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• Behavior tree implementation details

  - by angryInsomniac

  I have been looking around for implementation details of behavior trees, the best descriptions I found were by Alex Champarand and some of Damian Isla's talk about AI in Halo 2 (the video of which is locked up in the GDC vault sadly). However, both descriptions fall short of helping one actually create a BT, one particular question has been bugging me for a while. When is the tree in a behavior tree evaluated? Furthermore: If the tree is in the middle of executing a sequence of actions (patrolling waypoints) and a higher priority impulse comes in (distraction sound) , how to switch to that side of the tree seamlessly without resorting to a state machine like system and if it is decided that the impulse was irrelevant (the distraction is too far away to affect this guard), how to go back to the last thing that the guard was doing ? I have quite a few questions like this and I don't wish to flood the board with separate queries so if you know of any resource where questions like these can be answered I would be very grateful.

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• Are there any open source projects for car engine sound simulation?

  - by Petteri Hietavirta

  I have been thinking how to create realistic sound for a car. The main sound is the engine, then all kind of wind, road and suspension sounds. Are there any open source projects for the engine sound simulation? Simply pitching up the sample does not sound too great. The ideal would be to something that allows me to pick type of the engine (i.e. inline-4 vs v-8), add extras like turbo/supercharger whine and finally set the load and rpm. Edit: Something like http://www.sonory.org/examples.html

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• How to use mount points in MilkShape models?

  - by vividos

  I have bought the Warriors & Commoners model pack from Frogames and the pack contains (among other formats) two animated models and several non-animated objects (axe, shield, pilosities, etc.) in MilkShape3D format. I looked at the official "MilkShape 3D Viewer v2.0" (msViewer2.zip at http://www.chumba.ch/chumbalum-soft/ms3d/download.html) source code and implemented loading the model, calculating the joint matrices and everything looks fine. In the model there are several joints that are designated as the "mount points" for the static objects like axe and shield. I now want to "put" the axe into the hand of the animated model, and I couldn't quite figure out how. I put the animated vertices in a VBO that gets updated every frame (I know I should do this with a shader, but I didn't have time to do this yet). I put the static vertices in another VBO that I want to keep static and not updated every frame. I now tried to render the animated vertices first, then use the joint matrix for the "mount joint" to calculate the location of the static object. I tried many things, and what about seems to be right is to transpose the joint matrix, then use glMatrixMult() to transform the modelview matrix. For some objects like the axe this is working, but not for others, e.g. the pilosities. Now my question: How is this generally implemented when using bone/joint models, and especially with MilkShape3D models? Am I on the right track?

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• Wavefront mesh: determine which face a point belongs to?

  - by Mina Samy

  I have a 3D mesh Wavefront .obj file. Is there any algorithm that takes an arbitrary point coordinates as input and determines which face of the mesh that point belongs to ?? The mesh is rendered on the screen, then the user clicks on it, I want to determine which part of the mesh the user has clicked on ? Here's the code using LibGDX: Vector3 intersection=new Vector3(); Ray ray=camera.getPickRay(x, y); //vertices is an array that hold the coordinates of the mesh boolean ok=Intersector.intersectRayTriangles(ray, vertices, intersection); Thanks

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• Why does my VertexDeclaration apparently not contain Position0?

  - by Phil

  I'm trying to get my code from calling each individual draw call down to using at least a VertexBuffer, and preferably an indexBuffer, but now that I'm attempting to test my code, I'm getting the error: The current vertex declaration does not include all the elements required by the current vertex shader. Position0 is missing. Which makes absolutely no sense to me, as my VertexDeclaration is: public readonly static VertexDeclaration VertexDeclaration = new VertexDeclaration( new VertexElement(0, VertexElementFormat.Vector3, VertexElementUsage.Position, 0), new VertexElement(sizeof(float) * 3, VertexElementFormat.Color, VertexElementUsage.Color, 0), new VertexElement(sizeof(float) * 3 + 4, VertexElementFormat.Vector3, VertexElementUsage.Normal, 0) ); Which clearly contains the information. I am attempting to draw with the following lines: VertexBuffer vb = new VertexBuffer(GraphicsDevice, VertexPositionColorNormal.VertexDeclaration, c.VertexList.Count, BufferUsage.WriteOnly); IndexBuffer ib = new IndexBuffer(GraphicsDevice, typeof(int), c.IndexList.Count, BufferUsage.WriteOnly); vb.SetData<VertexPositionColorNormal>(c.VertexList.ToArray()); ib.SetData<int>(c.IndexList.ToArray()); GraphicsDevice.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, vb.VertexCount, 0, c.IndexList.Count/3); Where c is a Chunk class containing an 8x8x8 array of boxes. Full code is available at https://github.com/mrbaggins/Box/tree/ProperMeshing/box/box. Relevant locations are Chunk.cs (Contains the VertexDeclaration) and Game1.cs (Draw() is in Lines 230-250). Not much else of relevance to this problem anywhere else. Note that large commented sections are from old version of drawing.

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• PNG file loading error in ImageMagick

  - by khanhhh89

  I'm trying to understand the tutorial 16 at http://ogldev.atspace.co.uk, which requires the image processing library ImageMagick. But when I run the tutorial, I encountered an following error: freeglut: failed to change scree settings Error loading textures 'test.png': no decode delegates for this image format 'C:/../appdata/magick-6024a_cIJcw90t-j'@error/constitute.c/ReadImage/552 I searched for google and found that my ImageMagick library do not have PNG Delegaes, but when I checked for the information of ImageMagick, it sees PNG in its delegate lists. Command line: convert -configure Result: LIB_VERSION 0x687 DELEGATES: bzlib, freetype, jpeg, jp2, lcms, png, tiff, x11, xml, wmf, zlib Could you explain to me this error, thanks so much!

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• Continuous Collision Detection Techniques

  - by Griffin

  I know there are quite a few continuous collision detection algorithms out there , but I can't find a list or summary of different 2D techniques; only tutorials on specific algorithms. What techniques are out there for calculating when different 2D bodies will collide and what are the advantages / disadvantages of each? I say techniques and not algorithms because I have not yet decided on how I will store different polygons which might be concave or even have holes. I plan to make a decision on this based on what the algorithm requires (for instance if an algorithm breaks down a polygon into triangles or convex shapes I will simply store the polygon data in this form).

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• Point Light Soft Shadows

  - by notabene

  How to implement soft shadows for omni directional (point) light. We use typical shadow mapping technique. Depth is rendered to texture cube and addresing is pretty simple then. Just using vector from light to fragments world position. It works perfectly. Until you want soft shadows. In our engine we use PCSS technique for spot lights. But for point light there begins troubles. How to sample in 3D? I developed technique when orthonormal basis is created from a direction and upvector (0,1,0). And then multiply sampling vector (something like this (1.0,i/depthMapSize,j/depthMapSize) with this basis. But this (of course :)) looks pretty bad for vectors near (0,1,0) and (0,-1,0). I will appreciate any help on this.

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• How Do I Do Alpha Transparency Properly In XNA 4.0?

  - by Soshimo

  Okay, I've read several articles, tutorials, and questions regarding this. Most point to the same technique which doesn't solve my problem. I need the ability to create semi-transparent sprites (texture2D's really) and have them overlay another sprite. I can achieve that somewhat with the code samples I've found but I'm not satisfied with the results and I know there is a way to do this. In mobile programming (BREW) we did it old school and actually checked each pixel for transparency before rendering. In this case it seems to render the sprite below it blended with the alpha above it. This may be an artifact of how I'm rendering the texture but, as I said before, all examples point to this one technique. Before I go any further I'll go ahead and paste my example code. public void Draw(SpriteBatch batch, Camera camera, float alpha) { int tileMapWidth = Width; int tileMapHeight = Height; batch.Begin(SpriteSortMode.Texture, BlendState.AlphaBlend, SamplerState.PointWrap, DepthStencilState.Default, RasterizerState.CullNone, null, camera.TransformMatrix); for (int x = 0; x < tileMapWidth; x++) { for (int y = 0; y < tileMapHeight; y++) { int tileIndex = _map[y, x]; if (tileIndex != -1) { Texture2D texture = _tileTextures[tileIndex]; batch.Draw( texture, new Rectangle( (x * Engine.TileWidth), (y * Engine.TileHeight), Engine.TileWidth, Engine.TileHeight), new Color(new Vector4(1f, 1f, 1f, alpha ))); } } } batch.End(); } As you can see, in this code I'm using the overloaded SpriteBatch.Begin method which takes, among other things, a blend state. I'm almost positive that's my problem. I don't want to BLEND the sprites, I want them to be transparent when alpha is 0. In this example I can set alpha to 0 but it still renders both tiles, with the lower z ordered sprite showing through, discolored because of the blending. This is not a desired effect, I want the higher z-ordered sprite to fade out and not effect the color beneath it in such a manner. I might be way off here as I'm fairly new to XNA development so feel free to steer me in the correct direction in the event I'm going down the wrong rabbit hole. TIA

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• "Walking" along a rotating surface in LimeJS

  - by Dave Lancea

  I'm trying to have a character walk along a plank (a long, thin rectangle) that works like a seesaw, being rotated around a central point by box2d physics (falling objects). I want the left and right arrow keys to move the player up and down the plank, regardless of it's slope, and I don't want to use real physics for the player movement. My idea for achieving this was to compute the coordinate based on the rotation of the plank and the current location "up" or "down" the board. My math is derived from here: http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/143932/calculate-point-given-x-y-angle-and-distance Here's the code I have so far: movement = 0; if(keys[37]){ // Left movement = -3; } if(keys[39]){ // Right movement = 3; } // this.plank is a LimeJS sprite. // getRotation() Should return an angle in degrees var rotation = this.plank.getRotation(); // this.current_plank_location is initialized as 0 this.current_plank_location += movement; var x_difference = this.current_plank_location * Math.cos(rotation); var y_difference = this.current_plank_location * Math.sin(rotation); this.setPosition(seesaw.PLANK_CENTER_X + x_difference, seesaw.PLANK_CENTER_Y + y_difference); This code causes the player to swing around in a circle when they are out of the center of the plank given a slight change in rotation of the plank. Any ideas on how I can get the player position to follow the board position?

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• Render angles of a 3D model into 2D images?

  - by Ricket

  Is there a tool out there that you can give a 3D model file, and it will output 2D renders of it from various angles? For example if you were making a 2D RPG but you want to make your character look nice, you might make the character in 3D and then just render the character from 8 or more angles into images which then are used by the 2D engine to give a pseudo-3D look. Does such a tool exist or will it need to be custom-written or done manually?

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• Algorithms for rainfall + river creation in procedurally generated terrain

  - by Peck

  I've recently become fascinated by the things that can be done with procedurally terrain and have started experimenting with world building a bit. I'd like to be able to make worlds something like Dwarf fortress with biomes created from meshing together various maps. So first step has been done. Using the diamond-square algorithm I've created some nice hieghtmaps. Next step is I would like to add some water features and have them somewhat realistically generated with rainfall. I've read about a few different approaches such as starting at the high points of the map, and "stepping" down to the lowest neighboring point, pooling/eroding as it works its way down to sea level. Are there any documented algorithms with this or are they more off the cuff? Would love any advice/thoughts.

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• 3D Texture Mapping (Atlas)

  - by Tim Hatch

  This is a pretty simple question. If I was to use multiple images in a single texture for a 3D cube, how would I go about re-using each vertex (having 8 total vs 24)? With a single buffer of 8 vertices, I don't see how I'd properly reuse the UV values. Any help on that? I know it's not terribly clear, but I figured it was a simple question. The 2D method is pretty easy, the next coordinates would be the same as the first (0,0 and 0,1 respectively). However, the above 3D version has me quite befuddled.

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• What is a good practice for 2D scene graph partitioning for culling?

  - by DevilWithin

  I need to know an efficient way to cull the scene graph objects, to render exclusively the ones in the view, and as fast as possible. I am thinking of doing it the following way, having in each object a local boundingbox which holds the object bounds, and a global boundingbox which holds the bounds of the object and all children. When a camera is moved, the render list is updated by traversing the global boundingboxes. When only the object is being moved, it tries to enlarge or shrink the ancestors global boundingboxes, and in the end updating or not the renderlist. What do you think of this approach? Do you think it will provide a fast and efficient culling? Also, because the render list is a contiguous list, it could accelerate the rendering, right? Any further tips for a 2D scene graphs are highly appreciated!

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• How to perform simple collision detection?

  - by Rob

  Imagine two squares sitting side by side, both level with the ground like so: A simple way to detect if one is hitting the other is to compare the location of each side. They are touching if all of the following are false: The right square's left side is to the right of the left square's right side. The right square's right side is to the left of the left square's left side. The right square's bottom side is above the left square's top side. The right square's top side is below the left square's bottom side. If any of those are true, the squares are not touching. But consider a case like this, where one square is at a 45 degree angle: Is there an equally simple way to determine if those squares are touching?

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• How are these bullets done?

  - by Mike

  I really want to know how the bullets in Radiangames Inferno are done. The bullets seem like they are just billboard particles but I am curious about how their tails are implemented. They can curve so this means they are not just a billboard. Also, they appear continuous which implies that the tails are not made of a bunch of smaller particles (I think). Can anyone shead some light on this for me?

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• i am going to start learning to develop games, and have a very importent question

  - by levi s.

  so i am going to be starting to start learning to develop games soon, and i have already learned the basics of java. before i really go balls out. am i making a bad choice of language? should i stop now and move to c++ or c#? will that hinder me? is java going to hinder me worse? im kinda having regrets on saying "oh hey minecraft was made in java, it must be best!" im mainly asking, what should i do?

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• 2D Side scroller collision detection

  - by Shanon Simmonds

  I am trying to do some collision detection between objects and tiles, but the tiles do not have there own x and y position, they are just rendered to the x and y position given, there is an array of integers which has the ids of the tiles to use(which are given from an image and all the different colors are assigned different tiles) int x0 = camera.x / 16; int y0 = camera.y / 16; int x1 = (camera.x + screen.width) / 16; int y1 = (camera.y + screen.height) / 16; for(int y = y0; y < y1; y++) { if(y < 0 || y >= height) continue; // height is the height of the level for(int x = x0; x < x1; x++) { if(x < 0 || x >= width) continue; // width is the width of the level getTile(x, y).render(screen, x * 16, y * 16); } } I tried using the levels getTile method to see if the tile that the object was going to advance to, to see if it was a certain tile, but, it seems to only work in some directions. Any ideas on what I'm doing wrong and fixes would be greatly appreciated. What's wrong is that it doesn't collide properly in every direction and also this is how I tested for a collision in the objects class if(!level.getTile((x + xa) / 16, (y + ya) / 16).isSolid()) { x += xa; y += ya; } EDIT: xa and ya represent the direction as well as the movement, if xa is negative it means the object is moving left, if its positive it is moving right, and same with ya except negative for up, positive for down.

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• The right way to add images to Monogame/Windows

  - by ashes999

  I'm starting out with MonoGame. For now, I'm only targeting Windows (desktop -- not Windows 8 specifically). I've used a couple of XNA products in the past (raw XNA, FlatRedBall, SilverSprite), so I may have a misunderstanding about how I should add images to my content. How do I add images to my project? Currently, I created a new Monogame project, added a folder called "Content," and added images under there; the only caveat is that I need to set the Copy to Output Directory action to one of the Copy ones. It seems strange, because my "raw" XNA project just last week had a Content project in it (XNA Framework Content Pipeline, according to VS2010), which compiled my images to XNB (I think). It seems like Monogame doesn't use the same content pipeline, but I'm not sure. Edit: My question is not about "how do I get the XNA content pipeline to work with Monogame." My question is "why would I want to use the XNA content pipeline in Monogame?" Because there are (at least) two solutions (that I see today): Add the images to the Monogame project and set the Copy to Output Directory options to copy. Add a XNA content pipeline project and add my images to that instead; reference it from my MOnogame project. Which solution should I use, and why? I currently have a working version with the first option.

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• What is the difference between Constant Vertex Attributes and Uniforms?

  - by Samaursa

  According to the OpenGL ES 2.0 Programming Guide: A constant vertex attribute is the same for all vertices of a primitive, and therefore only one value needs to be specified for all the vertices of a primitive. For uniforms the book states: ...any parameter to a shader that is constant across either all vertices or fragments (but that is not known at compile time) should be passed in as a uniform. I've always used uniforms for data that is constant for a primitive but now it appears that attributes can also be used in the same way. Is there more to constant vertex attribute than simply 'they are the same as uniforms'?

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• How do I use D3DXVec3Unproject with D3D11?

  - by Miguel P

  I'm having a small issue with D3DXVec3Unproject. I'm currently using Direct3D 11 and not 10, and the signature for this function is: D3DXVECTOR3 *pOut, CONST D3DXVECTOR3 *pV, CONST D3D10_VIEWPORT *pViewport, CONST D3DXMATRIX *pProjection, CONST D3DXMATRIX *pView, CONST D3DXMATRIX *pWorld As you may have noticed, it requires a D3D10_VIEWPORT, and I'm using a Direct3D 11 viewport, D3D11_VIEWPORT. Do you have any ideas how I can use D3DXVec3Unproject with Direct3D 11?

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• Why are trees shining in background?

  - by Kinected

  Currently I am creating a forest scene in the dark, and the trees are shining far away, but when I get close they are fine. I have the shaders set to "Nature/Tree Soft Occlusion [bark/leaves]", but they are still rendering strange far away, but close they are fine. I tried placing the trees in a folder named "Ambient-Occlusion" like said here, but no luck. Also fog is turned off. Thanks in advance.

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• How can I mark a pixel in the stencil buffer?

  - by János Turánszki

  I never used the stencil buffer for anything until now, but I want to change this. I have an idea of how it should work: the gpu discards or keeps rasterized pixels before the pixel shader based on the stencil buffer value on the given position and some stencil operation. What I don't know is how would I mark a pixel in the stencil buffer with a specific value. For example I draw my scene and want to mark everything which is drawn with a specific material (this material could be looked up from a texture so ideally I should mark the pixel in the pixel shader), so that later when I do some post processing on my scene I would only do it on the marked pixels. I didn't find anything on the internet besides how to set up a stencil buffer and explaining the different stencil operations. I was expecting to find some System-Value semantics like SV_Depth to write to in the pixel shader (because the stencil buffer shares the same resource with the depth buffer in D3D11), but there is no such thing on MSDN. So how should I do this? If I am misunderstanding something please help me clear that up.

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• How do I get the point coords of a rotated SFML shaperect?

  - by user15498

  I am trying to get collisions of bullets working, and am using SFML. I am using code to get the position of the points of the rectangle for collisions, however I think there's a way to do this without having to get points but by simply getting the points from SFML, since the shape is a rectangle and the points are stored in that way. Is there a way to do that? Through a combination of getPoint() and getGlobalBounds() maybe? While on this topic, is it better to use shapeRects or sprites? I used to only use sprites, however with the addition of textures and more low level stuff I think it would be best to switch to using rectangles and setting their size.

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• Calculate vector direction

  - by Starkers

  Is the direction angle always measured from the plus x axis? Does a vector in the +,+ quadrant always have a direction between 0 and 90, and in -,+ between 90 and 180 and in -,- between 180 and 270 and in -,+ between 270 and 360 ? Also, how should we calculate the direction using tan? Would that mean nested if statements to find out what quadrant we're in, and then applying the appropriate "work arounds"? E.g. If we were in the -,+ (like in the diagram) would we find the angle from the + axis would be 90 + tan^-1(y/x), the 90 + only used because we're in the -,+ quadrant. Also, that's just a quick solution, may be off, I just want to know if we use nested if statements to get the angle from the + x axis. Finally, should we find the distance in degrees or radians?

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