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• Using modem for sending voice recording

  - by ircmaxell

  I've got an interesting one for you. I've been going over my server monitoring and notification systems (Nagios based), and realized that if our internet connection goes down, there's no way for it to notify me. I already have a modem listening (Via CentOS 5) on a spare POTS line so that I can dial-in in case our internet goes down. I was wondering if I could come up with a script (Shell, Python, etc) that can dial out and play a recorded message (wave file I'm guessing) when it's picked up. I know Windows supports voice calls over a voice modem, I was wondering if a solution existed for Linux... I know asterisk can probably do it, but isn't that overkill (A full blown VOIP system just for a notification mechanism that will hopefully never be used)? And wouldn't it interfere with the modem's primary function as a backup network interface (PPP spawned via mgetty)? I've done some searching, and haven't really come up with much. I know how to dial out from the command line, but only as a modem (not as voice). Worst case, I could set it up to dial out as a modem, and then just realize that if I get a call with modem sounds from that number that it's the notification... Any insight would be appreciated...

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• How to find the real IP to which IPVS is routing a virtual IP

  - by Wayne Conrad

  I'm trying to find a problem server hiding behind a virtual IP (using LVS/ipvs). I've got a test program that sends requests to the virtual IP until it gets the bad response, but how can I tell to which real IP a request to the virtual IP got routed? On the box doing the virtual IP magic, here's the virtual IP configuration (for the service I care about): IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096) Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags -> RemoteAddress:Port Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn ... TCP 10.1.0.254:5025 nq -> 10.1.0.5:5025 Route 1 0 1 -> 10.1.0.6:5025 Route 1 0 5 -> 10.1.0.7:5025 Route 1 0 2 -> 10.1.0.9:5025 Local 1 0 3 -> 10.1.0.11:5025 Route 1 0 3 ... My client program is sending TCP requests to 10.1.0.254:5025, usually getting a good response but sometimes a bad response. With this few servers, I could send my request to each server in turn until I discover the culprit, but I wonder if that technique will scale as we add servers. What means exist for me to find out where requests got routed? Kernel: Linux 2.6.32 OS: Debian testing (whatever that's called these days). ipvsadm is version 1.25, compiled with ipvs v1.2.1

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• How to make ssh connection between servers using public-key authentication

  - by Rafael

  I am setting up a continuos integration(CI) server and a test web server. I would like that CI server would access web server with public key authentication. In the web server I have created an user and generated the keys sudo useradd -d /var/www/user -m user sudo passwd user sudo su user ssh-keygen -t rsa Generating public/private rsa key pair. Enter file in which to save the key (/var/www/user/.ssh/id_rsa): Created directory '/var/www/user/.ssh'. Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): Enter same passphrase again: Your identification has been saved in /var/www/user/.ssh/id_rsa. Your public key has been saved in /var/www/user/.ssh/id_rsa.pub. However othe side, CI server copies the key to the host but still asks password ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub user@webserver-address user@webserver-address's password: Now try logging into the machine, with "ssh 'user@webserver-address'", and check in: .ssh/authorized_keys to make sure we haven't added extra keys that you weren't expecting. I checked on the web server and the CI server public key has been copied to web server authorized_keys but when I connect, It asks password. ssh 'user@webserver-address' user@webserver-address's password: If I try use root user rather than my created user (both users are with copied public keys). It connects with the public key ssh 'root@webserver-address' Welcome to Ubuntu 11.04 (GNU/Linux 2.6.18-274.7.1.el5.028stab095.1 x86_64) * Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/ Last login: Wed Apr 11 10:21:13 2012 from ******* root@webserver-address:~#

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• Apple / Mac OS X - Is there a Package Manager like Linux

  - by Walter White

  I am a Linux/UNIX user and love the package management that comes with it. For the most part, I like Ubuntu, but just like anything else, it is the minor things that you live with daily that would be nice if they just worked. My main issue is my wacom tablet while it works, every time there is an OS update, I have to rebuild the wacom driver. The other slightly annoying issue is, my ATI video card is not fully supported. When I use the HDMI out, the sound doesn't go through it, and the screen is not entirely used. I would happily get an Apple if it had a similar package management system like Ubuntu, Gentoo, or other Linux distribution. This takes the work out of getting the latest enhancements or fixes. It also takes all the guess work out about what you need to get something to work. I just want to use my computer, not administer it. Aside from Apple applications, if I wanted to install the GIMP on an apple, would it go and fetch ufraw if I wanted support for that and whatever other dependencies GIMP has? If I want Netbeans installed, will it go and get a JDK and maven if I want that? If not, is there something in the works? I know I don't update my applications that frequently, but that is mainly because I'm not aware of the updates. The updates all happen in the background. Walter

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• Wget save cookies not working

  - by TrymBeast

  I've been trying to login in the pyload through the web api, but wget is not saving the cookies and I don't understand why. I'm using the following command: wget --delete-after --keep-session-cookies --save-cookies=my_cookies.txt --post-data="username=USERNAME&password=PASSWORD" http://localhost:8000/api/login But the content of my_cookies.txt is: # HTTP cookie file. # Generated by Wget on 2012-06-23 22:31:33. # Edit at your own risk. When I run the same command but in debug mode I get the following output that includes the set cookie in the header response: DEBUG output created by Wget 1.10.2 (Red Hat modified) on linux-gnueabi. --22:31:11-- http://localhost:8000/api/login Resolving localhost... 127.0.0.1 Caching localhost => 127.0.0.1 Connecting to localhost|127.0.0.1|:8000... connected. Created socket 3. Releasing 0x000504d0 (new refcount 1). ---request begin--- POST /api/login HTTP/1.0 User-Agent: Wget/1.10.2 (Red Hat modified) Accept: */* Host: localhost:8000 Connection: Keep-Alive Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Content-Length: 32 ---request end--- [POST data: username=USERNAME&password=PASSWORD] HTTP request sent, awaiting response... ---response begin--- HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Length: 34 Content-Type: application/json Cache-Control: no-cache, must-revalidate Set-cookie: beaker.session.id=405390ddc809efed54820638c95d7997; expires=Tue, 19-Jan-2038 04:14:07 GMT; Path=/ Connection: Keep-Alive Date: Sat, 23 Jun 2012 21:31:11 GMT Server: CherryPy/3.1.2 WSGI Server ---response end--- 200 OK hs->local_file is: login (not existing) Registered socket 3 for persistent reuse. TEXTHTML is on. Length: 34 [application/json] Saving to: `login' 100%[=======================================>] 34 --.-K/s in 0s 22:31:11 (1.28 MB/s) - `login' saved [34/34] Removing file due to --delete-after in main(): Removing login. Saving cookies to my_cookies.txt. Done saving cookies. Can anyone tell me what am I doing wrong? Thanks in advance!

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• Is wiper.sh working?

  - by Aleksander Blomskøld

  I'm setting up a server running Ubuntu Precise, and I'm trying to verify if SSD TRIM is working. fstrim is failing: ~ sudo fstrim -v / fstrim: /: FITRIM ioctl failed: Operation not supported So I tried wiper.sh in hdparm: wiper-3.5 sudo ./wiper.sh --verbose --commit /dev/sda1 wiper.sh: Linux SATA SSD TRIM utility, version 3.5, by Mark Lord. rootdev=/dev/sda1 fsmode2: fsmode=read-write /: fstype=ext4 freesize = 169502088 KB, reserved = 1695020 KB Preparing for online TRIM of free space on /dev/sda1 (ext4 mounted read-write at /). This operation could silently destroy your data. Are you sure (y/N)? y Creating temporary file (167807068 KB).. Syncing disks.. Beginning TRIM operations.. get_trimlist=/sbin/hdparm --fibmap WIPER_TMPFILE.11503 /dev/sda: trimming 3211263 sectors from 64 ranges succeeded trimming 3571713 sectors from 64 ranges succeeded trimming 3915776 sectors from 64 ranges succeeded (...) trimming 3657913 sectors from 60 ranges succeeded Removing temporary file.. Syncing disks.. Done. It seems to be working, but I'm wondering if it really is. Are there any cases where wiper.sh should work when fstrim isn't? Is there any way I can check if the TRIMing actually has succeeded (other than trusting the wiper.sh-log)?

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• mysql command line not working

  - by Sandeepan Nath

  I have mysql running in my fedora system. I have xampp setup on the system and php projects present in the webspace are working fine. PhpMyAdmin is working fine. echoing phpinfo() in a PHP script also shows mysql enabled. But running mysql connect command mysql -u[username] -p[password] Gives this - bash: mysql: command not found How do I fix that? Any pointers? I guess I need to do some pointing (define some path in some file) so that my system knows that mysql is installed. What exactly do I have to do? Additional Details This system was someone else's and he is not available here. May be PHP/Mysql was setup already in the system. I just freshly extracted xampp for linux into /opt/lampp/ and have put all the above mentioned things (PHP projects and PhpMyAdmin) there. After doing that I had a socket problem (PhpMyAdmin was not working and showing this)- #2002 - The server is not responding (or the local MySQL server's socket is not correctly configured) I restarted lampp using ./lampp restart but problem remained. Then after turning on system today, I started lampp and everything worked just fine. No project issues anymore only command line Mysql not working

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• Starting nginx with systemctl fails, but running the command manually doesn't

  - by Ivan

  On Arch Linux, for some reason, when I try to start nginx with the command "systemctl start nginx", it fails, with this being the output of "systemctl status nginx": Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled) Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Wed 2013-10-30 16:22:17 EDT; 5s ago Process: 9835 ExecStop=/usr/bin/chroot --userspec=http:http /home/nginx /usr/bin/nginx -g pid /run/nginx.pid; -s quit (code=exited, status=126) Process: 3982 ExecStart=/usr/bin/chroot --userspec=http:http /home/nginx /usr/bin/nginx -g pid /run/nginx.pid; daemon on; master_process on; (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 10967 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/chroot --userspec=http:http /home/nginx /usr/bin/nginx -t -q -g pid /run/nginx.pid; daemon on; master_process on; (code=exited, status=126) Main PID: 3984 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service ...but when I run /usr/bin/chroot --userspec=http:http /home/nginx /usr/bin/nginx -t -q -g "pid /run/nginx.pid; daemon on; master_process on;" and then /usr/bin/chroot --userspec=http:http /home/nginx /usr/bin/nginx -g "pid /run/nginx.pid; daemon on; master_process on;" as root, all it does is return a warning, but works just fine: nginx: [warn] the "user" directive makes sense only if the master process runs with super-user privileges, ignored in /etc/nginx/nginx.conf:1 Why is it doing that?

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• Setting up Windows network on Xen

  - by samyboy

  I'm trying to install a Windows XP server in a Xen environment. The OS is booting fine. Unfortunately I can't figure out how to set up the network settings. Dom0 is a Debian Lenny currently hosting around 10 Linux virtual servers. Windows tells me I have a "limited connection". It can't get any DHCP response, nor access other hosts in the network Here is the Xen's client config file: kernel = '/usr/lib/xen-3.2-1/boot/hvmloader' builder = 'hvm' memory = '1024' device_model='/usr/lib/xen-3.2-1/bin/qemu-dm' acpi=1 apic=1 pae=1 vcpus=1 name = 'winexchange' # Disks disk = [ 'phy:/dev/wnghosts/exchange-disk,ioemu:hda,w', 'file:/mnt/freespace/ISO/DVD1_Installation.iso,ioemu:hdc:cdrom,r' ] # Networking vif = [ 'mac=00:16:3E:0A:D0:1B, type=ioemu, bridge=xenbr0'] # video stdvga=0 serial='pty' ne2000=0 # Behaviour boot='c' sdl=0 # VNC vfb = [ 'type=vnc' ] vnc=1 vncdisplay=1 vncunused=1 usbdevice='tablet' Server config (/etc/xen/xend-config.sxp) (network-script network-bridge) (network-script network-dummy) (vif-script vif-bridge) (dom0-min-mem 512) (dom0-cpus 0) (vnc-listen '0.0.0.0') Since I use Debian I had to create a link like this: /etc/xen/qemu-ifup - /etc/xen/scripts/qemu-ifup What did I do wrong? Please tell me if you want some more info (logs, etc)

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• Not able to find scripts present in /etc/profile.d directory [on hold]

  - by priya

  I am using Red Hat Linux 6.0 ... using davinchi board. I have to change system clock resolution so I am changing (HZ) env var. For this I have written script so that I can change HZ = 1000 n insert that script in /etc/profile.d and write code for loop in /etc/profile so that while running as usual /etc/profile can load the scripts present in /etc/profile.d. But when I am logging into the system at root level then showing error as "-bash: ./etc/profile.d/resolution.sh(my script name): No such file or directory Also here why it is showing ./etc and not /etc . Is something related to that?? Also I tried to add script in /etc/init.d but still no change in value of HZ takes place. Please tell where to change so that this env var can get changed. The script(resolution.sh) written has :- #!/bin/bash export HZ=1000 The content of /etc/profile which I entered is: if [ -d /etc/profile.d ]; then for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh; do if [ -r $i ]; then .$i fi done unset i fi And the output of grep command is -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 535 Feb 4 2004 profile -rwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 2 2004 profile.d

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• ProFTPD / PAM issues with new centos/virtualmin install

  - by iamthewit

  Hi All, I just installed CentOS 5.4 on a rackspace cloud server and installed virtualmin which all seemed to go fine. The only problem I have is that I can not access the virtual servers directories via FTP. I get the following from filezilla: Status: Connecting to 1.1.1.1:21... Status: Connection established, waiting for welcome message... Response: 220 FTP Server ready. Command: USER username Response: 331 Password required for username. Command: PASS ******* Response: 230 User username logged in. Status: Connected Status: Retrieving directory listing... Command: PWD Response: 257 "/" is current directory. Command: TYPE I Response: 200 Type set to I Command: PASV Response: 227 Entering Passive Mode (1,1,1,1,216,214) Command: LIST Error: Connection timed out Error: Failed to retrieve directory listing and I get this from my /var/secure/log file Sep 22 19:40:42 stickeeserver proftpd: pam_unix(proftpd:session): session opened for user username by (uid=0) Sep 22 19:40:42 server proftpd[14051]: 94.136.40.82 (::ffff:217.207.31.60[::ffff:217.207.31.60]) - USER nastypasty: Login successful. Sep 22 19:40:42 server proftpd[14051]: 94.136.40.82 (::ffff:217.207.31.60[::ffff:217.207.31.60]) - Preparing to chroot to directory '/home/username' Sep 22 19:40:42 server proftpd[14051]: 94.136.40.82 (::ffff:217.207.31.60[::ffff:217.207.31.60]) - mod_delay/0.5: delaying for 728 usecs Sep 22 19:40:42 server proftpd[14051]: 94.136.40.82 (::ffff:217.207.31.60[::ffff:217.207.31.60]) - error setting IPV6_V6ONLY: Protocol not available Any help would be greatly appreciated, I'm not totally new to Linux but it's not my strongest subject. I do like to know exactly why problems occur though and how exactly to fix them so the more detail the better! cheers

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• KVM and JBoss Java Application Server

  - by Jason

  We have a large Xen deployment running on both RHEL and CentOS and have recently started looking at KVM since this is where it looks like the future of VM's are on Linux. We can load the server and get everything running without an issue. However when we load up a new one with JBoss (4.2 Community edition, Sun JDK 6) and load a large EAR the server goes a little crazy. The %sy will jump to 80-99% and just hang for large periods of time we see a similar jump in %us on the host machine. We though at first this might be I/O as it seems to happen at start of JBoss but then would "cool down" after everything got loaded. We did some tests by extracting some large tar.gz files and using jar -xvf on the ear but could not re-create. Then we starting thinking this might be some type of memory access issues. We loaded a c-program that would generate a lot of memory activity and sure enough we saw the spikes again. Not as high mind you but we did see it jump. We then wrote a small java program to do the same thing and sure enough we saw it jump again. Any thoughts on what might be causing this? Is this just the way KVM works? As a side note we do NOT see this behavior on any other setup. Xen, VMWare and/or native iron. The system does seem a bit slower than our Xen / VMware ones.

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• Is Unix not a PC Operating System?

  - by Corelgott

  I am doing my Bachelor at a university. In a written assignment the professor posted the task: "Name 3 PC-Operating Systems". Well, I went on an included a variety of OS (Linux, Windows, OSx) including Unix & Solaris. Today I recieved a mail from my prof saying: Unix is not a PC-Operating System. Many Unix-variants are not PC-hardware compatible (like AIX & HP-UX. About Solaris: there was one PC-compatible version...) I am kind of suprised: Even if may Unix-variants are Power-PC and different bit-order – Those don't stop being PCs now, right? The question was given in a written assigment! It was not a question that came up during lecture! Due to the original task being in German, I'll include it just to make sure nobody suspects an error in the translation. Frage: Nennen Sie 3 PC-Betriebssysteme. Antwort: Unix ist kein PC-Betriebssystem, viele Unix-Varianten sind nicht auf PC-Hardware lauffähig (AIX, HP-UX). Von Solaris gab es mal eine PC-Variante.

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• How can I mount dd image of a partition?

  - by Puneet Arora

  I created a dd image of a partition (containing an HFS+ FS) of one of my disks (and not the entire disk) a few days ago using the following command - dd conv=sync,noerror bs=8k if=/dev/sdc2 of=/path/to/img How can I mount it? I tried the following but it doesn't work - mount -o loop,ro -t hfsplus /path/to/img /path/to/mntDir It gives me mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/loop1, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so and dmesg | tail gives me - [5248455.568479] hfs: invalid secondary volume header [5248455.568494] hfs: unable to find HFS+ superblock [5248462.674836] hfs: invalid secondary volume header [5248462.674843] hfs: unable to find HFS+ superblock [5248550.672105] hfs: invalid secondary volume header [5248550.672115] hfs: unable to find HFS+ superblock [5248993.612026] hfs: unable to find HFS+ superblock [5248998.103385] hfs: unable to find HFS+ superblock [5249031.441359] hfs: unable to find HFS+ superblock [5249036.274864] hfs: unable to find HFS+ superblock Is there something wrong that I am doing? I tried searching on how to do this but all the results I get only talk about mounting a partition from within a full disk image, using the offset option with mount - none talk about the case where the image itself is that of a partition. Thanks. PS: I'm running 64bit Arch Linux, and the partition from the original disk /dev/sdc2 mounts fine.

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• Ways to have audio output without wires

  - by viraptor

  I'm trying to find a way of using my home speakers/amp without actually having to connect them. There are two laptops that use them normally (so I don't like changing the connection all the time) and I'd rather move the speakers to a place that's away from the couch. I'm not sure how to do this though... The options I can think of are: some kind of wireless jack-jack connection finally getting a media server Unfortunately I can't find any good product for the first solution. I've seen some headphones which have the receiver integrated and a separate transmitted, so in general the idea is already out there, just not the way I need ;) I've seen also http://www.miccus.com/products/blubridge-mini-jack, but I'd have to have a compatible receiver which I can't find on its own (maybe there's some application that the media server could use?). As far as media server goes... many of the plug servers look really interesting, but I'm not sure how to create an audio output and how to redirect the input really. None of the plug servers I've seen so far advertises the option of audio output jack port. I think this part could be fixed by getting one with an usb port and a separate cheap usb soundcard. I hope that input can be sorted out in some rather simple way. I've got Linux running on both laptops so I hope that would be possible to configure jack/pulse/whatever to use the remote endpoint, or even write a simple local-/dev/dsp:network:media-server-/dev/dsp forwarder. So the main question is... are there better ways? Are there any out of the box solutions? Or maybe this was already done by someone and described somewhere?

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• Degraded RAID-5 array with lvm2 lost superblock and partition table

  - by Fred Phillips

  I have a RAID-5 array of 4x1TB hard disks with one lvm2 partition on Ubuntu Linux 10.04 LTS. One of the disks has failed. I have re-assembled the array without this failed disk but now mdadm --examine claims the array has no superblock and fdisk says it has no partition table. What can I do to recover the data? # mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Sat Mar 5 14:43:49 2011 Raid Level : raid5 Array Size : 2930276352 (2794.53 GiB 3000.60 GB) Used Dev Size : 976758784 (931.51 GiB 1000.20 GB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 4 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Sat Mar 5 15:06:49 2011 State : clean, degraded Active Devices : 3 Working Devices : 3 Failed Devices : 1 Spare Devices : 0 Layout : left-symmetric Chunk Size : 512K Name : boba:1 (local to host boba) UUID : 52eb4bc9:c3d8aab5:e0699505:e0e1aa05 Events : 18 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 1 0 active sync /dev/sda1 1 8 65 1 active sync /dev/sde1 2 8 49 2 active sync /dev/sdd1 3 0 0 3 removed 4 8 17 - faulty spare /dev/sdb1 # mdadm --examine /dev/md0 mdadm: No md superblock detected on /dev/md0. # fdisk -l /dev/md0 Disk /dev/md0: 3000.6 GB, 3000602984448 bytes 2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 732569088 cylinders Units = cylinders of 8 * 512 = 4096 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 524288 bytes / 1572864 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/md0 doesn't contain a valid partition table # cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid10] md0 : active raid5 sdb1[4](F) sda1[0] sdd1[2] sde1[1] 2930276352 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/3] [UUU_] unused devices: <none>

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• Fedora 12 on Vmware network disabled on restore

  - by Chaitanya

  I have a fedora 12 guest running on VMWare on windows 7. I use it mainly for the occasional linux dev. Whenever I restart the guest, networking works fine. But if I close the VMware player and save state, the next time I start the image, networking is disabled (red x on the network icon. message saying networking disabled). I can't seem to find a way to restore networking. I have to reboot the guest to get my network access back again. My Ubuntu image doesn't have this problem. I can close the player and when I re run the image, I can pick up where I left off, with all the open firefox windows and application windows as I left them. Fedora saves state, but doesn't seem to enable networking. There is a relevant warning I have seen "SELinux is preventing /sbin/ifconfig "read" access to/var/run/vmware-active-nics." But I am not sure how to solve it. I know fedora isn't officially supported by VMware, but it seems to be working fine for the most part and meeting my needs, except for this one little issue. Any help would be much appreciated.

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• management network to a network port for additional ones munin and monit

  - by paolo

  management network to a network port for additional ones munin and monit I want to build a separate Netzwek for server management. I have several network cards a linux / debian / ubuntu with computer. Set both network cards sin in the /etc/network/interfaces. # The primary network interface #allow-hotplug eth0 #iface eth0 inet dhcp auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 10.0.0.240 netmast 255.255.255.0 network 10.0.0.0 brodacast 10.0.0.255 gateway 10.0.0.254 auto eth1 iface eth1 inet static address 10.0.10.240 netmast 255.255.255.0 network 10.0.10.0 brodacast 10.0.10.255 post-up ip route add 10.0.0.0/24 dev eth0 src 10.0.0.240 table eth0-WAN post-up ip route add default via 10.0.0.254 table eth0-WAN post-up ip route add 10.0.10.0/24 dev eth1 src 10.0.10.240 table eth1-LAN post-up ip route add default via 10.0.10.200 table eth1-LAN post-up ip rule add from 10.0.0.240 table eth0-WAN post-up ip rule add from 10.0.10.240 table eth1-LAN still i adjusted / etc/iproute2/rt_tables and following routes set up in the /etc/network/interfaces I want to have both applications and the network interface separately as munin and monit only on eth1 and not have to eth0. it goes to the reboot but sometimes not always. # Traceroute-i eth1 10.0.10.200 not go what am I doing wrong?

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• Can any postfix guru assist me determine how emails are still being sent via my server from unauthorized sources?

  - by Dave

  Hi all, I'm getting a little concerned as I run a small server hosting a number of websites and manage the email for a few dozen people. Just recently though I've had a couple of notifications from spamcop alerting me that spam has been sent from my server, and when I have a look over the logs from time to time I can indeed see that there are many repeated attempts of mail being sent from my server. Most of the time it gets knocked back from the destination servers but sometimes its getting through. Unfortunately I'm not linux or postfix expert, I can get by but had though I had my machine locked down quite securely, I don't allow relaying, when I check the online DNS/MX tools they tend to report my server as being OK so I'm not sure where to take it now and hoping someone might be able to throw me a few pointers. I get lots of entries like this in my MAIL.INFO log Jan 2 08:39:34 Debian-50-lenny-64-LAMP postfix/qmgr[15993]: 66B88257C12F: from=<>, size=3116, nrcpt=1 (queue active) Jan 2 08:39:34 Debian-50-lenny-64-LAMP postfix/qmgr[15993]: 614C2257C1BC: from=<[email protected]>, size=2490, nrcpt=3 (queue active) and Jan 7 16:09:37 Debian-50-lenny-64-LAMP postfix/error[6471]: 0A316257C204: to=<[email protected]>, relay=none, delay=384387, delays=384384/3/0/0.01, dsn=4.0.0, status=deferred (delivery temporarily suspended: host mx.fakemx.net[46.4.35.23] refused to talk to me: 421 mx.fakemx.net Service Unavailable) Jan 7 16:09:37 Debian-50-lenny-64-LAMP postfix/error[6470]: 5848C257C20D: to=<[email protected]>, relay=none, delay=384373, delays=384370/3/0/0.01, dsn=4.0.0, status=deferred (delivery temporarily suspended: host mx.fakemx.net[46.4.35.23] refused to talk to me: 421 mx.fakemx.net Service Unavailable) then there tends to be connection timeouts, so from what I see even though I had relaying disabled.. something is getting by and trying to send.. So if you can help that will be greatly appreciated, and any further logging/config info I can supply. Thanks

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• Ubuntu VM "read only file system" fix?

  - by David

  I was going to install VMWare tools on an Ubuntu server Virtual Machine, but I ran into the issue of not being able to create a cdrom directory in the /mnt directory. I then tested to see if it was just a permissions issue, but I couldn't even create a folder in the home directory. It continues to state that it is a read only file system. I know a little about Linux, and I'm not comfortable with it yet. Any advice would be much appreciated. Requested Information from a comment: username@servername:~$ mount /dev/sda1 on / type ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro) proc on /proc type proc (rw) none on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw) none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw) none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw) udev on /dev type tmpfs (rw,mode=0755) none on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620) none on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) none on /var/run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755) none on /var/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /lib/init/rw type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755) binfmt_misc on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) For sure root output. root@server01:~# mount /dev/sda1 on / type ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro) proc on /proc type proc (rw) none on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw) none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw) none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw) udev on /dev type tmpfs (rw,mode=0755) none on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620) none on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) none on /var/run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755) none on /var/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /lib/init/rw type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755) binfmt_misc on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)

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• Write Fedora.iso to USB and boot it from a Macbook

  - by MTilsted

  I have an .iso image of the full Fedora 16 install (Downloaded from http://fedoraproject.org/en/get-fedora-options#formats as "Fedora 16 DVD") and the question now is: How do I write it on a USB stick, so I can install it on my Mac book? I tried using DD as the install guide said, and that gave me a USB stick which can boot from my PC. But it can't boot from the Mac (The Mac start menu don't show it as a boot option). Edit: I downloaded a live install image, and did this (SSD is my USB 4GB thing) /sbin/mkdosfs -F 32 -n usbdisk /dev/dev/sdd1 sudo livecd-iso-to-disk --format --reset-mbr --efi /tmp/download/Fedora-16-i686-Live-KDE.iso /dev/sdd1 And this produced an image which can boot on my pc but not on my mac. This seems to indicate that the --efi is not working, because if it really was EFI it would not boot on a normal pc, would it? I then tried this: (Difference being that I write the image directory to /dev/sdd instead of /dev/sdd1) but this still will not boot on the Mac (it newer shows up at the startup screen on the Mac). sudo livecd-iso-to-disk --format --reset-mbr --efi /tmp/download/Fedora- PS: My host Linux is Fedora 13.

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• Virtual machines with failover setup

  - by kimmmo

  We have three servers and our plan is to run a number of virtual machines on them in such manner, that if one of the nodes blow up, we can either quickly or seamlessly get a spare running on another node. In addition to the normal networking, they're interconnected via dual 10Gbit NIC's, so networked raid/mirroring shouldn't be a problem. The guest VM's are mostly going to be running text mode linux, but of course it wouldn't hurt to be able to spin up a non-mission critical windows guest for running Visual Studio or checking IE compatibility of a web app. We've spent some time trying to get some magical cloud setup running using Stackops and Crowbar but it started to look like they were offering way too much and were too complicated for our needs. The next candidate, I think, is Ubuntu 11.04 server + KVM + Ganeti + Drbd, unless you can come up with a suggestion for a better solution that we have missed. Requirements: Installation should be simple or at least understandable without being in the dev team A browser interface for creating and managing VM's is a nice bonus Single node's hardware failure should cause minimal downtime for VM's that were running on that node Adding more nodes should be possible without shutting down the VM's.

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• Managing per-user rc.d init scripts

  - by Steve Schnepp

  I want to delegate SysV init scripts to each user. Like the SysV init, each item in ${HOME}/rc.d starting with S will be launched on server start-up with the start argument. The same for the server shut-down with the one starting with K and with the stop argument. I thought about scripting it myself, but maybe there is already some kind of implementation out there1. In summary it would be a script in /etc/init.d/ that iterates through all the users and launches runparts as the user on the relevant scripts. The platform here is a Linux (Debian flavour), but I think the solution would be quite portable among various Unix-like platforms. Update: The point here is for users to be able to create their own init scripts that should be launch on their behalf when the system boots up. As Dan Carley pointed out, the services won't be able to access any system asset (priviledged ports, system logs, ...). 1. This way I don't have to think that much about all the subtle security implications such as script timeouts for example...

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• LVM and cloning HDs

  - by jcea

  Using Linux, I have several backup levels. One of them is a periodical sector by sector copy (using dd) of my laptop harddisk to an external USB disk. Yes, I have other backups too, like remote rsync. This approach (the disk dd) is OK when cloning a HDD with no LVM volumes, since I can plug the external disk anytime and mount the partitions simply mounting /dev/sdb* instead of /dev/sda*. Trivial and handy. Today I moved ALL my harddisk (including the /boot) to LVM. Everything works fine. I will stress it for a couple of days, and then I will do a sector by sector copy to my external harddisk. Now I have a problem, I guess. If in the future I plug the external USB HDD to recover any file, the OS will detect a duplicate LVM configuration, with the same name and the same UUID. Even doing a vgrename (which LVM would be renamed, the internal HDD or the external HDD?), the cloned UUID will not change. Is there any command to change name and UUID? Ideally I would clone the HDD and then change the LVM group name and its UUID, but I don't know how to do it. Another related issue would be... In the past I have booted my laptop using the external disk, using the BIOS boot menu and changing GRUB entries manually to boot from /dev/sdb instead of /dev/sda. But now my current GRUB configuration boots directly from a LVM logical volume, something like: set root='(LVM-root)' in my grub.cfg. So... What is going to happen with duplicated volumes? Any suggestion? I guess I could repartition my external harddisk and change backup strategy from dd to rsync, but this disk has windows installed too, and I really would like to have a physical "real" copy.

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• Clarification on signals (sighup), jobs, and the controlling terminal

  - by asolberg

  So I've read two different perspectives and I'm trying to figure out which one is right. 1) Some sources online say that signals sent from the controlling terminal are ONLY sent to the foreground process group. That means if want a process to continue running in the background when you logout it is sufficient to simply suspend the job (ctrl-Z) and resume it in the background (bg). Then you can log out and it will continue to run because SIGHUP is only sent to the foreground job. See: http://blog.nelhage.com/2010/01/a-brief-introduction-to-termios-signaling-and-job-control/ ...In addition, if any signal-generating character is read by a terminal, it generates the appropriate signal to the foreground process group.... 2) Other sources claim you need to use the "nohup" command at the time the program is executed, or failing that, issue a "disown" command during execution to remove it from the jobs table that listens for SIGHUP. They say if you don't do this when you logout your process will also exit even if its running in a background process group. For example: http://docstore.mik.ua/orelly/unix3/upt/ch23_11.htm ...If I log out anyway, the shell sends my background job a HUP signal... In my own experiments with Ubuntu linux it seems like 1) is correct. I executed a command: "sleep 20 &" then logged out, logged back in and pressed did a "ps aux". Sure enough the sleep command was still running. So then why is it that so many people seem to believe number 2? And if all you have to do is place a job in the background to keep it running why do so many people use "nohup" and "disown?"

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