and delete server records but that's about it...)

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• is it possible in this case to get two IPv6 networks to communicate over the IPv4 Internet?

  - by user239167

  I have a setup of a laptop connected to a cellular IPv4 network (3G usb dongle) and PC connected to another IPv4/IPv6 network. Both have been configured to run as IPv6 routers and each has its IPv6 network. The laptop connects to the Internet via the 3G network with IPv4 address (private one and it is mostly changing) on one interface and has the other interface on AP mode providing its own private IPv6 network (2001:db8:444::/64). The PC connects to the Internet via the organization network with both public IPv4 and IPv6 addresses on one interface and has the other interface on AP mode providing its own private IPv6 network (2001:db8:222::/64). Both running Linux Ubuntu. Is it possible to get the two IPv6 network (2001:db8:222::/64 and 2001:db8:444::/64) to communicate over the IPv4 Internet? Is openvpn of any good in this case to get IPv6 traffic over IPv4-IPv4 tunnel? Thanks for helping in advance

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• What is the difference between yum, apt-get, rpm, ./configure && make install

  - by Saif Bechan

  I am new to Linux and am running CentOs. When I want to update or install certain software I came across three ways. Sometimes it's: yum install program rpm -i program.rpm wget program.tar.gz unpack ./configure make make install That last one is a real pain, esp when you come from windows where a program install is usually one click and then a nice guide. Now can someone please explain to me: Why are there so many different ways to do this? Which one do you recommend to use and why? Are there any other ways for installing programs?

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• Why is "chmod -R 777 /" destructive?

  - by samwise

  This is a Canonical Question about File Permission and Why 777 is "destructive". I'm not asking how to fix this problem, as there are a ton of references of that already on Server Fault (reinstall OS). Why does it do anything destructive at all? If you've ever ran this command you pretty much immediately destroy your operating system. I'm not clear why removing restrictions has any impact on existing processes. For example, if I don't have read access to something and after a quick mistype in the terminal suddenly I now have access well... why does that cause Linux to break?

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• Is there any diff tool for XML files?

  - by qedi

  Are there any good (Linux) tools for diffing two XML files? Ideally, I would like to be able configure it to some things strict, or loosen some things, like whitespace, or attribute order. I'll often care that the files are functionally the same, but diff by itself, would be annoying to use, especially if the XML file doesn't have a lot of linebreaks. For example, the following should really be okay to me: <tag att1="one" att2="two"> content </tag> <tag att2="two" att1="one"> content </tag>

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• Manually forcing TCP connection to retry

  - by Vi.

  I have a TCP connection (SSH session to some computer for example) Network suddenly goes down and drops all packets (disconnected cable, out of range). TCP resends packets again and again, retrying with increasing delays. I see the problem and plug the cable back (or restore network somehow). TCP connection finally successfully resends some packet and continues. The problem is that I need to wait for a some timeout on point 5. I want to use my opened SSH session now and not wait for 5-10 seconds until it finds out that connection is working again. How to force all TCP connections to resend data without delays in GNU/Linux?

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• using one disk as cache for others

  - by HugoRune

  Hi Given a PC with several hard drives: Is it possible to use one fast disk as a giant file cache? I.e. automatically copying frequently accessed data to that one disk, and transparently redirecting reads and writes to that disk, so that other drives would only have be accessed occassionally. (writes would have to be forwarded to the other disks after a while of course) Advantages: the other drives could be powered down most of the time; reducing power, heat, noise speed of the other drives would not matter much. cache disk could be solid state. How can I set such a system up? What OS supports these options? Is this possible at all using Windows or Linux?

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• Grub hangs intermittently on "Starting Up..."

  - by Griffo

  Hi all, I've had this problem for a while now. My linux server is set to wake-on-lan but occasionally it halts at Grubs "Starting Up..." and goes no further. This is not due to additional hardware being attached such as a flash drive or anything as I never plug anything into it. It may boot perfectly 40 times in a row and then hit this issue. Sometimes it gets the issue a couple of times in quick succession and doesn't happen for ages again. I'm not sure how to diagnose it since it doesn't seem to be reproducible. Any help much appreciated. Thanks

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• My computer gets hosted when using 3G

  - by WeaklyTyped

  I recently activated 3G(UMTS) connection on my cellular network. I use Nokia S60 phone as a modem while connecting from Scientific Linux 6. While I am able to access net pretty well, the problem is my computer gets hosted. By using ip-address in a web-browser, anyone can access my localhost (running apache), this never happens with my wireline (ADSL) connection. Furthermore, even the Shell prompt changes from: [mach2@localhost ~]$ to [[email protected] ~]$ where XX.XX.XX.XX is the IP of the 3G connection. The very thought of putting my machine 'in the wild' is disconcerting. How can I rectify the situation without disabling services like apache, sshd and others?

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