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  • SSE (SIMD extensions) support in gcc

    - by goldenmean
    Hi, I see a code as below: include "stdio.h" #define VECTOR_SIZE 4 typedef float v4sf __attribute__ ((vector_size(sizeof(float)*VECTOR_SIZE))); // vector of four single floats typedef union f4vector { v4sf v; float f[VECTOR_SIZE]; } f4vector; void print_vector (f4vector *v) { printf("%f,%f,%f,%f\n", v->f[0], v->f[1], v->f[2], v->f[3]); } int main() { union f4vector a, b, c; a.v = (v4sf){1.2, 2.3, 3.4, 4.5}; b.v = (v4sf){5., 6., 7., 8.}; c.v = a.v + b.v; print_vector(&a); print_vector(&b); print_vector(&c); } This code builds fine and works expectedly using gcc (it's inbuild SSE / MMX extensions and vector data types. this code is doing a SIMD vector addition using 4 single floats. I want to understand in detail what does each keyword/function call on this typedef line means and does: typedef float v4sf __attribute__ ((vector_size(sizeof(float)*VECTOR_SIZE))); What is the vector_size() function return; What is the __attribute__ keyword for Here is the float data type being type defined to vfsf type? I understand the rest part. thanks, -AD

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  • Using static variables for Strings

    - by Vivart
    below content is taken from Best practice: Writing efficient code but i didn't understand why private static String x = "example"; faster than private static final String x ="example"; Can anybody explain this. Using static variables for Strings When you define static fields (also called class fields) of type String, you can increase application speed by using static variables (not final) instead of constants (final). The opposite is true for primitive data types, such as int. For example, you might create a String object as follows: private static final String x = "example"; For this static constant (denoted by the final keyword), each time that you use the constant, a temporary String instance is created. The compiler eliminates "x" and replaces it with the string "example" in the bytecode, so that the BlackBerry® Java® Virtual Machine performs a hash table lookup each time that you reference "x". In contrast, for a static variable (no final keyword), the String is created once. The BlackBerry JVM performs the hash table lookup only when it initializes "x", so access is faster. private static String x = "example"; You can use public constants (that is, final fields), but you must mark variables as private.

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  • Catch a PHP Object Instantiation Error

    - by Rob Wilkerson
    It's really irking me that PHP considers the failure to instantiate an object a Fatal Error (which can't be caught) for the application as a whole. I have set of classes that aren't strictly necessary for my application to function--they're really a convenience. I have a factory object that attempts to instantiate the class variant that's indicated in a config file. This mechanism is being deployed for message storage and will support multiple store types: DatabaseMessageStore FileMessageStore MemcachedMessageStore etc. A MessageStoreFactory class will read the application's preference from a config file, instantiate and return an instance of the appropriate class. It might be easy enough to slap a conditional around the instantiation to ensure that class_exists(), but MemcachedMessageStore extends PHP's Memcached class. As a result, the class_exists() test will succeed--though instantiation will fail--if the memcached bindings for PHP aren't installed. Is there any other way to test whether a class can be instantiated properly? If it can't, all I need to do is tell the user which features won't be available to them, but let them continue one with the application. Thanks.

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  • Survey statistic diagram ideas

    - by Nort
    Hey everyone, I've got some homework tasks in topic surveys and diagrams. The first task is to normalize the input of a survey, because the structure of the data is changing from time-to-time. So there are three types of surveys: static fields, where text is stored dynamic ones, where the user can select one option and multiselect fields, where the user can select multiple options So I'm not really a statistics guy, so I have really no idea what I can do with that incomming data. So the data I have is stored in an orbital XML file from there I can easily get how man times a survey was filled, and how many times a field was filled, so I can (for eg on a pie chart show the relation of filled or not filled). The second idea is to show the relation between the content of a multi option element using a bar chart or so. In case of the multi option elements I've got the idea to show data in implication of one option. But the question is, what could be shown? The other problem are the static elements (text fields and so). What data could be represented from a single field? The data in the XML field is collected from 2001 to 2005 So maybe I can work with the dates of the surveys, but as I said, i don't really know how to process the data, to collect as much data as possible.

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  • typeahead.js remote with subset matching

    - by rebelde
    Instead of returning to the server after each additional letter is typed, I want it to only go to the server once, get all matching words, and filter the downloaded data after that. We are having trouble making this work. We are successfully using "remote" to wait until two letters are typed, but we can't get it to stop going to the server as additional letters are typed. Steps: 1. After two letters are typed, retrieve all matching words that start with those two letters. 2. When a third and additional letters are typed, don't go to the server again, just filter from the previous list that was sent. An example: "mo" is typed in. All 100 words that start with "mo" are returned. (Only 10 are shown.) "mor" - now with a third letter, we don't go back to the server. We just find the 20 words that match from within the previous set of words. Can anybody make this work? In real life (using YUI2), we do this and then go back to the server if somebody types in a space after the word. At that point, we know to retrieve additional words. Thanks!

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  • How do you pass a generic delegate argument to a method in .NET 2.0

    - by Seth Spearman
    Hello, I have a class with a delegate declaration as follows... Public Class MyClass Public Delegate Function Getter(Of TResult)() As TResult 'the following code works. Public Shared Sub MyMethod(ByVal g As Getter(Of Boolean)) 'do stuff End Sub End Class However, I do not want to explicitly type the Getter delegate in the Method call. Why can I not declare the parameter as follows... ... (ByVal g As Getter(Of TResult)) Is there a way to do it? My end goal was to be able to set a delegate for property setters and getters in the called class. But my reading indicates you can't do that. So I put setter and getter methods in that class and then I want the calling class to set the delegate argument and then invoke. Is there a best practice for doing this. I realize in the above example that I can set set the delegate variable from the calling class...but I am trying to create a singleton with tight encapsulation. For the record, I can't use any of the new delegate types declared in .net35. Answers in C# are welcome. Any thoughts? Seth

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  • Class<T> and static method Class.forName() drive me crazy.

    - by matt
    Hi, this code doesn't compile. I'm wondering what I am doing wrong: private static Importable getRightInstance(String s) throws Exception { Class<Importable> c = Class.forName(s); Importable i = c.newInstance(); return i; } where Importable is an interface and the string s is the name of an implementing class. The compiler says: ./Importer.java:33: incompatible types found : java.lang.Class<capture#964 of ?> required: java.lang.Class<Importable> Class<Importable> c = Class.forName(format(s)); thanks for any help! All the solutions Class<? extends Importable> c = Class.forName(s).asSubclass(Importable.class); and Class<? extends Importable> c = (Class<? extends Importable>) Class.forName(s); and Class<?> c = Class.forName(format(s)); Importable i = (Importable)c.newInstance(); give this error: Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IncompatibleClassChangeError: class C1 has interface Importable as super class where C1 is effectively a class implementing Importable, one of those i want to cast to Importable.

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  • C# - Calling ToString() on a Reference Type

    - by nfplee
    Given two object arrays I need to compare the differences between the two (when converted to a string). I've reduced the code to the following and the problem still exists: public void Compare(object[] array1, object[] array2) { for (var i = 0; i < array1.Length; i++) { var value1 = GetStringValue(array1[i]); var value2 = GetStringValue(array2[i]); } } public string GetStringValue(object value) { return value != null && value.ToString() != string.Empty ? value.ToString() : ""; } The code executes fine no matter what object arrays I throw at it. However if one of the items in the array is a reference type then somehow the reference is updated. This causes issues later. It appears that this happens when calling ToString() against the object reference. I have updated the GetStringValue method to the following (which makes sure the object is either a value type or string) and the problem goes away. public string GetStringValue(object value) { return value != null && (value.GetType().IsValueType || value is string) && value.ToString() != string.Empty ? value.ToString() : ""; } However this is just a temporary hack as I'd like to be able to override the ToString() method on my reference types and compare them as well. I'd appreciate it if someone could explain why this is happening and offer a potential solution. Thanks

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  • What's the best way to communicate the purpose of a string parameter in a public API?

    - by Dave
    According to the guidance published in New Recommendations for Using Strings in Microsoft .NET 2.0, the data in a string may exhibit one of the following types of behavior: A non-linguistic identifier, where bytes match exactly. A non-linguistic identifier, where case is irrelevant, especially a piece of data stored in most Microsoft Windows system services. Culturally-agnostic data, which still is linguistically relevant. Data that requires local linguistic customs. Given that, I'd like to know the best way to communicate which behavior is expected of a string parameter in a public API. I wasn't able to find an answer in the Framework Design Guidelines. Consider the following methods: f(string this_is_a_linguistic_string) g(string this_is_a_symbolic_identifier_so_use_ordinal_compares) Is variable naming and XML documentation the best I can do? Could I use attributes in some way to mark the requirements of the string? Now consider the following case: h(Dictionary<string, object> dictionary) Note that the dictionary instance is created by the caller. How do I communicate that the callee expects the IEqualityComparer<string> object held by the dictionary to perform, for example, a case-insensitive ordinal comparison?

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  • Fast path cache generation for a connected node graph

    - by Sukasa
    I'm trying to get a faster pathfinding mechanism in place in a game I'm working on for a connected node graph. The nodes are classed into two types, "Networks" and "Routers." In this picture, the blue circles represent routers and the grey rectangles networks. Each network keeps a list of which routers it is connected to, and vice-versa. Routers cannot connect directly to other routers, and networks cannot connect directly to other networks. Networks list which routers they're connected to Routers do the same I need to get an algorithm that will map out a path, measured in the number of networks crossed, for each possible source and destination network excluding paths where the source and destination are the same network. I have one right now, however it is unusably slow, taking about two seconds to map the paths, which becomes incredibly noticeable for all connected players. The current algorithm is a depth-first brute-force search (It was thrown together in about an hour to just get the path caching working) which returns an array of networks in the order they are traversed, which explains why it's so slow. Are there any algorithms that are more efficient? As a side note, while these example graphs have four networks, the in-practice graphs have 55 networks and about 20 routers in use. Paths which are not possible also can occur, and as well at any time the network/router graph topography can change, requiring the path cache to be rebuilt. What approach/algorithm would likely provide the best results for this type of a graph?

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  • c++ figuring out memory layout of members programatically

    - by anon
    Suppose in one program, I'm given: class Foo { int x; double y; char z; }; class Bar { Foo f1; int t; Foo f2; }; int main() { Bar b; bar.f1.z = 'h'; bar.f2.z = 'w'; ... some crap setting value of b; FILE *f = fopen("dump", "wb"); // c-style file fwrite(&b, sizeof(Bar), 1, f); } Suppose in another program, I have: int main() { File *f = fopen("dump", "rb"); std::string Foo = "int x; double y; char z;"; std::string Bar = "Foo f1; int t; Foo f2;"; // now, given this is it possible to read out // the value of bar.f1.z and bar.f2.z set earlier? } WHat I'm asking is: given I have the types of a class, can I figure out how C++ lays it out?

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  • Conversion between different template instantiation of the same template

    - by Naveen
    I am trying to write an operator which converts between the differnt types of the same implementation. This is the sample code: template <class T = int> class A { public: A() : m_a(0){} template <class U> operator A<U>() { A<U> u; u.m_a = m_a; return u; } private: int m_a; }; int main(void) { A<int> a; A<double> b = a; return 0; } However, it gives the following error for line u.m_a = m_a;. Error 2 error C2248: 'A::m_a' : cannot access private member declared in class 'A' d:\VC++\Vs8Console\Vs8Console\Vs8Console.cpp 30 Vs8Console I understand the error is because A<U> is a totally different type from A<T>. Is there any simple way of solving this (may be using a friend?) other than providing setter and getter methods? I am using Visual studio 2008 if it matters.

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  • Quick and easy flood protection?

    - by James P
    I have a site where a user submits a message using AJAX to a file called like.php. In this file the users message is submitted to a database and it then sends a link back to the user. In my Javascript code I disabled the text box the user types into when they submit the AJAX request. The only problem is, a malicious user can just constantly send POST requests to like.php and flood my database. So I would like to implement simple flood protection. I don't really want the hassle of another database table logging users IPs and such... as if they are flooding my site there will be a lot of database read/writes slowing it down. I thought about using sessions, like have a session that contains a timestamp that gets checked every time they send data to like.php, and if the current time is before the timestamp let them add data to the database, otherwise send out an error and block them. If they are allowed to enter something into the database, update their session with a new timestamp. What do you think? Would this be the best way to go about it or are there easier alternatives? Thanks for any help. :)

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  • How to hide helper functions from public API in c

    - by emge
    I'm working on a project and I need to create an API. I am using sockets to communicate between the server (my application) and the clients (the other applications using my API). This project is in c not C++ I come from a linux background and this is my first project using Windows, Visual Studio 2008, and dll libraries. I have communication working between the client and server, but I have some that is duplicated on both projects. I would like to create a library (probably a dll file), that both projects can link to so I don't have to maintain extra code. I also have to create the library that has the API that I need to make available for my clients. Within the API functions that I want public are the calls to these helper functions that are "duplicated code", I don't want to expose these functions to my client, but I do want my server to be able to use those functions. How can I do this? I will try to clarify with an example. This is what I started with. Server Project: int Server_GetPacket(SOCKET sd); int ReceiveAll(SOCKET sd, char *buf, int len); int VerifyLen(char *buf); Client Project: int Client_SendCommand(int command); int Client_GetData(int command, char *buf, int len); int ReceiveAll(SOCKET sd, char *buf, int len); int VerifyLen(char *buf); This is kind of what I would like to end up with: //Server Project: int Server_GetPacket(SOCKET sd); // library with public and private types // private API (not exposed to my client) int ReceiveAll(SOCKET sd, char *buf, int len); int VerifyLen(char *buf); // public API (header file available for client) int Client_SendCommand(int command); int Client_GetData(int command, char *buf, int len); Thanks any help would be appreciated.

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  • C++ Templates: Convincing self against code bloat

    - by ArunSaha
    I have heard about code bloats in context of C++ templates. I know that is not the case with modern C++ compilers. But, I want to construct an example and convince myself. Lets say we have a class template< typename T, size_t N > class Array { public: T * data(); private: T elems_[ N }; }; template< typename T, size_t N > T * Array<T>::data() { return elems_; } Further, let's say types.h contains typedef Array< int, 100 > MyArray; x.cpp contains MyArray ArrayX; and y.cpp contains MyArray ArrayY; Now, how can I verify that the code space for MyArray::data() is same for both ArrayX and ArrayY? What else I should know and verify from this (or other similar simple) examples? If there is any g++ specific tips, I am interested for that too. PS: Regarding bloat, I am concerned even for the slightest of bloats, since I come from embedded context.

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  • byte + byte = int... why?

    - by Robert C. Cartaino
    Looking at this C# code... byte x = 1; byte y = 2; byte z = x + y; // ERROR: Cannot implicitly convert type 'int' to 'byte' The result of any math performed on byte (or short) types is implicitly cast back to an integer. The solution is to explicitly cast the result back to a byte, so... byte z = (byte)(x + y); // works What I am wondering is why? Is it architectural? Philosophical? We have: int + int = int long + long = long float + float = float double + double = double So why not: byte + byte = byte short + short = short ? A bit of background: I am performing a long list of calculations on "small numbers" (i.e. < 8) and storing the intermediate results in a large array. Using a byte array (instead of an int array) is faster (because of cache hits). But the extensive byte-casts spread through the code make it that much more unreadable.

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  • How to refer to enum values inside nhibernate formula mapping specification?

    - by mark
    Dear ladies and sirs. I have two entities types: RunContainer parent entity type Run child entity type Run has a property Status, which is of type RunStatus, like so: public enum RunStatus { Created, Starting, // ... } public class Run { public int ContainerId { get; private set; } // ... public RunStatus Status { get; private set; } } RunContainer has a calculated property ActiveRunCount, like so: public class RunContainer { public int Id { get; private set; } // ... public int ActiveRunCount { get; private set; } } In the mapping for the RunContainer.ActiveRunCount property, I use the formula specification like so: <property name="ActiveRunCount" formula="(select count(r.Id) from Run r where r.ContainerId = Id and r.Status = 1)"/> My problem is that I refer to the RunStatus enum values in the formula by their respective numeric value, rather than the appropriate symbolic name. Can anyone tell me how can I use the symbolic name instead? Thanks.

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  • Analyzing an IronPython Scope

    - by Vercinegetorix
    I'm trying to write C# code with an embedded IronPython script. Then want to analyze the contents of the script, i.e. list all variables, functions, class and their members/methods. There's an easy way to start, assuming I've got a scope defined and code executed in it already: dynamic variables=pyScope.GetVariables(); foreach (string v in variables) { dynamic dynamicV=pyScope.GetVariable(); /*seems to return everything. variables, functions, classes, instances of classes*/ } But how do I figure out what the type of a variable is? For the following python 'objects', dynamicV.GetType() will return different values: x=5 --system.Int32 y="asdf" --system.String def func():... --IronPython.Runtime.PythonFunction z=class() -- IronPython.Runtime.Types.OldInstance, how can I identify what the actual python class is? class NewClass -- throws an error, GetType() is unavailable. This is almost what I'm looking for. I could capture the exception thrown when unavailable and assume it's a class declaration, but that seems unclean. Is there a better approach? To discover the members/methods of a class it looks like I can use: ObjectOperations op = pyEngine.Operations; object instance = op.Call("className"); foreach (string j in op.GetMemberNames("className")) { object member=op.GetMember(instance, j); Console.WriteLine(member.GetType()); /*once again, GetType() provides some info about the type of the member, but returns null sometimes*/ } Also, how do I get the parameters to a method? Thanks!

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  • Application that depends heavily on stored procedures

    - by PieterG
    We currently have an application that depends largely on stored procedures. There is a heavy use of temp tables. It's an extremely large application. Facing this situation, I would like to use Entity Framework or Linq2Sql for a rewrite. I might consider using Fluent Hibernate or Subsonic, as i've used them quite extensively in the past. I've had problems with Linq2Sql generating the return types for the stored procedures because of the usage of the temp tables, and I think it's cumbersome to go and change all the stored procedures from temp tables to in-memory tables. Considering the 2 choices that I want to make, which one of the 2 is the best route to go and why? If my choices are extremely idiotic, please provide alternatives. Edit: The reason for the question and the change is that the data access layer is non-existent and was built 10 years ago. We currently still run into a lot of issues with it. I don't want to divulge too much, but if you saw it, your eyes would start bleeding :)

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  • C# How to create various objects at runtime that can hold strongly typed data?

    - by JL
    Is it possible to create objects at runtime without having to have hard coded class definitions, then populate properties with primitives or even strongly typed data types? For example: Lets say I want to an XML config file that could hold configuration values for connecting to various systems in an SOA application. In C# I read in these values, but for each system the properties are different (e.g: SQL might have a connection string, while SharePoint might need a username + password + domain + url, while yet an smtp server would need username + password + port + url) So instead of creating static classes as follows public class SharePointConfiguration or public class SQLConfiguration, then have each class with custom properties (this is cumbersome) Is there not a more preferred way to achieve this, without using 1990's methods, in otherwords it would still be nice to have intellisense and code completion and named properties. Since this collection of properties (object) would be passed within the class and possible to other classes from function to function I am also wondering where this class definition would get defined if its all happening at run time. Any recommendations, and hope the question was clear enough. Would like to use language features, not hacks. Thank you.

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  • Applying a function to a custom type in F#

    - by Frederik Wordenskjold
    On my journey to learning F#, I've run into a problem I cant solve. I have defined a custom type: type BinTree = | Node of int * BinTree * BinTree | Empty I have made a function which takes a tree, traverses it, and adds the elements it visits to a list, and returns it: let rec inOrder tree = seq{ match tree with | Node (data, left, right) -> yield! inOrder left yield data; yield! inOrder right | Empty -> () } |> Seq.to_list; Now I want to create a function, similar to this, which takes a tree and a function, traverses it and applies a function to each node, then returns the tree: mapInOrder : ('a -> 'b) -> 'a BinTree -> 'b BinTree This seems easy, and it probably is! But I'm not sure how to return the tree. I've tried this: let rec mapInOrder f tree = match tree with | Node(data, left, right) -> mapInOrder f left Node(f(data), left, right) mapInOrder f right | Empty -> () but this returns a unit. I havent worked with custom types before, so I'm probably missing something there!

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  • In need of a Smarter Environmental Package Configuration

    - by Jeremy Liberman
    I am trying to set up a package template in SSIS, following the Wrox Programmer to Programmer book, SQL Server 2008 Integration Services: Problem - Design - Solution. I'm really liking this book even though it is 2008 and we're using SQL Server 2005. I've got a working package template that uses an Indirect XML package configuration to identify what environment (local developer, dev, QA, production, etc) the package is being run in. That locates the SQL Server package configuration for the environment. That set-up is great and all except for the environment variable at the very front of it all. My team would prefer it if the package could use the same environment resource locator as all our other applications and tools use, so we don't two environment markers with essentially the same information in them. Normally we look up a registry key in HKey_Local_Machine but the Registry Package Configuration type only lets you look up the HKey_Current_User registries. My first thought was to write a new Package Configuration Type class that extends the Registry type; after all we'd had such luck writing our own custom log provider. SSIS is super extendable, right? So there doesn't seem to be a way to write your own Package Configuration Types. Is there still some way I can configure my SSIS SQL Server package configuration from a HKLM registry key connection string? If this is not possible, what other workarounds are available? My idea is to write a PowerShell script that will create/modify the Environment Variable that the package will use by fetching the connection string from the registry. This way there's still two markers, but at least then it's automatically maintained and automated. Is this kind of workaround necessary? Thank you for your time.

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  • Concrete examples of state sharing between multiple viewmodels (WPF MVVM)

    - by JohnMetta
    I have a WPF/Entity Framework (4.0) project with many objects. I'd like to build the application so that that I can have object selection state shared across viewmodels. For Example: We have Cars, Drivers, Passengers, and Cargo classes. We also have UserControls for CarList, DriverList, etc. and editor windows for CarEditor, DriverEditor, etc. Furthermore, we have viewmodels for all of these (CarListViewModel, DriverListViewModel, CargoEditorViewModel, etc). This all composes a dockable interface where the user can have multiple object lists, editors, and viewers open. What I want is a concrete code example of how to wireup multiple viewmodels so that selecting a car in the CarList will cause that car to go live in the CarEditorView, but also be selected in any other view for which the context is valid (such as a DriverByCarView- or just DriverList if there is a filter predicate). There are a number of suggestions and discussions based on this question. The two methods that seem to dominate are: 3018307: Discusses state sharing by mentioning a messaging subsystem 1159035: Discusses state sharing by using an enclosing viewmodel Is one of these approaches better than the other? Does anyone have a concrete example of either/both of these methods in the form of a write-up or small code project? I'm still learning WPF, so pointers to entry points for reading API fundamentals are appreciated, but looking at code examples is where I usually go. Thanks In case anyone is interested, here are some other similar discussions: 3816961: Discusses returning multiple viewmodels depending on object type (i.e. a collection of arbitrary types adhering to a specific interface) 1928130: Discusses whether it is a good idea to aggregate viewmodels as properties of other viewmodels (e.g. a MainWindow viewmodel composed of panel viewmodels) 1120061: Essentially discusses whether to have use a viewmodel-per-model strategy or a viewmodel-per-view-element strategy. 4244222: Discusses whether or not to nest the viewmodels when using a nested object hierarchy. 4429708: Discusses sharing collections between viewmodels directly, but doesn't go into detail. List item: Discusses managing multiple selections within a single viewmodel.

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  • I'm annoyed with asp .net mvc action links? Is there something better in MVC3?

    - by Jonathon Kresner
    After almost 3 years with mvc I'm scratching my head. Is it just me, or does the way we specify links in asp .net mvc suck? @Html.ActionLink("Log Off", "LogOff", "Account") In the previews for mvc 1 we had the funky generic action links which gave us intellisense and compile checking, which I LOVED. I know they removed them because of performance issues and because you could not actually guarantee that the route would resolve all the time... However the default way of doing it just doesn't make me feel safe enough in a big application. I've also used T4Mvc with MVC2, to be honest, I didn't really like it. It's not part of the Mvc framework and frustrating to develop with especially with source control in big teams and continuous integration builds. I guess I could also import Mvc Futures and keep using the generic types (it's probably what I'll do). I'm just about to start a very big project and was wondering what other people are thinking? Is anyone else annoyed with the options or has a new solution? It seems like ActionLinks are the most basic & frequently used feature. Shouldn't there be a good out of the box solution, we're just about to hit revision 3 of this framework.

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  • Why does the output look like this?

    - by cjk
    I have a c program below, I would like to send out a 32 bit message in a particular order Eg.0x00000001. #include <unistd.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <stdint.h> struct test { uint16_t a; uint16_t b; }; int main(int argc, char const *argv[]) { char buf[4]; struct test* ptr=(struct test*)buf; ptr->a=0x0000; ptr->b=0x0001; printf("%x %x\n",buf[0],buf[1]); //output is 0 0 printf("%x %x\n",buf[2],buf[3]); //output is 1 0 return 0; } Then I test it by print out the values in char array. I got output in the above comments. Shouldn't the output be 0 0 and 0 1? since but[3] is the last byte? Is there anything I missed? Thanks!

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