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• No sound out of headphone port

  - by Thanatos

  I cannot get sound out of the headphone port. Headphones are plugged in, and sound comes out of the internal speakers. Windows behaves normally (sound switches to headphones when headphones are inserted). It did work in Linux at one point, but something changed, we're just not sure what. Rebooting doesn't fix. This appears to occur whether or not PulseAudio is running. Things I've tried: Rebooting. No effect. Booting into Windows. It works properly, so probably not a hardware issue. All of alsamixer. My only controls are this: "Master" Volume bar & mutable, unmuted. Controls volume. "PCM" Volume bar only. 100%. "S/PDIF" Mutable only, currently muted, has no effect. "S/PDIF" Default PCM", Mutable only, currently unmuted, has no effect. Killing PulseAudio. No effect. (It also won't stay dead! Something appears to be restarting it, and I can't tell what, but it is annoying as fuck.) alsactl init 0, no effect. sudo rm -f /var/lib/alsa/asound.state, no effect. General system info: Ubuntu 10.04 LTS Toshiba Satellite T135D-S1324 lspci says I have: 00:14.2 Audio device: ATI Technologies Inc SBx00 Azalia (Intel HDA) 01:05.1 Audio device: ATI Technologies Inc RS780 Azalia controller

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• How can I resize images in multiple subdirectories more effectively?

  - by jtfairbank

  I have the original images in a directory structure that looks like this: ./Alabama/1.jpg ./Alabama/2.jpg ./Alabama/3.jpg ./Alaska/1.jpg ...the rest of the states... I wanted to convert all of the original images into thumbnails so I can display them on a website. After a bit of digging / experimenting, I came up with the following Linux command: find . -type f -iname '*.jpg' | sed -e 's/\.jpg$//' | xargs -I Y convert Y.jpg -thumbnail x100\> Y-small.jpg It recursively finds all the jpg images in my subdirectories, removes the file type (.jpg) from them so I can rename them later, then makes them into a thumbnail and renames them with '-small' appended before the file type. It worked for my purposes, but its a tad complicated and it isn't very robust. For example, I'm not sure how I would insert 'small-' at the beginning of the file's name (so ./Alabama/small-1.jpg). Questions: Is there a better, more robust way of creating thumbnails from images that are located in multiple subdirectories? Can I make the existing command more robust (for example, but using sed to rename the outputted thumbnail before it is saved- basically modify the Y-small.jpg part).

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• 85 Hz on old/new driver looks the same like 75 Hz on previous one?

  - by jon

  I have old philips 107T5 CRT and Nvidia graphics card. I used old Nvidia driver (but it wasn't 'legacy' one when I installed it) for few years but recently I decided to install other Linux distribution. I used 75 Hz refresh rate and 1024x768 resolution on my previous distribution. After I installed the new distribution I had to install a Nvidia driver so I downloaded one from the Nvidia site (this time only legacy supported my card so I downloaded legacy and installed it). It wasn't automatically updating xorg.conf but I had my previous xorg.conf copy and I used it. When I run X I could only choose 85 and 75 Hz, 85 was checked as default. And now what shocks me: that default 85 Hz looks identically like 75 Hz on previous driver looked (at least to me). I tried 75 Hz out of curiosity and it's too bright, hurts, etc. But on the previous driver 75 Hz wasn't hurting my eyes. Why is it different? It's the same number after all, so it should always give the same results, right? That's my first question. Second question: Is 85 Hz OK for that monitor model? Would it break it? I tried to find the optimal refresh rate for this model but couldn't find it.

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• The plugin of munin is always timed out

  - by haoX

  I want to use munin to make a graph of ttyACM0 in Linux, but munin can not create the graph. I found some information in "munin-node.log". it shows that "Service 'temperature' timed out". So I changed timeout to 60 or 120 in /munin/plugin-conf.d/munin-node, but it does not work. It's also timed out. Here is part of my code: if [ "$1" = "config" ]; then echo 'graph_title Temperature of board' echo 'graph_args --base 1000 -l 0' echo 'graph_vlabel temperature(°C)' echo 'graph_category temperature' echo 'graph_scale no' echo 'graph_info This graph shows the temperature of board' for i in 1 2 3 4 5; do case $i in 1) TYPE="Under PCB" ;; 2) TYPE="HDD" ;; 3) TYPE="PHY" ;; 4) TYPE="CPU" ;; 5) TYPE="Ambience" ;; esac name=$(clean_name $TYPE) if [ "$TYPE" != "NA" ]; then echo "temp_$name.label $TYPE"; fi done exit 0 fi for i in 1 2 3 4 5; do case $i in 1) TYPE="Under PCB" VALUE=$(head -1 /dev/ttyACM0 | awk '{print $1}') ;; 2) TYPE="HDD" VALUE=$(head -1 /dev/ttyACM0 | awk '{print $2}') ;; 3) TYPE="PHY" VALUE=$(head -1 /dev/ttyACM0 | awk '{print $3}') ;; 4) TYPE="CPU" VALUE=$(head -1 /dev/ttyACM0 | awk '{print $4}') ;; 5) TYPE="Ambience" VALUE=$(head -1 /dev/ttyACM0 | awk '{print $5}') ;; esac name=$(clean_name $TYPE) if [ "$TYPE" != "NA" ]; then echo "temp_$name.value $VALUE" fi

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• Adjust iptables

  - by madunix

  cat /etc/sysconfig/iptables: # Firewall configuration written by system-config-securitylevel # Manual customization of this file is not recommended. *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :RH-Firewall-1-INPUT - [0:0] -A INPUT -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -A FORWARD -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type any -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p 50 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p 51 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp --dport 5353 -d X.0.0.Y -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p tcp -m tcp -s X.Y.Z.W --dport 3306 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp -s M.M.M.M --dport 3306 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 21 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited COMMIT I have the above following IPtables on my linux web server(Apache/MySQL), I want to have the following: Block any traffic from multiple IP's to my web server IP1:1.2.3.4.5, IP2:6.7.8.9 ..etc Limiting one host to 20 connections to 80 port, which should not affect non-malicious user, but would render slowloris unusable from one host. Limit MYSQL port 3306 access on my server only to the following IP range A.B.C.D/255.255.255.240 Block any ICMP traffic.

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• Centos repository packages vs latest developer release

  - by fran

  I have started to run a personal server using CentOS and I have noticed that many packages that are available to install from repository are old compared with the latest release from the developer. I know that installing packages from repository is very easy and I guess that the supplied versions are stable and prepared to work without any trouble, but I still find odd having so much software that lags behind the current version. It's my first time with linux and I don't know what is the "normal" thing, should I stick to whatever version the repository supplies, or try to get the latest from the developer? To be more precisely, the repository supplies the apache httpd web server with version 2.2, I wanted to update to 2.4, so I started removing apache and its dependencies packages that come with centos to use the latest ones, but when I was about to remove pcre v6 to replace it with v8, i found out that 132 installed packages depend on it and probably it is not a good idea to remove it, so that made me think twice about getting the latest software instead of using the packages supplied by the official repositories. Should I leave things as they are instead of going on an upgrade rampage? Thanks

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• Bypass network stack. Which options do we have? Pros and cons of each option [on hold]

  - by javapowered

  I'm writing trading application. I want to bypass network stack in Linux but I don't know how this can be done. I'm looking for complete list of options with pros and cons of each of them. The only option I know - is to buy solarflare network card which supports OpenOnLoad. What other options should I consider and what is pros and cons of each of them? Well the question is pretty simple - what is the best way to bypass network stack? upd: OpenOnload It achieves performance improvements in part by performing network processing at user-level, bypassing the OS kernel entirely on the data path. Intel DDIO to allow Intel® Ethernet Controllers and adapters to talk directly with the processor cache of the Intel® Xeon® processor E5. What's key difference between these techologies? Do they do roughly the same things? I much better like Intel DDIO because it's much easy to use, but OpenOnload required a lot of installation and tuning. If good OpenOnload application is much faster than good Intel DDIO application?

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• Start Chrome by command line, but adding some arguments to make it login into your Google account automatically

  - by jim

  Is there a way to start Chrome calling it from the command line (using Linux), but providing it some argument to make it login into some Google account automatically? I'm looking for something like google-chrome -account foo -pass bar that I can easily put in a bash script later. A little background: I have a laptop connected to my TV, which is currently using just a mouse for user interaction. There's no google account logged in by default, and that's the way I want to keep it, so my kids can't come across videos and pictures in google and youtube that they are not supposed to see (e.g.: adult content, or anything marked as not appropriate for kids by the google's safe search filters). The bad thing about this is that there are some music videos in youtube that requires you to be logged in to see, usually those we (the adults) used to sing when playing karaoke... as the only input available is a mouse, I'm looking for a way to start with my google account without having to type the whole thing usin the on-screen keyboard. You may think "Why you can't use the keyboard, if the laptop is right there?". Well, it's in a kind of uncomfortable position - too high for me without a chair or something, as it's right above the furniture in where the TV is located. Is there a way to make this scriptable? If not, do you know any other workaround? Note: using the remember me after logging off or alike options are discarded, as the safe-search chrome version must be always the default version to run.

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• Servers/Websites Keep Going Down

  - by Tyler Johnson

  Okay, I'm a noobie. I know how to build and compose a website, but I have no idea what I'm doing when it comes to servers and server commands, etc. I've recently had a problem with all of my sites on our servers going down all at once and then I have to go in and reboot the server for them to come up again. At first this was annoying, but now it is becoming agonizing as it now takes 3-4 reboots for the websites to come back up. I contacted support for my hosting, but they are not being very helpful. They just keep telling me what the issue might be and basically telling me that I'm going to have to look into it and figure it out, which really isn't possible since I know nothing. Anyway, here are the things they said were possible reasons: They said I have "strange logs" in my Apache webserver log, error: sh: fetch: command not found. My php.ini memory limit is: 256M which is very high. It should be 32M or 64M. Server is reaching Max Clients, meaning we have more than 150 visitors at a time. (They supposedly "fixed" this, but the sites/server are still going down) I have some Wordpress sites with plugins getting errors like: PHP Warning: pack(): Type H: illegal hex digit G in... PHP Fatal error: Cannot use object of type stdClass as array in... PHP Fatal error: Maximum execution time of 30 seconds exceeded in... PHP Fatal error: Call to undefined function file_exists() in... PHP Parse error: syntax error, unexpected '<' I know that's a lot, but I really am at wits end and have no idea what to do now. If anyone could maybe give me some advice or point me in the right direction I would greatly appreciate it! Thanks! Oh, and here are the specs for my server: RAM: 2048MB CPU Shares: 40 Primary Disk: 50GB Data Transfer: 75GB Port Speed: 5Mbps Type: Linux

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• TCP Keepalive and firewall killing idle sessions

  - by Carlos A. Ibarra

  In a customer site, the network team added a firewall between the client and the server. This is causing idle connections to get disconnected after about 40 minutes of idle time. The network people say that the firewall doesn't have any idle connection timeout, but the fact is that the idle connections get broken. In order to get around this, we first configured the server (a Linux machine) with TCP keepalives turned on with tcp_keepalive_time=300, tcp_keepalive_intvl=300, and tcp_keepalive_probes=30000. This works, and the connections stay viable for days or more. However, we would also like the server to detect dead clients and kill the connection, so we changed the settings to time=300,intvl=180,probes=10, thinking that if the client was indeed alive, the server would probe every 300s (5 minutes) and the client would respond with an ACK and that would keep the firewall from seeing this as an idle connection and killing it. If the client was dead, after 10 probes, the server would abort the connection. To our surprise, the idle but alive connections get killed after about 40 minutes as before. Wireshark running on the client side shows no keepalives at all between the server and client, even when keepalives are enabled on the server. What could be happening here? If the keepalive settings on the server are time=300,intvl=180,probes=10, I would expect that if the client is alive but idle, the server would send keepalive probes every 300 seconds and leave the connection alone, and if the client is dead, it would send one after 300 seconds, then 9 more probes every 180 seconds before killing the connection. Am I right? One possibility is that the firewall is somehow intercepting the keepalive probes from the server and failing to pass them on to the client, and the fact that it got a probe makes it think that the connection is active. Is this common behavior for a firewall? We don't know what kind of firewall is involved. The server is a Teradata node and the connection is from a Teradata client utility to the database server, port 1025 on the server side, but we have seen the same problem with an SSH connection so we think it affects all TCP connections.

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• Ubuntu 10.04 on virtualbox gives error: Target filesystem doesn't have /sbin/init \ No init found. Try passing init= bootarg

  - by Philip

  I'm a linux newbie and the only reason I have it installed is so I can stop having Windows incompatibility issues with Ruby on Rails. Having said that, it sure has been nice, and much faster, and I don't think I'll be doing any Winrails stuff anytime soon. So I created a virtualmachine using virtualbox and have had ubuntu on it for the last 3 weeks. Recently ubuntu asked if it could update a few things, I clicked 'ok'. Now it won't boot and I get this error: *mount: mounting /dev on /root/dev failed: No such file or directory mount: mounting /sys on /root/sys failed: No such file or directory ... Target filesystem doesn't have /sbin/init. No init found. Try passing init= bootarg BusyBox v1.13.3... (initramfs) _ * So I cruised the forums and there are a variety of solutions, but they all have to do with booting from the live cd. (which I assume is the ISO image I used to install ubuntu in the first place). But when I boot from that CD, it just hangs on the ubuntu screen, and the little dots keep cycling white to red, but it hung there for an hour so I think it was stuck. Not sure what I can do; can I do anything from the busybox shell (or whatever that is) to fix things? The thing is, it took about 10 hours to get everything the way I needed with all the gems and whatnot. And I didn't really write down what I tweaked, and I'm middle aged, so all that information has leaked out by now and I don't want to do it again. I'd really like to repair my existing install. One question you might have is, is there something wrong with the ISO? I don't think so, because I made a new virtual machine and used that same iso file to install a fresh ubuntu. Any help much appreciated. Phil

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• Recover file from NTFS after it was formatted twice

  - by Phil

  I'm running Linux Mint and have a 2TB drive that I formatted as NTFS. I copied ~120GB of files from another computer to the 2TB drive, removing the files from the other computer as I did so. When they were all on the 2TB drive, I zipped them up as file "Gold.tar.gz". Then I reformatted the 2TB drive as ext3 in a moment of absolute stupidity. I formatted the 2TB back to NTFS, but of course everything is gone. Here is what I have tried: TestDisk -- won't find any lost partitions or undelete files, just the current empty one PhotoRec -- seems to only find some broken text files and misidentify their extensions. It never finds the 100's of avi files I had (before the 120GB copy, I already had 750GB on the drive full of avi files) or anything else that would show me it's working properly. Using dd I recovered the first 512MB of the drive and went hunting through it. I found all of the file as MFT entries, including the file "Gold.tar.gz" in a 2048 byte MFT record. I'm looking now for some way of either (1) telling PhotoRec to look at that record, or (2) analyze the MFT record myself and discover the sectors holding the data; I can piece it all together using dd and join the binary output if it's fragmented. One last thing - from the moment I got this drive a few days ago to the incident, there were only file copies made to it and no deletes. I formatted as NTFS, then copied thousands of files, then made a tar.gz, then reformatted to ext3, then reformatted to NTFS again. I'm hoping that the size of the drive and fact that there was no file modification/deleting happening makes for minimal file fragmentation.

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• when to upgrade server to include more cores, versus more processors, versus additional server?

  - by gkdsp

  The server hosting market is separated into single, double, qual, etc., processors, where each processor has several cores, or CPUs. My company will offer a Linux-based web application that relies on an Apache web server and a middle tier for business logic. The middle tier is used to crunch math, and return result to a client. Many clients may access the application simultaneously. The company will start with one processor having 4 cores. I'm trying to understand how the app uses the cores and then how to scale the application as business grows, in terms of servers/processors/cores. For example, I'd assume initially one core would be used for Apache, and the other 3 used to process client's requests for math crunching... Question 1: does that mean, with the 3 cores available, I can handle 3 separate client requests simultaneously (e.g. 1 for each of 3 cores)? I mean, except for the shared RAM, is this effectively like having 3 individual machines (from pt of view or processing client requests simulaneously)? Or, only one client's request may be processed at any one time, but that client's request is divided up into up to 3 cores depending on the type of process running that does the math crunching and whether or not it can take advantage of multi threading (so the # of cores impacts how fast any one client request completes)? I'm confused about what the cores mean to the application here. Question 2: As the business grows and more client requests need to be processed, should the server be upgraded to (A) a new machine with more cores, (B) a new machine with two processors, 4 cores each, or (C) keep the original server and add another server with a single processor? Which route provides the most efficient way to scale the application, in terms of processing more client requests per time interval? Is the choice, for example, limited by RAM (when you need more RAM than box can handle it's time to add another server), or something else? Question 3: Is the total number of client requests processed simultaneously equal to the number of cores times the number of servers (minus the one core for Apache)?

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• Monitoring instantaneous network throughput at one second intervals?

  - by Shaddi

  For a testing setup I have, I need to monitor the throughput through a "router"* at regular intervals of around 5 seconds or less (sub-second intervals would be very nice, but not required). Ideally, I would be able to generate a file which contained both the number of bytes and packets seen during each interval. I will eventually be generating a time-series of throughput from this data. On a previous setup using an older version of FreeBSD, there was a tool called "bpfmon" which gave me this information. However, I need to do this under a modern version of Linux (namely, Ubuntu 11.04). I have looked at both iptraf and iftop, but these do not appear to provide the resolution I need, nor do they seem to easily allow scraping the data I need. I understand iptables statistics may be able to give me what I'm after, but the examples I've seen of this seem to rely on repeatedly reading and resetting traffic counters, which seems like it could give inaccurate as read/reset is not an atomic operation. I already capture a tcpdump trace of the traffic I'm interested in on the link I want to monitor, so I am open to approaches which simply parse that. I feel like this must be a common problem though, so I am hoping there will be a standard "best practice" tool for accomplishing this. *I say "router" in quotes because I am really talking about a machine with two bridged NICs through which all the traffic I'm interested in passes.

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• Setting up ssh config file with id_rsa through tunnel

  - by Rubens

  I've been struggling to set up a valid configuration to open a connection with a second machine, passing through another one, and using an id_rsa (which requests me a password) to connect to the third machine. I've asked this question in another forum, but I've received no answer that could be considered very helpful. The problem, better described, goes as follows: Local machine: user1@localhost Intermediary machine: user1@inter Remote target: user2@final I'm able to do the entire connection using pseudo-tty: ssh -t inter ssh user2@final (this will ask me the password for the id_rsa file I have in machine "inter") However, for speeding things up, I'd like to set my .ssh/config file, so that I can simply connect to machine "final" using: ssh final What I've got so far -- which does not work -- is, in my .ssh/config file: Host inter User user1 HostName inter.com IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa Host final User user2 HostName final.com IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa_2 ProxyCommand ssh inter nc %h %p The id_rsa file is used to connect to the middle machine (this requires me no password typing), and id_rsa_2 file is used to connect to machine "final" (this one requests a password). I've tried mixing up some LocalForward and/or RemoteForward fields, and putting the id_rsa files in both first and second machines, but I could not seem to succeed with no configuration whatsoever. Hope somebody can help me here! Regards! P.S.: the thread I've tried to get some help from: http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-general-1/proxycommand-on-ssh-config-file-4175433750/

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• Simple Distributed Disconnected way to sync a directory

  - by Rory

  I want to start regularly backup my home directory on my ubuntu laptop, machine X. Suppose I have access to 2 different remote (linux) servers that I can backup to, machines A & B. Machine X will be the master, and should be synced to A and B. I could just regularly run rsync from X to A and then from X to B. That's all I need. However I'm curious if there's a more bandwidth effecient, and hence faster way to do it. Assuming X is going to be on residential style broadband lines, and since I don't want to soak up the bandwidth, I would limit the transfer from X. A and B will be on all the time, however X, will not be, so I'd also like to reduce the amount of time that X is transfering, potentially allowing A and B to spend more time transfering. Also, X won't be connected all the time. What's the best way to do this? rsync from X to A, then from A to B? Timing that right could be troublesome. I don't want to keep old files around, so if I was to rsync, then the --del option would be used. Could that mean something might get tranfered from A to B, then deleted from B, then transfered from A to B again? That's suboptimal. I know there are fancy distributed filesystems like gluster, but I think that's overkill in this case, and might not fit with the disconnected nature.

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• Strange File-Server I/O Spikes - What Is Causing This?

  - by CruftRemover

  I am currently having a problem with a small Linux server that is providing file-sharing services to four Windows 7 32-bit clients. The server is an AMD PhenomX3 with two Western Digital 10EADS (1TB) drives, attached to a Gigabyte GA-MA770T-UD3 mainboard and running Ubuntu Server 10.04.1 LTS. The client machines are taking an extremely long time to access/transfer data on the file server. Applications often become non-responsive while trying to open files located remotely, or one program attempting to open a file but having to wait will prevent other software from accessing network resources at all. Other examples include one image taking 20 seconds or more to open, and in one instance a user waited 110 seconds for Microsoft Word 2007 to save a document. I had initially thought the problem was network-related, but this appears not to be the case. All cables and switches have been tested (one cable was replaced) for verification. This was additionally confirmed when closing down all client machines and rebooting the server resulted in the hard-drive light staying on solid during the startup process. For the first 15 minutes during boot, logon and after logging on (with no client machines attached), the system displayed a load average of 4 or higher. Symptoms included waiting several minutes for the logon prompt to appear, and then several minutes for the password prompt to appear after typing in a user name. After logon, it also took upwards of 45 seconds for the 'smartctl' man page to appear after the command 'man smartctl' was issued. After 15 minutes of this behaviour, the load average dropped to around 0.02 and the machine behaved normally. I have also considered that the problem is hard-drive-related, however diagnostic programs reveal no drive problems. Western Digital DLG, Spinrite and SMARTUDM show no abnormal characteristics - the drives are in perfect health as far as the hardware is concerned. I have thus far been completely unable to track down the cause of this problem, so any help is greatly appreciated. Requested Information: Output of 'free' hxxp://pastebin.com/mfsJS8HS (stupid spam filter) The command 'hdparm -d /dev/sda1' reports: HDIO_GET_DMA failed: Inappropriate ioctl for device (the BIOS is set to AHCI - I probably should have mentioned that).

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• cset shield --kthread on: should I use this?

  - by lori

  I'm reading up on cpu shielding using Alex Tsariounov's cset utility here: https://rt.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Cpuset_Management_Utility/tutorial In the tutorial I'm finding the wording around migrating kernel threads from having access to all cpus to running only in a certain cpuset a bit ambiguous The tutorial says the following: Some kernel threads can be moved into the unshielded system cpuset as well. These are the threads that are not bound to specific CPUs. If a kernel thread is bound to a specific CPU, then it is generally not a good idea to move that thread to the system set because at worst it may hang the system and at best it will slow the system down significantly. These threads are usually the IRQ threads on a real time Linux kernel, for example, and you may want to not move these kernel threads into system. If you leave them in the root cpuset, then they will have access to all CPUs. The tutorial then goes on to say: However, if your application demands an even "quieter" shield, then you can move all movable kernel threads into the unshielded system set with the following command. [zuul:cpuset-trunk]# cset shield -k on cset: --> activating kthread shielding cset: kthread shield activated, moving 70 tasks into system cpuset... [==================================================]% cset: done I am confused by this final sentence. By using the word however, it seems to suggest that you typically should not move the movable kernel threads into the unshielded system set. Is this the case, or is it safe to move kernel threads which can be moved into a cpuset, thereby preventing them from running on some cpus?

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• Preventing endless forwarding with two routers

  - by jarmund

  The network in quesiton looks basically like this: /----Inet1 / H1---[111.0/24]---GW1---[99.0/24] \----GW2-----Inet2 Device explaination H1: Host with IP 192.168.111.47 GW1: Linux box with IPs 192.168.111.1 and 192.168.99.2, as well as its own route to the internet. GW2: Generic wireless router with IP 192.168.99.1 and its own route to the internet. Inet1 & Inet2: Two possible routes to the internet In short: H has more than one possible route to the internet. H is supposed to only access the internet via GW2 when that link is up, so GW1 has some policy based routing special just for H1: ip rule add from 192.168.111.47 table 991 ip route add default via 192.168.99.1 table 991 While this works as long as GW2 has a direct link to the internet, the problem occurs when that link is down. What then happens is that GW2 forwards the packet back to GW1, which again forwards back to GW2, creating an endless loop of TCP-pingpong. The preferred result would be that the packet was just dropped. Is there something that can be done with iptables on GW1 to prevent this? Basically, an iptables-friendly version of "If packet comes from GW2, but originated from H1, drop it" Note1: It is preferable not to change anything on GW2. Note2: H1 needs to be able to talk to both GW1 and GW2, and vice versa, but only GW2 should lead to the internet TLDR; H1 should only be allowed internet access via GW2, but still needs to be able to talk to both GW1 and GW2. EDIT: The interfaces for GW1 are br0.105 for the '99' network, and br0.111 for the '111' network. The sollution may or may not be obnoxiously simple, but i have not been able to produce the proper iptables syntax myself, so help would be most appreciated. PS: This is a follow-up question from this question

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• Cannot get at data in my NAS

  - by Ben

  I've got a bit of an issue that I'm hoping you can help me with. I have an Iomega ix4 as my NAS. This runs Linux and each drive in the box has 2 partitions: one for the OS and RAID info, and the second for the actual data. I had it configured as RAID5. Recently one of the drives failed. At this point all of the data was available, it was just reporting a failed drive. I had a drive of the same capacity (although not the exact same spec) which I swapped in place of the failed drive. It recognised it, and started to rebuild the data protection. So far so good ... or so I thought. The next day, after data protection had finished reconstructing, the NAS was telling me that 4 new drives had been added, and wanted confirmation to overwrite the data. Obviously I declined to do this. I swapped the failed drive back in again, in the hope that it would return to its previous state of the data being accessible, but one failed disk. However it didn't - it still tells me that the NAS has 4 new drives in it. I am hopeful that the actual data is untouched, so what I need to do is get it to rebuild the RAID without touching the data on the disks. I have ssh access, and have run stuff like mdadm --examine to see what I can find. The mdadm.conf file has no entry in the "definitions of existing MD arrays" section. I have not run any actual rebuilding commands as yet, because this is entering an area which I am out of my depth in. Please can someone advise the best way of getting my data? Thanks.

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• Would a PHP application benefit from being served from a RAM drive?

  - by Tom Marthenal

  I am in charge of hosting a PHP application that is large and slow, but easy to scale. The application is entirely static, with writable disk storage needed. We've profiled the application, and the main bottleneck appears to come from loading the application and not the work the application does. The application is not CPU-intensive, although it does use a fair amount of memory (think Magento). Currently we distribute it by having a series of servers with the same PHP files on their hard drive and a load balancer in front of them. Easy but expensive. I've been reading about RAM disks and the IO benefits they offer, and was wondering if they would be well-suited to PHP applications. Since PHP applications are loaded from disk for every request and often involve lots of different files (as opposed to being kept in memory like with a Java application), I would figure that disk performance can be a severe bottleneck. Would placing the PHP files on a RAM disk and using the mount point as Apache's document root offer performance benefits? A startup script could create the RAM drive and then copy the files (which are plain-text and small) from a permanent location to the temporary RAM drive. Does this make sense, or should I just trust the linux kernel to cache the appropriate files in memory by itself?

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• Sendmail Configuration for Exchange Server

  - by user119720

  i need help for sendmail configuration in our linux machine. Here the things: I want to send email to outside by using our exchange server as the mail relay.But when sending the email through the server,it will response "user unknown".To make it worse, it will bounce back all the sent message to my localhost. I already tested our configuration by using external mail server such as gmail and yahoo,the configuration is working without any issue and the email can be sent to the recipient.Most of the configuration of my sendmail is based on here. authinfo file : AuthInfo:my_exchange_server "U:my_name" "I:my_email" "P:my_passwd" "M:PLAIN LOGIN" AuthInfo:my_exchange_server:587 "U:my_name" "I:my_email" "P:my_passwd" "M:PLAIN LOGIN" sendmail.mc : FEATURE(authinfo,hash /etc/mail/authinfo.db) define(`SMART_HOST', `my_exchange server')dnl define('RELAY_MAILER_ARGS', 'TCP $h 587') define('ESMTP_MAILER_ARGS', 'TCP $h 587') define('confCACERT_PATH', '/usr/share/ssl/certs') define('confCACET','/usr/share/ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt') define('confSERVER_CERT','/usr/share/ssl/certs/sendmail.pem') define('confSERVER_KEY','/usr/share/ssl/certs/sendmail.pem') define('confAUTH_MECHANISMS', 'EXTERNAL GSSAPI DIGEST-MD5 CRAM-MD5 LOGIN PLAIN') TRUST_AUTH_MECH('EXTERNAL DIGEST-MD5 CRAM-MD5 LOGIN PLAIN') define('confAUTH_OPTIONS, 'A')dnl My first assumptions the problem occur is due to the authentication problem, as exchange server need encrypted authentication (DIGEST-MD5).I have already changed this in the authinfo file (from plain login to digest-md5 login) but still not working. I also can telnet our exchange server.So the port is not being blocked by firewall. Can someone help me out with this problems?I'm really at wits ends. Thanks.

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• how to get ip address of a PPP(Point-to-Point Protocol) network interface?

  - by Xsmael

  I have a Linux machine with two network interfaces, and I'd like to get the IP address of the PPP interface w1g1 but it doesn't show up in ifconfig. There is a public IP on the PPP interface, but there is no internet connection, I'm trying to troubleshoot but I need to get the IP address of the interface and I can't. ifconfig : eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:30:48:8D:F0:2C inet addr:192.168.2.254 Bcast:192.168.2.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::230:48ff:fe8d:f02c/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:9970 errors:0 dropped:567 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:4338 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:1441024 (1.3 MiB) TX bytes:915814 (894.3 KiB) lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:675 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:675 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:50659 (49.4 KiB) TX bytes:50659 (49.4 KiB) w1g1 Link encap:Point-to-Point Protocol UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MTU:240 Metric:1 RX packets:748994 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:748992 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:3 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:179758560 (171.4 MiB) TX bytes:179758080 (171.4 MiB) Interrupt:177 Memory:f881c400-f881e3ff w1g1 is connected to a modem by an RJ45<-Serial cable and the modem is connected to the phone line. The modem is a NOKIA DNT2Mi you can see it here Routing table : 192.168.2.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.2.254 169.254.0.0/16 dev eth0 scope link default via 192.168.2.180 dev eth0

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• Files showing in smbclient but not smbmount

  - by Staale

  I have a samba folder that I try and access through smbclient, and I can browse it just fine. However, mounting it through smbmount, all the folders under the share are empty. I can list the folders directly under the share fine, but they all appear empty. smbclient: # smbclient //server/share -U username -W workgroup password smbmount # sudo smbmount //server/share mntpoint -o user=username,workgroup=workgroup,password=password I have also tried with domain=workgroup instead of workgroup, both give the same result. No error messages, everything mounts fine, but all the folders under mntpoint are empty, despite the same folders being non-empty when using smbclient. Are these using different libraries? How can I debug the error? Additionally, if I try to mount //server/share/folder, doing an ls results in a segmentation fault. Using dmesg I find: kernel BUG at /build/buildd/linux-2.6.28/fs/cifs/cifs_dfs_ref.c:315! Full trace: http://pastebin.com/m70adc213 Using a credentials file, I first get empty dirs, then Resource temporarily unavailable. In my dmesg I see the following output: CIFS VFS: compose_mount_options: Failed to resolve server part of \\srv\share to IP: -11

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• Easiest way to do host name resolution with IPA?

  - by Luke

  We are currently using static LAN IP addresses for our internal non-public facing servers. We don't have DHCP configured. We're using Vyatta for our router and firewall. The firewall is configured to be zone based. We want to setup IPA for centralized authentication (LDAP+Kerberos). IPA is requiring resolvable host names. I want to avoid having to enter DNS records by hand. What is the most painless way to make host names resolvable that works with IPA in a Linux only environment? We arn't using anything to resolve host names now. Up until now we've been using static ip addresses and local users on each server. We've looked at BIND, DHCP (does that even solve the problem?), and multicast DNS. At this point we're not sure which solution would work best. Is there another option we haven't considered? Security is very important. We have multiple zones where each zone has very specific or no access to another zone. DNS for public domains is forwarded from Vyatta to our ISP's DNS server.

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