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• How to stream semi-live audio over internet

  - by Thomas Tempelmann

  I want to write something like Skype, i.e. I have a constant audio stream on one computer and then recompress it in a format that's suitable for a latent internet connection, receive it on the other end and play it. Let's also assume that the internet connection is fairly modern and fast, i.e. DSL or alike, no slow connections over phone and such. The involved computers will also be rather modern (Dual Core Intel CPUs at 2GHz or more). I know how to handle the audio on the machines. What I don't know is how to transmit the audio in an efficient way. The challenges are: I'd like get good audio quality across the line. The stream should be received without drops. The stream may, however, be received with a little delay (a second delay is acceptable). I imagine that the transport software could first determine the average (and max) latency, then start the stream and tell the receiver to wait for that max latency before starting to play the audio. With that, if the latency doesn't get any higher, the entire stream will be playable on the other side without stutter or drops. If, due to unexpected IP latencies or blockages, the stream does get cut off, I want to be able to notice this so that I can take actions (e.g. abort the stream) and eventually start a new transmission. What are my options if I want do use ready-made software for the compression and tranmission? I have no intention to write my own audio compression engine, really. OTOH, I plan to sell the solution in a vertical market, meaning I can afford a few dollars of license fees per copy, but not $100s. I guess the simplest solution would be to just open a TCP stream, send a few packets back and forth to determine their running time (or even use UDP for that), then use the results as the guide for my max latency value, then simply fire the audio data in its raw form (uncompressed 16 bit stereo), along with a timing code over the TCP connection. The receiver reads the data and plays it with the pre-determined delay. That might just work with the type of fast connection I expect. I just wonder if there are better solutions to reach this goal, with better performance (lower latency) and less data (compressed). BTW, I first try to implement this on OS X, but might want to do it on Windows, too, if it proves successful.

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• How to calculate the maximum block length in C of a binary number

  - by user1664272

  I want to reiterate the fact that I am not asking for direct code to my problem rather than wanting information on how to reach that solution. I asked a problem earlier about counting specific integers in binary code. Now I would like to ask how one comes about counting the maximum block length within binary code. I honestly just want to know where to get started and what exactly the question means by writing code to figure out the "Maximum block length" of an inputted integers binary representation. Ex: Input 456 Output: 111001000 Number of 1's: 4 Maximum Block Length: ? Here is my code so far for reference if you need to see where I'm coming from. #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { int integer; // number to be entered by user int i, b, n; unsigned int ones; printf("Please type in a decimal integer\n"); // prompt fflush(stdout); scanf("%d", &integer); // read an integer if(integer < 0) { printf("Input value is negative!"); // if integer is less than fflush(stdout); return; // zero, print statement } else{ printf("Binary Representation:\n", integer); fflush(stdout);} //if integer is greater than zero, print statement for(i = 31; i >= 0; --i) //code to convert inputted integer to binary form { b = integer >> i; if(b&1){ printf("1"); fflush(stdout); } else{ printf("0"); fflush(stdout); } } printf("\n"); fflush(stdout); ones = 0; //empty value to store how many 1's are in binary code while(integer) //while loop to count number of 1's within binary code { ++ones; integer &= integer - 1; } printf("Number of 1's in Binary Representation: %d\n", ones); // prints number fflush(stdout); //of ones in binary code printf("Maximum Block Length: \n"); fflush(stdout); printf("\n"); fflush(stdout); return 0; }//end function main

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• Need a fast programming language that can drive two printers

  - by Pete

  I have a rather unusual application that isn't working the way I need, and I hope someone here will have some suggestions or at least a direction to investigate. We have a museum exhibit that has a computer at the entrance driving two small receipt printers. There are two buttons on a console, wired to the left and right buttons of a disemboweled mouse. The two printers and associated buttons are for girls and boys, each button does a random selection from a database of names and prints a small ticket on the appropriate printer with a graphic image, a few words about the exhibit and the randomly chosen name. Conceptually all is well, but it hangs quite often. I got the project at the last minute, because the original designer got bogged down and couldn't deliver, so the exhibit's author asked me the day before opening, whether I could write something that would work. I did it in Word, since I am an experienced VBA programmer. Several other avenues I attempted first all lead to dead ends - one couldn't do graphics, another couldn't handle two printers, yet another couldn't change fonts and so on. The problem is that it simply isn't fast enough - Word can only drive one printer at a time and changing the active printer takes a long time. Not by office standards, where a second or two of delay before a printer starts working on your document is not an issue, but here I need more or less instant response. If kids press a button and nothing happens, they press it over and over until something does happen, resulting in maybe half a dozen commands being sent before the printer starts reacting. Sometimes it jams the program completely, since boys and girls will be pressing the two buttons simultaneously and Word locks up, and even when it doesn't jam, the printers then spit out a stream of tickets, making a mess. The kids start squabbling over which ticket is whose, pulling them out of the printers, snarling the paper tape, jamming the printer and generally making a mess of the whole affair, often necessitating the exhibit caretakers having to restart the computer and clear torn bits of paper out the printers. What I need is some sort of fast programming language that can drive two printers *-simultaneously-*, not the MSOffice claptrap of having to switch the active printer, that can react to both left and right mouse button click events, can print a small graphic image and can print in different font sizes and styles and. I don't need many, but it's not all in one typeface. Can anyone suggest what I might use for this? I don't even know if it's possible at all under Windows, whether the "single active printer" garbage is an Office artifact, or a Windows restriction. My little Commodore-64 twenty-five years ago had two printers attached to it and drove both simultaneously with no difficulties - it doesn't seem to me it should be such an impossible requirement today.

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• Why is FLD1 loading NaN instead?

  - by Bernd Jendrissek

  I have a one-liner C function that is just return value * pow(1.+rate, -delay); - it discounts a future value to a present value. The interesting part of the disassembly is 0x080555b9 : neg %eax 0x080555bb : push %eax 0x080555bc : fildl (%esp) 0x080555bf : lea 0x4(%esp),%esp 0x080555c3 : fldl 0xfffffff0(%ebp) 0x080555c6 : fld1 0x080555c8 : faddp %st,%st(1) 0x080555ca : fxch %st(1) 0x080555cc : fstpl 0x8(%esp) 0x080555d0 : fstpl (%esp) 0x080555d3 : call 0x8051ce0 0x080555d8 : fmull 0xfffffff8(%ebp) While single-stepping through this function, gdb says (rate is 0.02, delay is 2; you can see them on the stack): (gdb) si 0x080555c6 30 return value * pow(1.+rate, -delay); (gdb) info float R7: Valid 0x4004a6c28f5c28f5c000 +41.68999999999999773 R6: Valid 0x4004e15c28f5c28f6000 +56.34000000000000341 R5: Valid 0x4004dceb851eb851e800 +55.22999999999999687 R4: Valid 0xc0008000000000000000 -2 =R3: Valid 0x3ff9a3d70a3d70a3d800 +0.02000000000000000042 R2: Valid 0x4004ff147ae147ae1800 +63.77000000000000313 R1: Valid 0x4004e17ae147ae147800 +56.36999999999999744 R0: Valid 0x4004efb851eb851eb800 +59.92999999999999972 Status Word: 0x1861 IE PE SF TOP: 3 Control Word: 0x037f IM DM ZM OM UM PM PC: Extended Precision (64-bits) RC: Round to nearest Tag Word: 0x0000 Instruction Pointer: 0x73:0x080555c3 Operand Pointer: 0x7b:0xbff41d78 Opcode: 0xdd45 And after the fld1: (gdb) si 0x080555c8 30 return value * pow(1.+rate, -delay); (gdb) info float R7: Valid 0x4004a6c28f5c28f5c000 +41.68999999999999773 R6: Valid 0x4004e15c28f5c28f6000 +56.34000000000000341 R5: Valid 0x4004dceb851eb851e800 +55.22999999999999687 R4: Valid 0xc0008000000000000000 -2 R3: Valid 0x3ff9a3d70a3d70a3d800 +0.02000000000000000042 =R2: Special 0xffffc000000000000000 Real Indefinite (QNaN) R1: Valid 0x4004e17ae147ae147800 +56.36999999999999744 R0: Valid 0x4004efb851eb851eb800 +59.92999999999999972 Status Word: 0x1261 IE PE SF C1 TOP: 2 Control Word: 0x037f IM DM ZM OM UM PM PC: Extended Precision (64-bits) RC: Round to nearest Tag Word: 0x0020 Instruction Pointer: 0x73:0x080555c6 Operand Pointer: 0x7b:0xbff41d78 Opcode: 0xd9e8 After this, everything goes to hell. Things get grossly over or undervalued, so even if there were no other bugs in my freeciv AI attempt, it would choose all the wrong strategies. Like sending the whole army to the arctic. (Sigh, if only I were getting that far.) I must be missing something obvious, or getting blinded by something, because I can't believe that fld1 should ever possibly fail. Even less that it should fail only after a handful of passes through this function. On earlier passes the FPU correctly loads 1 into ST(0). The bytes at 0x080555c6 definitely encode fld1 - checked with x/... on the running process. What gives?

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• How do you combine "Revision Control" with "WorkFlow" for R?

  - by Tal Galili

  Hello all, I remember coming across R users writing that they use "Revision control" (e.g: "Source control"), and I am curious to know: How do you combine "Revision control" with your statistical analysis WorkFlow? Two (very) interesting discussions talk about how to deal with the WorkFlow. But neither of them refer to the revision control element: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1266279/how-to-organize-large-r-programs http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1429907/workflow-for-statistical-analysis-and-report-writing A Long Update To The Question: Following some of the people's answers, and Dirk's question in the comment, I would like to direct my question a bit more. After reading the Wiki article about "revision control" (which I was previously not familiar with), it was clear to me that when using revision control, what one does is to build a development structure of his code. This structure either leads to a "final product" or to several branches. When building something like, let's say, a website. There is usually one end product you work towards (the website), with some prototypes along the way. But when doing a statistical analysis, the work (to my view) is different. Sometimes you know where you want to get to. But more often, you explore. Explore cleaning the dataset. Explore different methods for statistical analysis, and ask various questions of your data (and I am writing this, knowing how Frank Harrell, and other experience statisticians feels about Data dredging). That is way the WorkFlow question with statistical programming is (in my view) a serious and deep question, raising many issues, The simpler ones are technical: Which revision control software do you use (and why) ? Which IDE do you use(and why) ? The more interesting question are about work process: How do you structure your files? What do you keep as a separate file and what as a revision? or asking in a different way - What should be a "branch" and what should be a "sub project" in your code? For example: When starting to explore your data, should a plot be creating and then erased because it didn't lead any where (but kept as a revision) or should there be a backup file of that path? How you solve this tension was my initial curiosity. The second question is "what might I be missing?". What rules (of thumb) should one follow so to avoid common pitfalls doing statistical programming with version control? In my intuition, I feel that statistical programming is inherently different then software development (I am writing this without being a real expert in statistical programming, and even less so in software development). That's way I am unsure which of the lessons I have read here about version control would be applicable. Thanks a lot, Tal

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• How to cache queries in EJB and return result efficient (performance POV)

  - by Maxym

  I use JBoss EJB 3.0 implementation (JBoss 4.2.3 server) At the beginning I created native query all the time using construction like Query query = entityManager.createNativeQuery("select * from _table_"); Of couse it is not that efficient, I performed some tests and found out that it really takes a lot of time... Then I found a better way to deal with it, to use annotation to define native queries: @NamedNativeQuery( name = "fetchData", value = "select * from _table_", resultClass=Entity.class ) and then just use it Query query = entityManager.createNamedQuery("fetchData"); the performance of code line above is two times better than where I started from, but still not that good as I expected... then I found that I can switch to Hibernate annotation for NamedNativeQuery (anyway, JBoss's implementation of EJB is based on Hibernate), and add one more thing: @NamedNativeQuery( name = "fetchData2", value = "select * from _table_", resultClass=Entity.class, readOnly=true) readOnly - marks whether the results are fetched in read-only mode or not. It sounds good, because at least in this case of mine I don't need to update data, I wanna just fetch it for report. When I started server to measure performance I noticed that query without readOnly=true (by default it is false) returns result with each iteration better and better, and at the same time another one (fetchData2) works like "stable" and with time difference between them is shorter and shorter, and after 5 iterations speed of both was almost the same... The questions are: 1) is there any other way to speed query using up? Seems that named queries should be prepared once, but I can't say it... In fact if to create query once and then just use it it would be better from performance point of view, but it is problematic to cache this object, because after creating query I can set parameters (when I use ":variable" in query), and it changes query object (isn't it?). well, is here any way to cache them? Or named query is the best option I can use? 2) any other approaches how to make results retrieveng faster. I mean, for instance I don't need those Entities to be attached, I won't update them, all I need is just fetch collection of data. Maybe readOnly is the only available way, so I can't speed it up, but who knows :) P.S. I don't ask about DB performance, all I need now is how not to create query all the time, so use it efficient, and to "allow" EJB to do less job with the same result concerning data returning.

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• How to do a proper search with nhibernate

  - by Denis Rosca

  Hello everyone, i'm working on a small project that is supposed to allow basic searches of the database. Currently i'm using nhibernate for the database interaction. In the database i have 2 tables: Person and Address. The Person table has a many-to-one relationship with Address. The code i've come up with for doing searches is: public IList<T> GetByParameterList(List<QueryParameter> parameterList) { if (parameterList == null) { return GetAll(); } using (ISession session = NHibernateHelper.OpenSession()) { ICriteria criteria = session.CreateCriteria<T>(); foreach (QueryParameter param in parameterList) { switch (param.Constraint) { case ConstraintType.Less: criteria.Add(Expression.Lt(param.ParameterName, param.ParameterValue)); break; case ConstraintType.More: criteria.Add(Expression.Gt(param.ParameterName, param.ParameterValue)); break; case ConstraintType.LessOrEqual: criteria.Add(Expression.Le(param.ParameterName, param.ParameterValue)); break; case ConstraintType.EqualOrMore: criteria.Add(Expression.Ge(param.ParameterName, param.ParameterValue)); break; case ConstraintType.Equals: criteria.Add(Expression.Eq(param.ParameterName, param.ParameterValue)); break; case ConstraintType.Like: criteria.Add(Expression.Like(param.ParameterName, param.ParameterValue)); break; } } try { IList<T> result = criteria.List<T>(); return result; } catch { //TODO: Implement some exception handling throw; } } } The query parameter is a helper object that i use to create criterias and send it to the dal, it looks like this: public class QueryParameter { public QueryParameter(string ParameterName, Object ParameterValue, ConstraintType constraintType) { this.ParameterName = ParameterName; this.ParameterValue = ParameterValue; this.Constraint = constraintType; } public string ParameterName { get; set; } public Object ParameterValue { get; set; } public ConstraintType Constraint { get; set; } } Now this works well if i'm doing a search like FirstName = "John" , but not when i try to give a parameter like Street = "Some Street". It seems that nhibernate is looking for a street column in the Person table but not in the Address table. Any idea on how should i change my code for so i could do a proper search? Tips? Maybe some alternatives? Disclaimer: i'm kind of a noob so please be gentle ;) Thanks, Denis.

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• shipping and handling fee calculation

  - by Newb

  Here is the question: Many companies normally charge a shipping and handling fee for purchases. Create a Web page that allows a user to enter a purchase price into a text box - include a JavaScript function that calculates shipping and handling. Add functionality to the script that adds a minimum shipping and handling fee of $1.50 for any purchase that is less than or equal to $25.00. For any orders over $25.00, add 10% to the total purchase price for shipping and handling, but do not include the $1.50 minimum shipping and handling fee. After you determine the total cost of the order (purchase plus shipping and handling), display it in an alert dialog box. I am beginner at JavaScript and struggling to get my code to work. It does display an alert box with the value entered by the user but doesn't add anything. Although, I don't know why the formula doesn't work. Please help. <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Calculating Shipping & Handling</title> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var price=[]; var shipping=[]; var total=price+shipping; function calculateShipping(){ if (price <= 25){ shipping = (price + 1.5); } else { shipping = (price * 10 / 100); } window.alert("The purchase price with shipping is " + document.calculate.ent.value); } /* ]]> */ </script> </head> <body> <form name ="calculate" action="" > <p>Enter Purchase Price</p> <input type="text" name="ent" > <input type="button" name="button" value="Submit" onClick="calculateShipping()" /> </form> </body> </html>

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• can this code be broken?

  - by user105165

  Consider the below html string <p>This is a paragraph tag</p> <font>This is a font tag</font> <div>This is a div tag</div> <span>This is a span tag</span> This string is processed to tokanize the text found in it and we get 2 results as below 1) Token Array : $tokenArray == array( 'This is a paragraph tag', 'This is a div tag', '<font>This is a font tag</font>', '<span>This is a span tag</span>' ); 2) Tokenized template : $templateString == "<p>{0}</p>{2}<div>{1}</div>{3}"; If you observe, the sequence of the text strings segments from the original HTML strings is different from the tokenized template The PHP code below is used to order the tokenized template and accordingly the token array to match the original html string class CreateTemplates { public static $tokenArray = array(); public static $tokenArrayNew = array(); function foo($templateString,$tokenArray) { CreateTemplates::$tokenArray = $tokenArray; $ptn = "/{[0-9]*}*/"; // Search Pattern from the template string $templateString = preg_replace_callback($ptn,array(&$this, 'callbackhandler') ,$templateString); // function call return $templateString; } // Function defination private static function callbackhandler($matches) { static $newArr = array(); static $cnt; $tokenArray = CreateTemplates::$tokenArray; array_push($newArr, $matches[0]); CreateTemplates::$tokenArrayNew[count($newArr)] = $tokenArray[substr($matches[0],1,(strlen($matches[0])-2))]; $cnt = count($newArr)-1; return '{'.$cnt.'}'; } // function ends } // class ends Final output is (ordered template and token array) $tokenArray == array('This is a paragraph tag', '<font>This is a font tag</font>', 'This is a div tag', '<span>This is a span tag</span>' ); $templateString == "<p>{0}</p>{1}<div>{2}</div>{3}"; Which is the expected result. Now, I am not confident whether this is the right way to achieve this. I want to see how this code can be broken or not. Under what conditions will this code break? (important) Is there any other way to achieve this? (less important)

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• GLKit Memory Leak copywithZone

  - by TommyT39

  Running the instruments utility against the game I'm writing shows a bunch of memory leaks related to copy with Zone when I cycle through an array and draw some simple cube objects. Im not sure the best way to track this down as I'm new to OpenGL programming. My program is using ARC and is set to build for IOS 5. I am initializing GLKit to use OPenGl 2.0 and using the BafeEffect so I don't have to write my own shaders etc.. This shouldn't be rocket science. Im guessing that I must be not releasing something within the draw function. Below is the code to my draw function. Could you guys take a look and see if anything stands out as the problem? One other thing to note is that I'm using 15 different textures, the cubes can be 1 of 15 different ones. I have a property set on the cube class for the texture and I set it as I create the cube in there array. But I do load all 15 when my programs view did load starts.They are small .jps files that are less than 75k each and each cube uses the same texture all the way around so shouldn't be too big of an issue. Here is the code to my draw function: - (void)draw { GLKMatrix4 xRotationMatrix = GLKMatrix4MakeXRotation(rotation.x); GLKMatrix4 yRotationMatrix = GLKMatrix4MakeYRotation(rotation.y); GLKMatrix4 zRotationMatrix = GLKMatrix4MakeZRotation(rotation.z); GLKMatrix4 scaleMatrix = GLKMatrix4MakeScale(scale.x, scale.y, scale.z); GLKMatrix4 translateMatrix = GLKMatrix4MakeTranslation(position.x, position.y, position.z); GLKMatrix4 modelMatrix = GLKMatrix4Multiply(translateMatrix,GLKMatrix4Multiply(scaleMatrix,GLKMatrix4Multiply(zRotationMatrix, GLKMatrix4Multiply(yRotationMatrix, xRotationMatrix)))); GLKMatrix4 viewMatrix = GLKMatrix4MakeLookAt(0, 0, 1, 0, 0, -5, 0, 1, 0); effect.transform.modelviewMatrix = GLKMatrix4Multiply(viewMatrix, modelMatrix); effect.transform.projectionMatrix = GLKMatrix4MakePerspective(0.125*M_TAU, 1.0, 2, 0); effect.texture2d0.name = wallTexture.name; [effect prepareToDraw]; glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE); glEnableVertexAttribArray(GLKVertexAttribPosition); glVertexAttribPointer(GLKVertexAttribPosition, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, triangleVertices); glEnableVertexAttribArray(GLKVertexAttribTexCoord0); glVertexAttribPointer(GLKVertexAttribTexCoord0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, textureCoordinates); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 18); glDisableVertexAttribArray(GLKVertexAttribPosition); glDisableVertexAttribArray(GLKVertexAttribTexCoord0); }

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• Converting C source to C++

  - by Barry Kelly

  How would you go about converting a reasonably large (300K), fairly mature C codebase to C++? The kind of C I have in mind is split into files roughly corresponding to modules (i.e. less granular than a typical OO class-based decomposition), using internal linkage in lieu private functions and data, and external linkage for public functions and data. Global variables are used extensively for communication between the modules. There is a very extensive integration test suite available, but no unit (i.e. module) level tests. I have in mind a general strategy: Compile everything in C++'s C subset and get that working. Convert modules into huge classes, so that all the cross-references are scoped by a class name, but leaving all functions and data as static members, and get that working. Convert huge classes into instances with appropriate constructors and initialized cross-references; replace static member accesses with indirect accesses as appropriate; and get that working. Now, approach the project as an ill-factored OO application, and write unit tests where dependencies are tractable, and decompose into separate classes where they are not; the goal here would be to move from one working program to another at each transformation. Obviously, this would be quite a bit of work. Are there any case studies / war stories out there on this kind of translation? Alternative strategies? Other useful advice? Note 1: the program is a compiler, and probably millions of other programs rely on its behaviour not changing, so wholesale rewriting is pretty much not an option. Note 2: the source is nearly 20 years old, and has perhaps 30% code churn (lines modified + added / previous total lines) per year. It is heavily maintained and extended, in other words. Thus, one of the goals would be to increase mantainability. [For the sake of the question, assume that translation into C++ is mandatory, and that leaving it in C is not an option. The point of adding this condition is to weed out the "leave it in C" answers.]

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• .Net Remote Log Querying

  - by jlafay

  I have a Win Service that I'm working on that consists of the service, WF Service (using WorkflowServiceHost), a Workflow (WorkflowApplication) that queries/processes data from a SQL Server DB, and a Comm Marshall class that handles data flow between the service and the WF. The WF does a lot of heavy data processing and the original app (early VB6) logged all the processing and displayed the results on the screen of the host machine. Critical events will be committed to eventlog because I strongly believe that should be common practice because admins naturally will look there and because it already has support for remote viewing. The workflow will also need to write logging events as it processes and iterates according to our business logic. Such as: records queried, records returned, processed records, etc. The data is very critical and we need to log actions as they occur. The logs are currently kept as text files on disk and I think that is ok. Ideally I would like to record log events in XML so it's easier to query and because it is less costly than a DB, especially since our DB servers do a lot of heavy processing anyways. Since we are replacing essentially a VB6 application with a robust windows service (taking advantage of WF 4.0), it has been requested that a remote client also be created. It receives callbacks from the service after subscribing to it and being added to a collection of subscribers. Basic statistics and summaries are updated client side after receiving basic monitoring data of what is going on with the service. We would like to also provide a way to provide details when we need to examine what is going on further because this is a long running data processing service and issues need to be addressed immediately. What is the best way to implement some type of query from the client that is sent to the service and returned to the client? Would it be efficient to implement another method to expose on the service and then have that pass that off to some querying class/object to examine the XML files by whichever specification and then return it to the client? That's the main concern. I don't want the service to processing to bottleneck much while this occurs. It seems that WF already auto-magically threads well for the most part but I want to make sure this is the right way to go about it. Any suggestions/recommendations on how to architect and implement a small log querying framework for a remote service would be awesome.

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• dynamic module creation

  - by intuited

  I'd like to dynamically create a module from a dictionary, and I'm wondering if adding an element to sys.modules is really the best way to do this. EG context = { a: 1, b: 2 } import types test_context_module = types.ModuleType('TestContext', 'Module created to provide a context for tests') test_context_module.__dict__.update(context) import sys sys.modules['TestContext'] = test_context_module My immediate goal in this regard is to be able to provide a context for timing test execution: import timeit timeit.Timer('a + b', 'from TestContext import *') It seems that there are other ways to do this, since the Timer constructor takes objects as well as strings. I'm still interested in learning how to do this though, since a) it has other potential applications; and b) I'm not sure exactly how to use objects with the Timer constructor; doing so may prove to be less appropriate than this approach in some circumstances. EDITS/REVELATIONS/PHOOEYS/EUREKAE: I've realized that the example code relating to running timing tests won't actually work, because import * only works at the module level, and the context in which that statement is executed is that of a function in the testit module. In other words, the globals dictionary used when executing that code is that of main, since that's where I was when I wrote the code in the interactive shell. So that rationale for figuring this out is a bit botched, but it's still a valid question. I've discovered that the code run in the first set of examples has the undesirable effect that the namespace in which the newly created module's code executes is that of the module in which it was declared, not its own module. This is like way weird, and could lead to all sorts of unexpected rattlesnakeic sketchiness. So I'm pretty sure that this is not how this sort of thing is meant to be done, if it is in fact something that the Guido doth shine upon. The similar-but-subtly-different case of dynamically loading a module from a file that is not in python's include path is quite easily accomplished using imp.load_source('NewModuleName', 'path/to/module/module_to_load.py'). This does load the module into sys.modules. However this doesn't really answer my question, because really, what if you're running python on an embedded platform with no filesystem? I'm battling a considerable case of information overload at the moment, so I could be mistaken, but there doesn't seem to be anything in the imp module that's capable of this. But the question, essentially, at this point is how to set the global (ie module) context for an object. Maybe I should ask that more specifically? And at a larger scope, how to get Python to do this while shoehorning objects into a given module?

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• Safari Frames Invisible Scrollbar

  - by mobiuschic42

  I'm working on a website that uses not just frames, but frames within frames (ew, I know, but I don't get to choose). It actually works OK most of the time, but I'm running into a problem with some of the frames within frames in Safari (only). Some of the two-deep frames render in Safari with a small space on the right-hand side of the frame - I think it's just the ones with scroll set to "no", but fiddling with the scroll settings hasn't fixed it yet. It basically looks like there should be a scroll bar there, but there isn't. I've been working on this awhile and tried a lot of things: changing the heights of the rows, changing the scroll settings, adding a colls='100%' tag, changing the heights of the contents of the frames, as well as checking to make sure widths are set to 100% throughout. Nothing's fixed it so far. Does any one know what's happening here? Here's the basic gist of the code and some screenshots - please forgive the lack of proper quotes; it still renders and fixing them all in this codebase would be a losing battle: <html> <frameset id=fset frameborder=0 border=0 framespacing=0 onbeforeunload="onAppClosing()" onload="onAppInit()" rows="125px,*,0"> <frame src="navFrame.html" name=ControlPanel marginwidth=0 marginheight=0 frameborder=0 scrolling=no noresize> <frame src="contentFrame.html" name=C marginwidth=0 marginheight=0 frameborder=0 scrolling=no> <frame src="invisiFrame.html" name=PING marginwidth=0 marginheight=0 frameborder=0 noresize> <noframes><body>Tough luck.</center></body></noframes> </frameset></html> Inside that second frame (named "C" and with src of "contentFrame") is this: <HTML> <HEAD><META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head> <frameset rows="48px,*,28px" border=0 frameborder=0 framespacing=0> <frame src="pageTitle.html" name=Title marginwidth=0 marginheight=0 noresize scrolling=no frameborder=0> <frame src="content.html" name=ScreenBody marginwidth=0 marginheight=0 frameborder=0> <frame src="submitBar.html" name=ContextPanel marginwidth=0 marginheight=0 frameborder=0 scrolling=no noresize> </FRAMESET> </HTML> The frames that are troublesome are the first frame (named "Title" with src of "pageTitle.html") and the last frame (named "ContextPanel" with src of "submitBar.html") both have their widths set to 100% and heights are either 100%, not set, or a value less than or equal to their row height. Here is an image of the problem:

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• c++ class member functions instatiated by traits

  - by Jive Dadson

  I am reluctant to say I can't figure this out, but I can't figure this out. I've googled and searched stackoverflow, and come up empty. The abstract, and possibly overly vague form of the question is, how can I use the traits-pattern to instantiate non-virtual member functions? The question came up while modernizing a set of multivariate function optimizers that I wrote more than 10 years ago. The optimizers all operate by selecting a straight-line path through the parameter space away from the current best point (the "update"), then finding a better point on that line (the "line search"), then testing for the "done" condition, and if not done, iterating. There are different methods for doing the update, the line-search, and conceivably for the done test, and other things. Mix and match. Different update formulae require different state-variable data. For example, the LMQN update requires a vector, and the BFGS update requires a matrix. If evaluating gradients is cheap, the line-search should do so. If not, it should use function evaluations only. Some methods require more accurate line-searches than others. Those are just some examples. The original version instantiates several of the combinations by means of virtual functions. Some traits are selected by setting mode bits that are tested at runtime. Yuck. It would be trivial to define the traits with #define's and the member functions with #ifdef's and macros. But that's so twenty years ago. It bugs me that I cannot figure out a whiz-bang modern way. If there were only one trait that varied, I could use the curiously recurring template pattern. But I see no way to extend that to arbitrary combinations of traits. I tried doing it using boost::enable_if, etc.. The specialized state info was easy. I managed to get the functions done, but only by resorting to non-friend external functions that have the this-pointer as a parameter. I never even figured out how to make the functions friends, much less member functions. The compiler (vc++ 2008) always complained that things didn't match. I would yell, "SFINAE, you moron!" but the moron is probably me. Perhaps tag-dispatch is the key. I haven't gotten very deeply into that. Surely it's possible, right? If so, what is best practice?

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• How to compare filename of uploaded file and string

  - by user225269

  I use this code to upload image files in xammp server: <?php if ((($_FILES["file"]["type"] == "image/gif") || ($_FILES["file"]["type"] == "image/jpeg") || ($_FILES["file"]["type"] == "image/pjpeg")) && ($_FILES["file"]["size"] < 100000)) { if ($_FILES["file"]["error"] > 0) { echo "Return Code: " . $_FILES["file"]["error"] . "<br />"; } else { echo "Upload: " . $_FILES["file"]["name"] . "<br />"; echo "Type: " . $_FILES["file"]["type"] . "<br />"; echo "Size: " . ($_FILES["file"]["size"] / 1024) . " Kb<br />"; echo "Temp file: " . $_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"] . "<br />"; if (file_exists("upload/" . $_FILES["file"]["name"])) { echo $_FILES["file"]["name"] . " already exists. "; } else { move_uploaded_file($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"], "upload/" . $_FILES["file"]["name"]); echo "Stored in: " . "upload/" . $_FILES["file"]["name"]; } } } else { echo "Invalid file, File must be less than 100Kb in size with .jpg, .jpeg, or .gif file extension"; } ?> What do I do to compare the file name of the uploaded files with the text inputted by the user? My goal is to be able to compare the user input(ID number) and the file name of the image file which should also be an ID number. So that I will be able to display the image that corresponds with the ID Number provided. What do I need to do?Please give me an idea on how can I achieve this. Thanks

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• How to download file into string with progress callback?

  - by Kaminari

  I would like to use the WebClient (or there is another better option?) but there is a problem. I understand that opening up the stream takes some time and this can not be avoided. However, reading it takes a strangely much more amount of time compared to read it entirely immediately. Is there a best way to do this? I mean two ways, to string and to file. Progress is my own delegate and it's working good. FIFTH UPDATE: Finally, I managed to do it. In the meantime I checked out some solutions what made me realize that the problem lies elsewhere. I've tested custom WebResponse and WebRequest objects, library libCURL.NET and even Sockets. The difference in time was gzip compression. Compressed stream lenght was simply half the normal stream lenght and thus download time was less than 3 seconds with the browser. I put some code if someone will want to know how i solved this: (some headers are not needed) public static string DownloadString(string URL) { WebClient client = new WebClient(); client.Headers["User-Agent"] = "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-US) AppleWebKit/532.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/4.1.249.1045 Safari/532.5"; client.Headers["Accept"] = "application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,image/png,*/*;q=0.5"; client.Headers["Accept-Encoding"] = "gzip,deflate,sdch"; client.Headers["Accept-Charset"] = "ISO-8859-2,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3"; Stream inputStream = client.OpenRead(new Uri(URL)); MemoryStream memoryStream = new MemoryStream(); const int size = 32 * 4096; byte[] buffer = new byte[size]; if (client.ResponseHeaders["Content-Encoding"] == "gzip") { inputStream = new GZipStream(inputStream, CompressionMode.Decompress); } int count = 0; do { count = inputStream.Read(buffer, 0, size); if (count > 0) { memoryStream.Write(buffer, 0, count); } } while (count > 0); string result = Encoding.Default.GetString(memoryStream.ToArray()); memoryStream.Close(); inputStream.Close(); return result; } I think that asyncro functions will be almost the same. But i will simply use another thread to fire this function. I dont need percise progress indication.

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• How to combine a list of choices to determine which select statement

  - by Larry

  I have a mysql db and am using php 5.2 What I am trying to do is offer a list of options for a person to select (only 1). The chosen option will cause a select, update, or delete statement to be ran. The results of the statement do not need to be shown, although, showing the old and then the new would be nice (no problems with that part tho'.). Pseudo-Code: Assign $choice = 0 Check the value of $choice // This way, if it = 100, we do a break Select a Choice:<br> 1. Adjust Status Value (+60) // $choice = 1<br> 2. Show all Ships <br> // $choice = 2 3. Show Ships in Port <br> // $choice = 3 ... 0. $choice="100" // if the value =100, quit this part Use either case (switch) or if/else statements to run the users choice1 If the choice is 1, then run the "Select" statement with the variable of $sql1 -- "SELECT .... If the choice is 2, then run the "Select" statement with the variable of $sql2 --- SELECT * FROM Ships If the choice is 3, then run the "Select" statement with the variable of $sql3 <br> .... If the choice is 0, then we are done. I figured the (3) statements would be assigned in php as: $sql1="...". $sql2="SELECT * FROM Ships" $sql3="SELECT * FROM Ships WHERE nPort="1" My idea was to use the switch statement, but got lost on it. :( I would like the options to be available over and over again, until a variable ($choice) is selected. In which case, this particular page is done and goes back to the "Main Menu"? The coding and display, if I use it, I can do. Just not sure how to write the way to select which one I want. It is possible that I would run all of the queries, and other times, only one, so that is why I would like the choice. An area I get confused in is the proper forms to use such as -- ' ' " " and ...?? Not sure the # of options I will end up with, but it will be more than 5 but less than 20 / page. So if I get the system down for 2-3 choices, I can replicate it for as many as I may need. And, as always, if a better way exists, I am willing to try it. Thanks again... Larry

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• small scale web site - global javascript file style/format/pattern - improving maintainability

  - by yaya3

  I frequently create (and inherit) small to medium websites where I have the following sort of code in a single file (normally named global.js or application.js or projectname.js). If functions get big, I normally put them in a seperate file, and call them at the bottom of the file below in the $(document).ready() section. If I have a few functions that are unique to certain pages, I normally have another switch statement for the body class inside the $(document).ready() section. How could I restructure this code to make it more maintainable? Note: I am less interested in the functions innards, more so the structure, and how different types of functions should be dealt with. I've also posted the code here - http://pastie.org/999932 in case it makes it any easier var ProjectNameEnvironment = {}; function someFunctionUniqueToTheHomepageNotWorthMakingConfigurable () { $('.foo').hide(); $('.bar').click(function(){ $('.foo').show(); }); } function functionThatIsWorthMakingConfigurable(config) { var foo = config.foo || 700; var bar = 200; return foo * bar; } function globallyRequiredJqueryPluginTrigger (tooltip_string) { var tooltipTrigger = $(tooltip_string); tooltipTrigger.tooltip({ showURL: false ... }); } function minorUtilityOneLiner (selector) { $(selector).find('li:even').not('li ul li').addClass('even'); } var Lightbox = {}; Lightbox.setup = function(){ $('li#foo a').attr('href','#alpha'); $('li#bar a').attr('href','#beta'); } Lightbox.init = function (config){ if (typeof $.fn.fancybox =='function') { Lightbox.setup(); var fade_in_speed = config.fade_in_speed || 1000; var frame_height = config.frame_height || 1700; $(config.selector).fancybox({ frameHeight : frame_height, callbackOnShow: function() { var content_to_load = config.content_to_load; ... }, callbackOnClose : function(){ $('body').height($('body').height()); } }); } else { if (ProjectNameEnvironment.debug) { alert('the fancybox plugin has not been loaded'); } } } // ---------- order of execution ----------- $(document).ready(function () { urls = urlConfig(); (function globalFunctions() { $('.tooltip-trigger').each(function(){ globallyRequiredJqueryPluginTrigger(this); }); minorUtilityOneLiner('ul.foo') Lightbox.init({ selector : 'a#a-lightbox-trigger-js', ... }); Lightbox.init({ selector : 'a#another-lightbox-trigger-js', ... }); })(); if ( $('body').attr('id') == 'home-page' ) { (function homeFunctions() { someFunctionUniqueToTheHomepageNotWorthMakingConfigurable (); })(); } });

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• Thinking about introducing PHP/MySQL into a .NET/SQL Server environment. Thoughts?

  - by abszero

  I posted this over at reddit but it didn't gain any momentum. So here is what is going on: our company was recently purchased by another web shop and I was promoted to head of development here in our office. Our office is completely .NET/SQL Server and the company who purchased us is a *nix/PHP/MySQL shop. Now several of our large clients who are on the .NET platform are up for complete rewrites (the sites are from '04 and are running on the 1.x framework.) While reviewing the proposal for one client with my superior I came across a pretty extensive module which would require several hundred man hours to complete and voiced some concern about it in relation to the quote. One of the guys from the PHP group happen to hear this and told me of a module that they (PHP Group) use in Drupal that does exactly what the proposal in front of me was describing and it only took, at most, 8 hours to completely setup / configure. My superior suggested that I take a look at Drupal and the module in question over the weekend but stressed that we should only go that route if it really made sense. So this weekend I spun up a CentOS instance in VirtualBox and started playing around with Drupal. I am still fleshing it out so don't have a solid opinion on it just yet. Anyway I have some questions / fears that I was hoping progit could help me out in! Has anyone had experience doing this and, if so, how did it turn out? I am completely ignorant to what IDE's (if any) are available to for PHP. The last time I worked with PHP it was in Notepad and that was less than intuitive. So is there are more intuitive IDE out there for PHP dev? I don't want to scare my .NET guys. Since the merger all of our new business clients that have had relatively small websites have gone on Drupal with the larger sites going on .NET. My concern is that if they see a large site go onto Drupal that they might start getting anxious and start handing out their resumes. For the foreseeable future there are no plans to liquidate the .NET platform and really we can't just from a support standpoint. What would be the best way to approach this? Any other helpful info? Thanks!

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• how do I make my submenu position dynamic based on the distance to the edge of the window?

  - by Mario Antoci

  I'm trying to write a jQuery script that will find the distance to the right edge of the browser window from my css class element and then position the child submenu dropdowns to the right or left depending on the available space to the right. Also it needs to revert to the default settings on hoverout. Here is what I have so far but it's not calculating properly. $(document).ready(function(){ $('#dnnMenu .subLevel').hover(function(){ if ($(window).width() - $('#dnnMenu .subLevel').offset().left - '540' >= '270') { $('#dnnMenu .subLevelRight').css('left', '270px');} else {$('#dnnMenu .subLevelRight').css('left', '-270px');} }); $(document).ready(function () { function HoverOver() { $(this).addClass('hover'); } function HoverOut() { $(this).removeClass('hover'); } var config = { sensitivity: 2, interval: 100, over: HoverOver, timeout: 100, out: HoverOut }; $("#dnnMenu .topLevel > li.haschild").hoverIntent(config); $(".subLevel li.haschild").hover(HoverOver, HoverOut); }); Basically I tried to take the width of the current window, minus the distance to the left edge of the browser of the first level submenu, minus the width of both elements together which would equal 540px, to calculate the distance to the right edge of the window when the first level submenu is hovered over. if the distance to the right of my first level submenu element is less than 540px then the second level sub menu css property is changed to position to the left instead of right. I also know that it needs to revert back to default after hover out so it can recalculate the distance from other positions within the menu structure and still have those second level submenus with enough room to still display on the right of the first level. here is css for the elements in question. #dnnMenu .subLevel{ display: none; position: absolute; margin: 0; z-index: 1210; background: #639ec8; text-transform: none;} #dnnMenu .subLevelRight{ position: absolute; display: none; left: 270px; top: 0px;} The site's not live yet and I tried to create a jsfiddle but it doesn't look right. Any help would be greatly appreciated! Best Regards, Mario

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• How to manipulate file paths intelligently in .Net 3.0?

  - by Hamish Grubijan

  Scenario: I am maintaining a function which helps with an install - copies files from PathPart1/pending_install/PathPart2/fileName to PathPart1/PathPart2/fileName. It seems that String.Replace() and Path.Combine() do not play well together. The code is below. I added this section: // The behavior of Path.Combine is weird. See: // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/53102/why-does-path-combine-not-properly-concatenate-filenames-that-start-with-path-dir while (strDestFile.StartsWith(@"\")) { strDestFile = strDestFile.Substring(1); // Remove any leading backslashes } Debug.Assert(!Path.IsPathRooted(strDestFile), "This will make the Path.Combine(,) fail)."); in order to take care of a bug (code is sensitive to a constant @"pending_install\" vs @"pending_install" which I did not like and changed (long story, but there was a good opportunity for constant reuse). Now the whole function: //You want to uncompress only the files downloaded. Not every file in the dest directory. private void UncompressFiles() { string strSrcDir = _application.Client.TempDir; ArrayList arrFiles = new ArrayList(); GetAllCompressedFiles(ref arrFiles, strSrcDir); IEnumerator enumer = arrFiles.GetEnumerator(); while (enumer.MoveNext()) { string strDestFile = enumer.Current.ToString().Replace(_application.Client.TempDir, String.Empty); // The behavior of Path.Combine is weird. See: // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/53102/why-does-path-combine-not-properly-concatenate-filenames-that-start-with-path-dir while (strDestFile.StartsWith(@"\")) { strDestFile = strDestFile.Substring(1); // Remove any leading backslashes } Debug.Assert(!Path.IsPathRooted(strDestFile), "This will make the Path.Combine(,) fail)."); strDestFile = Path.Combine(_application.Client.BaseDir, strDestFile); strDestFile = strDestFile.Replace(Path.GetExtension(strDestFile), String.Empty); ZSharpLib.ZipExtractor.ExtractZip(enumer.Current.ToString(), strDestFile); FileUtility.DeleteFile(enumer.Current.ToString()); } } Please do not laugh at the use of ArrayList and the way it is being iterated - it was pioneered by a C++ coder during a .Net 1.1 era. I will change it. What I am interested in: what is a better way of replacing PathPart1/pending_install/PathPart2/fileName with PathPart1/PathPart2/fileName within the current code. Note that _application.Client.TempDir is just _application.Client.BaseDir + @"\pending_install". While there are many ways to improve the code, I am mainly concerned with the part which has to do with String.Replace(...) and Path.Combine(,). I do not want to make changes outside of this function. I wish Path.Combine(,) took an optional bool flag, but it does not. So ... given my constraints, how can I rework this so that it starts to sucks less? Thanks!

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• Coping with feelings of technical mediocrity

  - by Karim

  As I've progressed as a programmer, I noticed more nuance and areas I could study in depth. In part, I've come to think of myself from, at one point, a "guru" to now much less, even mediocre or inadequate. Is this normal, or is it a sign of a destructive excessive ambition? Background I started to program when I was still a kid, I had about 10 or 11 years. I really enjoy my work and never get bored from it. It's amazing how somebody could be paid for what he really likes to do and would be doing it anyway even for free. When I first started to program, I was feeling proud of what I was doing, each application I built was for me a success and after 2-3 year I had a feeling that I'm a coding guru. It was a nice feeling. ;-) But the more I was in the field and the more types of software I started to develop, I was starting to have a feeling that I'm completely wrong in thinking I'm a guru. I felt that I'm not even a mediocre developer. Each new field I start to work on is giving me this feeling. Like when I once developed a device driver for a client, I saw how much I need to learn about device drivers. When I developed a video filter for an application, I saw how much do I still need to learn about DirectShow, Color Spaces, and all the theory behind that. The worst thing was when I started to learn algorithms. It was several years ago. I knew then the basic structures and algorithms like the sorting, some types of trees, some hashtables, strings, etc. and when I really wanted to learn a group of structures I learned about 5-6 new types and saw that in fact even this small group has several hundred subtypes of structures. It's depressing how little time people have in their lives to learn all this stuff. I'm now a software developer with about 10 years of experience and I still feel that I'm not a proficient developer when I think about things that others do in the industry.

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• Having trouble doing an Update with a Linq to Sql object

  - by Pure.Krome

  Hi folks, i've got a simple linq to sql object. I grab it from the database and change a field then save. No rows have been updated. :( When I check the full Sql code that is sent over the wire, I notice that it does an update to the row, not via the primary key but on all the fields via the where clause. Is this normal? I would have thought that it would be easy to update the field(s) with the where clause linking on the Primary Key, instead of where'ing (is that a word :P) on each field. here's the code... using (MyDatabase db = new MyDatabase()) { var boardPost = (from bp in db.BoardPosts where bp.BoardPostId == boardPostId select bp).SingleOrDefault(); if (boardPost != null && boardPost.BoardPostId > 0) { boardPost.ListId = listId; // This changes the value from 0 to 'x' db.SubmitChanges(); } } and here's some sample sql.. exec sp_executesql N'UPDATE [dbo].[BoardPost] SET [ListId] = @p6 WHERE ([BoardPostId] = @p0) AND .... <snip the other fields>',N'@p0 int,@p1 int,@p2 nvarchar(9),@p3 nvarchar(10),@p4 int,@p5 datetime,@p6 int',@p0=1276,@p1=212787,@p2=N'ttreterte',@p3=N'ttreterte3',@p4=1,@p5='2009-09-25 12:32:12.7200000',@p6=72 Now, i know there's a datetime field in this update .. and when i checked the DB it's value was/is '2009-09-25 12:32:12.720' (less zero's, than above) .. so i'm not sure if that is messing up the where clause condition... but still! should it do a where clause on the PK's .. if anything .. for speed! Yes / no ? UPDATE After reading nitzmahone's reply, I then tried playing around with the optimistic concurrency on some values, and it still didn't work :( So then I started some new stuff ... with the optimistic concurrency happening, it includes a where clause on the field it's trying to update. When that happens, it doesn't work. so.. in the above sql, the where clause looks like this ... WHERE ([BoardPostId] = @p0) AND ([ListId] IS NULL) AND ... <rest snipped>) This doesn't sound right! the value in the DB is null, before i do the update. but when i add the ListId value to the where clause (or more to the point, when L2S add's it because of the optomistic concurrecy), it fails to find/match the row. wtf?

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• Python: How best to parse a simple grammar?

  - by Rosarch

  Ok, so I've asked a bunch of smaller questions about this project, but I still don't have much confidence in the designs I'm coming up with, so I'm going to ask a question on a broader scale. I am parsing pre-requisite descriptions for a course catalog. The descriptions almost always follow a certain form, which makes me think I can parse most of them. From the text, I would like to generate a graph of course pre-requisite relationships. (That part will be easy, after I have parsed the data.) Some sample inputs and outputs: "CS 2110" => ("CS", 2110) # 0 "CS 2110 and INFO 3300" => [("CS", 2110), ("INFO", 3300)] # 1 "CS 2110, INFO 3300" => [("CS", 2110), ("INFO", 3300)] # 1 "CS 2110, 3300, 3140" => [("CS", 2110), ("CS", 3300), ("CS", 3140)] # 1 "CS 2110 or INFO 3300" => [[("CS", 2110)], [("INFO", 3300)]] # 2 "MATH 2210, 2230, 2310, or 2940" => [[("MATH", 2210), ("MATH", 2230), ("MATH", 2310)], [("MATH", 2940)]] # 3 If the entire description is just a course, it is output directly. If the courses are conjoined ("and"), they are all output in the same list If the course are disjoined ("or"), they are in separate lists Here, we have both "and" and "or". One caveat that makes it easier: it appears that the nesting of "and"/"or" phrases is never greater than as shown in example 3. What is the best way to do this? I started with PLY, but I couldn't figure out how to resolve the reduce/reduce conflicts. The advantage of PLY is that it's easy to manipulate what each parse rule generates: def p_course(p): 'course : DEPT_CODE COURSE_NUMBER' p[0] = (p[1], int(p[2])) With PyParse, it's less clear how to modify the output of parseString(). I was considering building upon @Alex Martelli's idea of keeping state in an object and building up the output from that, but I'm not sure exactly how that is best done. def addCourse(self, str, location, tokens): self.result.append((tokens[0][0], tokens[0][1])) def makeCourseList(self, str, location, tokens): dept = tokens[0][0] new_tokens = [(dept, tokens[0][1])] new_tokens.extend((dept, tok) for tok in tokens[1:]) self.result.append(new_tokens) For instance, to handle "or" cases: def __init__(self): self.result = [] # ... self.statement = (course_data + Optional(OR_CONJ + course_data)).setParseAction(self.disjunctionCourses) def disjunctionCourses(self, str, location, tokens): if len(tokens) == 1: return tokens print "disjunction tokens: %s" % tokens How does disjunctionCourses() know which smaller phrases to disjoin? All it gets is tokens, but what's been parsed so far is stored in result, so how can the function tell which data in result corresponds to which elements of token? I guess I could search through the tokens, then find an element of result with the same data, but that feel convoluted... What's a better way to approach this problem?

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