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• Passing optional parameter by reference in c++

  - by Moomin

  I'm having a problem with optional function parameter in C++ What I'm trying to do is to write function with optional parameter which is passed by reference, so that I can use it in two ways (1) and (2), but on (2) I don't really care what is the value of mFoobar. I've tried such a code: void foo(double &bar, double &foobar = NULL) { bar = 100; foobar = 150; } int main() { double mBar(0),mFoobar(0); foo(mBar,mFoobar); // (1) cout << mBar << mFoobar; mBar = 0; mFoobar = 0; foo(mBar); // (2) cout << mBar << mFoobar; return 0; } but it crashes at void foo(double &bar, double &foobar = NULL) with message : error: default argument for 'double& foobar' has type 'int' Is it possible to solve it without function overloading? Thanks in advance for any suggestions. Pawel

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• Linked List push()

  - by JKid314159

  The stack is initialized with a int MaxSize =3. Then I push one int onto the list. " Pushed:" is returned to the console. Program crashes here. I think my logic is flawed but unsure. Maybe an infinite loop or unmet condition? Thanks for your help. I'm trying to traverse the list to the last node in the second part of the full() method. I implemented this stack as array based so must implement this method full() as this method is inside of main class. while(!stacker.full()) { cout << "Enter number = "; cin >> intIn; stacker.push(intIn); cout << "Pushed: " << intIn << endl; }//while Call to LinkListStack.cpp to class LinkList full(). int LinkList::full() { if(head == NULL) { top = 0; } else { LinkNode * tmp1; LinkNode * tmp2; tmp1 = head; while(top != MaxSize) { if(tmp1->next != NULL){ tmp2 = tmp1->next; tmp1 = tmp2; ++top; }//if }//while }//else return (top + 1 == MaxSize); }

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• using string to read file - XCode

  - by Fernando

  The following does not work and gives me a SIGABRT when I run in the debugger: std::ifstream inFile; inFile.open("/Users/fernandonewyork/inputText.txt"); cout << inFile << endl; vector<string> inText; if (inFile) { string s4; while (inFile>>s4) { inText.push_back(s4); } } inFile.close(); The following does: std::ifstream inFile; inFile.open("/Users/fernandonewyork/inputText.txt"); cout << inFile << endl; vector<string> inText; if (inFile) { string s4("This is no lnger an empty string"); while (inFile>>s4) { inText.push_back(s4); } } inFile.close(); I was under the impression I was able to simply use s4 without having to worry about any space considerations, or is something else happening here? This is the full error I get from the top code: malloc: * error for object 0x100010a20: pointer being freed was not allocated * set a breakpoint in malloc_error_break to debug Program received signal: “SIGABRT”.

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• What is the merit of the "function" type (not "pointer to function")

  - by anatolyg

  Reading the C++ Standard, i see that there are "function" types and "pointer to function" types: typedef int func(int); // function typedef int (*pfunc)(int); // pointer to function typedef func* pfunc; // same as above I have never seen the function types used outside of examples (or maybe i didn't recognize their usage?). Some examples: func increase, decrease; // declares two functions int increase(int), decrease(int); // same as above int increase(int x) {return x + 1;} // cannot use the typedef when defining functions int decrease(int x) {return x - 1;} // cannot use the typedef when defining functions struct mystruct { func add, subtract, multiply; // declares three member functions int member; }; int mystruct::add(int x) {return x + member;} // cannot use the typedef int mystruct::subtract(int x) {return x - member;} int main() { func k; // the syntax is correct but the variable k is useless! mystruct myobject; myobject.member = 4; cout << increase(5) << ' ' << decrease(5) << '\n'; // outputs 6 and 4 cout << myobject.add(5) << ' ' << myobject.subtract(5) << '\n'; // 9 and 1 } Seeing that the function types support syntax that doesn't appear in C (declaring member functions), i guess they are not just a part of C baggage that C++ has to support for backward compatibility. So is there any use for function types, other than demonstrating some funky syntax?

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• Boost::Asio - Remove the "null"-character in the end of tcp packets.

  - by shump

  I'm trying to make a simple msn client mostly for fun but also for educational purposes. And I started to try some tcp package sending and receiving using Boost Asio as I want cross-platform support. I have managed to send a "VER"-command and receive it's response. However after I send the following "CVR"-command, Asio casts an "End of file"-error. After some further researching I found by packet sniffing that my tcp packets to the messenger server got an extra "null"-character (Ascii code: 00) at the end of the message. This means that my VER-command gets an extra character in the end which I don't think the messenger server like and therefore shuts down the connection when I try to read the CVR response. This is how my package looks when sniffing it, (it's Payload): (Hex:) 56 45 52 20 31 20 4d 53 4e 50 31 35 20 43 56 52 30 0a 0a 00 (Char:) VER 1 MSNP15 CVR 0... and this is how Adium(chat client for OS X)'s package looks: (Hex:) 56 45 52 20 31 20 4d 53 4e 50 31 35 20 43 56 52 30 0d 0a (Char:) VER 1 MSNP15 CVR 0.. So my question is if there is any way to remove the null-character in the end of each package, of if I've misunderstood something and used Asio in a wrong way. My write function (slightly edited) looks lite this: int sendVERMessage() { boost::system::error_code ignored_error; char sendBuf[] = "VER 1 MSNP15 CVR0\r\n"; boost::asio::write(socket, boost::asio::buffer(sendBuf), boost::asio::transfer_all(), ignored_error); if(ignored_error) { cout << "Failed to send to host!" << endl; return 1; } cout << "VER message sent!" << endl; return 0; } And here's the main documentation on the msn protocol I'm using. Hope I've been clear enough.

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• Template compilation error in Sun Studio 12

  - by Jagannath

  We are migrating to Sun Studio 12.1 and with the new compiler [ CC: Sun C++ 5.10 SunOS_sparc 2009/06/03 ]. I am getting compilation error while compiling a code that compiled fine with earlier version of Sun Compiler [ CC: Sun WorkShop 6 update 2 C++ 5.3 2001/05/15 ]. This is the compilation error I get. "Sample.cc": Error: Could not find a match for LoopThrough(int[2]) needed in main(). 1 Error(s) detected. * Error code 1. CODE: #include <iostream> #define PRINT_TRACE(STR) \ std::cout << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << ":" << STR << "\n"; template<size_t SZ> void LoopThrough(const int(&Item)[SZ]) { PRINT_TRACE("Specialized version"); for (size_t index = 0; index < SZ; ++index) { std::cout << Item[index] << "\n"; } } /* template<typename Type, size_t SZ> void LoopThrough(const Type(&Item)[SZ]) { PRINT_TRACE("Generic version"); } */ int main() { { int arr[] = { 1, 2 }; LoopThrough(arr); } } If I uncomment the code with Generic version, the code compiles fine and the generic version is called. I don't see this problem with MSVC 2010 with extensions disabled and the same case with ideone here. The specialized version of the function is called. Now the question is, is this a bug in Sun Compiler ? If yes, how could we file a bug report ?

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• Why do I get errors when using unsigned integers in an expression with C++?

  - by neuviemeporte

  Given the following piece of (pseudo-C++) code: float x=100, a=0.1; unsigned int height = 63, width = 63; unsigned int hw=31; for (int row=0; row < height; ++row) { for (int col=0; col < width; ++col) { float foo = x + col - hw + a * (col - hw); cout << foo << " "; } cout << endl; } The values of foo are screwed up for half of the array, in places where (col - hw) is negative. I figured because col is int and comes first, that this part of the expression is converted to int and becomes negative. Unfortunately, apparently it doesn't, I get an overflow of an unsigned value and I've no idea why. How should I resolve this problem? Use casts for the whole or part of the expression? What type of casts (C-style or static_cast<...)? Is there any overhead to using casts (I need this to work fast!)? EDIT: I changed all my unsigned ints to regular ones, but I'm still wondering why I got that overflow in this situation.

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• Path String Combination Question.

  - by Nano HE

  Hi. Please see my code below. ifstream myLibFile ("libs//%s" , line); // Compile failed here ??? I want to combine the path string and open the related file again. #include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main () { string line; ifstream myfile ("libs//Config.txt"); // There are several file names listed in the COnfig.txt file line by line. if (myfile.is_open()) { while (! myfile.eof() ) { getline (myfile,line); cout << line << endl; // Read details lib files based on the each line file name. string libFileLine; ifstream myLibFile ("libs//%s" , line); // Compile failed here ??? if (myLibFile.is_open()) { while (! myLibFile.eof() ) { print "success"; } myLibFile.close(); } } myfile.close(); } else cout << "Unable to open file"; return 0; }

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• why BOOST_FOREACH cannot handle const boost::ptr_map?

  - by psaghelyi

  void main() { typedef boost::ptr_map<int, char> MyMap; MyMap mymap; mymap[1] = 'a'; mymap[2] = 'b'; mymap[3] = 'c'; BOOST_FOREACH(MyMap::value_type value, mymap) { std::cout << value.first << " " << value.second << std::endl; } MyMap const & const_mymap = mymap; BOOST_FOREACH(MyMap::value_type value, const_mymap) { std::cout << value.first << " " << value.second << std::endl; } } The following error message comes from GCC at the second BOOST_FOREACH error: conversion from 'boost::ptr_container_detail::ref_pair<int, const char* const>' to non-scalar type 'boost::ptr_container_detail::ref_pair<int, char* const>' requested I reckon that this is the weakness of the pointer container's ref_pair...

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• Retrieve the Value of An Integer Variable

  - by Abluescarab

  This is probably easily figured out (I feel very stupid right now), but I can't find a solution anywhere, for some reason. Perhaps I'm not searching for the right thing. And maybe it's in some beginner tutorial I haven't watched. Anyway, I was wondering how to retrieve the value of an integer variable in C++? I know you can use cin.getline() for string variables, but I received an error message when I attempted that with an integer variable (and rightfully so, I know it was wrong, but I was looking for a solution). My project is a Win32 console application. What I'm trying to do is ask a user to input a number, stored in the variable n. Then I take the value of n and perform various math functions with it. In my header file, I have string, windows, iostream, stdio, math, and fstream. Do I need to add another library? There's not much more to tell. I can post my code if I must. EDIT: cout << "TEST SINE"; cout << "\nPlease enter a number.\n\n"; cin >> n; break; Here's the code I'm trying to use. Is this all I need to do? If so, how do I incorporate the variable so I can test it using sin, cos, and tan? Yet again, thanks ahead of time.

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• C++ Suppress Automatic Initialization and Destruction

  - by Travis G

  How does one suppress the automatic initialization and destruction of a type? While it is wonderful that T buffer[100] automatically initializes all the elements of buffer, and destroys them when they fall out of scope, this is not the behavior I want. #include <iostream> static int created = 0, destroyed = 0; struct S { S() { ++created; } ~S() { ++destroyed; } }; template <typename T, size_t KCount> class Array { private: T m_buffer[KCount]; public: Array() { // some way to suppress the automatic initialization of m_buffer } ~Array() { // some way to suppress the automatic destruction of m_buffer } }; int main() { { Array<S, 100> arr; } std::cout << "Created:\t" << created << std::endl; std::cout << "Destroyed:\t" << destroyed << std::endl; return 0; } The output of this program is: Created: 100 Destroyed: 100 I would like it to be: Created: 0 Destroyed: 0 My only idea is to make m_buffer some trivially constructed and destructed type like char and then rely on operator[] to wrap the pointer math for me, although this seems like a horribly hacked solution. Another solution would be to use malloc and free, but that gives a level of indirection that I do not want.

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• Function pointers to member functions

  - by Jacob

  There are several duplicates of this but nobody explains why I can use a member variable to store the pointer (in FOO) but when I try it with a local variable (in the commented portion of BAR), it's illegal. Could anybody explain this? #include <iostream> using namespace std; class FOO { public: int (FOO::*fptr)(int a, int b); int add_stuff(int a, int b) { return a+b; } void call_adder(int a, int b) { fptr = &FOO::add_stuff; cout<<(this->*fptr)(a,b)<<endl; } }; class BAR { public: int add_stuff(int a, int b) { return a+b; } void call_adder(int a, int b) { //int (BAR::*fptr)(int a, int b); //fptr = &BAR::add_stuff; //cout<<(*fptr)(a,b)<<endl; } }; int main() { FOO test; test.call_adder(10,20); return 0; }

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• Copying to binary file row of a matrix

  - by Flethuseo

  Hi everyone I want to write each row of a matrix to a binary file. I try writing it like this: vector< vector<uint32_t> > matrix; ... for(size_t i = 0; i < matrix.size(); ++i) ofile->write( reinterpret_cast<char*>(&matrix[i]), sizeof(uint32_t*sizeof(matrix[i])) ); { for(size_t j = 0; j < numcols; ++j) { std::cout << left << setw(10) << matrix[i][j]; } cout << endl; } but it doesn't work, I get garbage numbers. Any help appreciated, Ted.

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• Cross-platform iteration of Unicode string

  - by kizzx2

  I want to iterate each character of a Unicode string, treating each surrogate pair and combining character sequence as a single unit (one grapheme). Example The text "??????" is comprised of the code points: U+0928, U+092E, U+0938, U+094D, U+0924, U+0947, of which, U+0938 and U+0947 are combining marks. static void Main(string[] args) { const string s = "??????"; Console.WriteLine(s.Length); // Ouptuts "6" var l = 0; var e = System.Globalization.StringInfo.GetTextElementEnumerator(s); while(e.MoveNext()) l++; Console.WriteLine(l); // Outputs "4" } So there we have it in .NET. We also have Win32's CharNextW() #include <Windows.h> #include <iostream> #include <string> int main() { const wchar_t * s = L"??????"; std::cout << std::wstring(s).length() << std::endl; // Gives "6" int l = 0; while(CharNextW(s) != s) { s = CharNextW(s); ++l; } std::cout << l << std::endl; // Gives "4" return 0; } Question Both ways I know of are specific to Microsoft. Are there portable ways to do it? I heard about ICU but I couldn't find something related quickly (UnicodeString(s).length() still gives 6). Would be an acceptable answer to point to the related function/module in ICU. C++ doesn't have a notion of Unicode, so a lightweight cross-platform library for dealing with these issues would make an acceptable answer.

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• C++ polymorphism and slicing

  - by Draco Ater

  The following code, prints out Derived Base Base But I need every Derived object put into User::items, call its own print function, but not the base class one. Can I achieve that without using pointers? If it is not possible, how should I write the function that deletes User::items one by one and frees memory, so that there should not be any memory leaks? #include <iostream> #include <vector> #include <algorithm> using namespace std; class Base{ public: virtual void print(){ cout << "Base" << endl;} }; class Derived: public Base{ public: void print(){ cout << "Derived" << endl;} }; class User{ public: vector<Base> items; void add_item( Base& item ){ item.print(); items.push_back( item ); items.back().print(); } }; void fill_items( User& u ){ Derived d; u.add_item( d ); } int main(){ User u; fill_items( u ); u.items[0].print(); }

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• Pointing to array element

  - by regular

  What I'm trying to achieve is say i have an array, i want to be able to modify a specific array element throughout my code, by pointing at it. for example in C++ i can do this int main(){ int arr [5]= {1,2,3,4,5}; int *c = &arr[3]; cout << arr[3] <<endl; *c = 0; cout << arr[3]<<endl; } I did some googling and there seems to be a way to do it through 'unsafe', but i don't really want to go that route. I guess i could create a variable to store the indexes, but I'm actually dealing with slightly more complexity (a list within a list. so having two index variables seems to add complexity to the code.) C# has a databinding class, so what I'm currently doing is binding the array element to a textbox (that i have hidden) and modifying that textbox whenever i want to modify the specific array element, but that's also not a good solution (since i have a textbox that's not being used for its intended purpose - a bit misleading).

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• Can someone explain to me why my output is this? And how would I correct my output?

  - by user342231

  /* in this slice of code I get an output of bbb 55 66 77 88 aaa the output I expect and want is bbb 55 66 77 88 bbb because I reassign ss from log[0] to log[1] So my question is why is the output different from what I expect and how do I change it to what I want? */ int w,x,y,z; stringstream ss (stringstream::in | stringstream::out); string word; string log[2]; log[0]="aaa 11 22 33 44"; log[1]="bbb 55 66 77 88"; ss<<log[0]; ss>>word; int k=0; ss>>w>>x>>y>>z; k++; ss<<log[k]; cout<<log[k]<<endl; ss>>word; cout<<word<<endl; return 0;

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• boost::filesystem - how to create a boost path from a windows path string on posix plattforms?

  - by VolkA

  I'm reading path names from a database which are stored as relative paths in Windows format, and try to create a boost::filesystem::path from them on a Unix system. What happens is that the constructor call interprets the whole string as the filename. I need the path to be converted to a correct Posix path as it will be used locally. I didn't find any conversion functions in the boost::filesystem reference, nor through google. Am I just blind, is there an obvious solution? If not, how would you do this? Example: std::string win_path("foo\\bar\\asdf.xml"); std::string posix_path("foo/bar/asdf.xml"); // loops just once, as part is the whole win_path interpreted as a filename boost::filesystem::path boost_path(win_path); BOOST_FOREACH(boost::filesystem::path part, boost_path) { std::cout << part << std::endl; } // prints each path component separately boost::filesystem::path boost_path_posix(posix_path); BOOST_FOREACH(boost::filesystem::path part, boost_path_posix) { std::cout << part << std::endl; }

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• Simple average calculation

  - by sasquatch90

  I'm trying to write program calculating average of given numbers stored in an array. Amount of numbers should be not more than 100, and user should input them until a !int variable is given : #include <iostream> #include <conio.h> using namespace std; double average(int tab[], int i){ int sum=0; for(int j=0; j<i; ++j){ sum+=tab[j]; } return (double)sum/i; } int main() { int tab[100]; int n=0; int number=0; do { if(n < 100){ cout << "Give " << n+1 << " number : "; cin >> number; tab[n]=number; number=0; ++n; } else{ break; } } while( !isdigit(number) ); cout << average(tab, n) << endl; getch(); return 0; } Why after giving char, it prints me 'Give n number:' for all empty cells of my array ? It should end and use only given numbers.

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• Argument type deduction, references and rvalues

  - by uj2

  Consider the situation where a function template needs to forward an argument while keeping it's lvalue-ness in case it's a non-const lvalue, but is itself agnostic to what the argument actually is, as in: template <typename T> void target(T&) { cout << "non-const lvalue"; } template <typename T> void target(const T&) { cout << "const lvalue or rvalue"; } template <typename T> void forward(T& x) { target(x); } When x is an rvalue, instead of T being deduced to a constant type, it gives an error: int x = 0; const int y = 0; forward(x); // T = int forward(y); // T = const int forward(0); // Hopefully, T = const int, but actually an error forward<const int>(0); // Works, T = const int It seems that for forward to handle rvalues (without calling for explicit template arguments) there needs to be an forward(const T&) overload, even though it's body would be an exact duplicate. Is there any way to avoid this duplication?

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• Getting functions of inherited functions to be called

  - by wrongusername

  Let's say I have a base class Animal from which a class Cow inherits, and a Barn class containing an Animal vector, and let's say the Animal class has a virtual function scream(), which Cow overrides. With the following code: Animal.h #ifndef _ANIMAL_H #define _ANIMAL_H #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Animal { public: Animal() {}; virtual void scream() {cout << "aaaAAAAAAAAAAGHHHHHHHHHH!!! ahhh..." << endl;} }; #endif /* _ANIMAL_H */ Cow.h #ifndef _COW_H #define _COW_H #include "Animal.h" class Cow: public Animal { public: Cow() {} void scream() {cout << "MOOooooOOOOOOOO!!!" << endl;} }; #endif /* _COW_H */ Barn.h #ifndef _BARN_H #define _BARN_H #include "Animal.h" #include <vector> class Barn { std::vector<Animal> animals; public: Barn() {} void insertAnimal(Animal animal) {animals.push_back(animal);} void tortureAnimals() { for(int a = 0; a < animals.size(); a++) animals[a].scream(); } }; #endif /* _BARN_H */ and finally main.cpp #include <stdlib.h> #include "Barn.h" #include "Cow.h" #include "Chicken.h" /* * */ int main(int argc, char** argv) { Barn barn; barn.insertAnimal(Cow()); barn.tortureAnimals(); return (EXIT_SUCCESS); } I get this output: aaaAAAAAAAAAAGHHHHHHHHHH!!! ahhh... How should I code this to get MOOooooOOOOOOOO!!! (and whatever other classes inheriting Animal wants scream() to be) instead?

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• On C++ global operator new: why it can be replaced

  - by Jimmy

  I wrote a small program in VS2005 to test whether C++ global operator new can be overloaded. It can. #include "stdafx.h" #include "iostream" #include "iomanip" #include "string" #include "new" using namespace std; class C { public: C() { cout<<"CTOR"<<endl; } }; void * operator new(size_t size) { cout<<"my overload of global plain old new"<<endl; // try to allocate size bytes void *p = malloc(size); return (p); } int main() { C* pc1 = new C; cin.get(); return 0; } In the above, my definition of operator new is called. If I remove that function from the code, then operator new in C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 8\VC\crt\src\new.cpp gets called. All is good. However, in my opinion, my implementations of operator new does NOT overload the new in new.cpp, it CONFLICTS with it and violates the one-definition rule. Why doesn't the compiler complain about it? Or does the standard say since operator new is so special, one-definition rule does not apply here? Thanks.

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• C++ program crashes at runtime

  - by qwerty

  Hello, I have this simple c++ program #include <cstdlib> #include <iostream> #include <math.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <time.h> #include <vector> using namespace std; int aleator(int n) { return (rand()%n)+1; } int main() { int r; int indexes[100]={0}; // const int size=100; //int a[size]; std::vector<int>v; srand(time(0)); for (int i=0;i<25;i++) { int index = aleator(100); if (indexes[index] != 0) { // try again i--; continue; } indexes[index] = 1; cout << v[index] ; } cout<<" "<<endl; system("pause"); return 0; } But at runtime it crashes, so i got that error with 'Send error report' and 'Don't send'. What i'm doing wrong? Thanks!

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• C++ Array vs vector

  - by blue_river

  when using C++ vector, time spent is 718 milliseconds, while when I use Array, time is almost 0 milliseconds. Why so much performance difference? int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]) { const int size = 10000; clock_t start, end; start = clock(); vector<int> v(size*size); for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) { for(int j = 0; j < size; j++) { v[i*size+j] = 1; } } end = clock(); cout<< (end - start) <<" milliseconds."<<endl; // 718 milliseconds int f = 0; start = clock(); int arr[size*size]; for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) { for(int j = 0; j < size; j++) { arr[i*size+j] = 1; } } end = clock(); cout<< ( end - start) <<" milliseconds."<<endl; // 0 milliseconds return 0; }

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• How does does ifstream eof() work?

  - by Chan

  Hello everyone, #include <vector> #include <list> #include <map> #include <set> #include <deque> #include <stack> #include <bitset> #include <algorithm> #include <functional> #include <numeric> #include <utility> #include <sstream> #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> #include <cstdio> #include <cmath> #include <cstdlib> #include <ctime> #include <cctype> #include <fstream> using namespace std; int main() { fstream inf( "ex.txt", ios::in ); while( !inf.eof() ) { std::cout << inf.get() << "\n"; } inf.close(); inf.clear(); inf.open( "ex.txt", ios::in ); char c; while( inf >> c ) { std::cout << c << "\n"; } return 0; } I'm really confused about eof() function. Suppose my ex.txt's content is: abc It always reads an extra character and show -1. when reading using eof()? But the inf c gave the correct output which was 'abc'? Can anyone help me explain this? Best regards, Chan Nguyen

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