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  • Can Haproxy deny a request by IP if its stick-table is full?

    - by bantic
    In my haproxy configs I'm setting a stick-table of size 5 that stores every incoming IP address (for 1 minute), and it is set as nopurge so new entries won't get stored in the table. What I'd like to have happen is that they would get denied, but that isn't happening. The stick-table line is: stick-table type ip size 5 expire 1m nopurge store gpc0 And the whole configs are: global maxconn 30000 ulimit-n 65536 log 127.0.0.1 local0 log 127.0.0.1 local1 debug stats socket /var/run/haproxy.stat mode 600 level operator defaults mode http timeout connect 5000ms timeout client 50000ms timeout server 50000ms backend fragile_backend tcp-request content track-sc2 src stick-table type ip size 5 expire 1m nopurge store gpc0 server fragile_backend1 A.B.C.D:80 frontend http_proxy bind *:80 mode http option forwardfor default_backend fragile_backend I have confirmed (connecting to haproxy's stats using socat readline /var/run/haproxy.stat) that the stick-table fills up with 5 IP addresses, but then every request after that from a new IP just goes straight through -- it isn't added to the stick-table, nothing is removed from the stick-table, and the request is not denied. What I'd like to do is deny the request if the stick-table is full. Is this possible? I'm using haproxy 1.5.

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  • Amazon EC2 Elastic Load Balancing - strategy for zero downtime server restart

    - by Yoga
    I have 5 web servers (Apache/mod_perl) behind Amazon EC2 Elastic Load Balancing, when I deploy codes to the web servers, I am doing this.. For each machine, shutdown the Apache Update the code Start over the server and proceed to the next server I think when my server is shutdown, ELB will not distribute request to my server, but how about the request still serving? I think a better approach is Stop accepting new request from ELB Sleep for sometimes, shutdown web server only if all requests are responded Update the codes Start the server again But how to perform (1) and (2) from my local sever? Do I need to use AWS API? or other easy way to do it? Thanks.

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  • How to improve Varnish performance?

    - by Darkseal
    We're experiencing a strange problem with our current Varnish configuration. 4x Web Servers (IIS 6.5 on Windows 2003 Server, each installed on a Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5450 @ 3.00GHz Quad Core, 4GB RAM) 3x Varnish Servers (varnish-3.0.3 revision 9e6a70f on Ubuntu 12.04.2 LTS - 64 bit/precise, Kernel Linux 3.2.0-29-generic, each installed on a Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5450 @ 3.00GHz Quad Core, 4GB RAM) The Varnish Servers performance are awfully bad in general, to the point that if we shut down one of them the other two are unable to fullfill all the requests and start to skip beats resulting in pending requests, timeouts, 404, etc. What can we do to improve our Varnish performance? Considering that we're getting less than 5k request per seconds during our max peak, we should be able to serve our pages even with a single one of them without any problem. We use a standard, vanilla CFG, as shown by this varnishadm param.show output: acceptor_sleep_decay 0.900000 [] acceptor_sleep_incr 0.001000 [s] acceptor_sleep_max 0.050000 [s] auto_restart on [bool] ban_dups on [bool] ban_lurker_sleep 0.010000 [s] between_bytes_timeout 60.000000 [s] cc_command "exec gcc -std=gnu99 -g -O2 -pthread -fpic -shared - Wl,-x -o %o %s" cli_buffer 8192 [bytes] cli_timeout 20 [seconds] clock_skew 10 [s] connect_timeout 0.700000 [s] critbit_cooloff 180.000000 [s] default_grace 10.000000 [seconds] default_keep 0.000000 [seconds] default_ttl 120.000000 [seconds] diag_bitmap 0x0 [bitmap] esi_syntax 0 [bitmap] expiry_sleep 1.000000 [seconds] fetch_chunksize 128 [kilobytes] fetch_maxchunksize 262144 [kilobytes] first_byte_timeout 60.000000 [s] group varnish (113) gzip_level 6 [] gzip_memlevel 8 [] gzip_stack_buffer 32768 [Bytes] gzip_tmp_space 0 [] gzip_window 15 [] http_gzip_support off [bool] http_max_hdr 64 [header lines] http_range_support on [bool] http_req_hdr_len 8192 [bytes] http_req_size 32768 [bytes] http_resp_hdr_len 8192 [bytes] http_resp_size 32768 [bytes] idle_send_timeout 60 [seconds] listen_address :80 listen_depth 1024 [connections] log_hashstring on [bool] log_local_address off [bool] lru_interval 2 [seconds] max_esi_depth 5 [levels] max_restarts 4 [restarts] nuke_limit 50 [allocations] pcre_match_limit 10000 [] pcre_match_limit_recursion 10000 [] ping_interval 3 [seconds] pipe_timeout 60 [seconds] prefer_ipv6 off [bool] queue_max 100 [%] rush_exponent 3 [requests per request] saintmode_threshold 10 [objects] send_timeout 600 [seconds] sess_timeout 5 [seconds] sess_workspace 16384 [bytes] session_linger 50 [ms] session_max 100000 [sessions] shm_reclen 255 [bytes] shm_workspace 8192 [bytes] shortlived 10.000000 [s] syslog_cli_traffic on [bool] thread_pool_add_delay 2 [milliseconds] thread_pool_add_threshold 2 [requests] thread_pool_fail_delay 200 [milliseconds] thread_pool_max 2000 [threads] thread_pool_min 5 [threads] thread_pool_purge_delay 1000 [milliseconds] thread_pool_stack unlimited [bytes] thread_pool_timeout 300 [seconds] thread_pool_workspace 65536 [bytes] thread_pools 2 [pools] thread_stats_rate 10 [requests] user varnish (106) vcc_err_unref on [bool] vcl_dir /etc/varnish vcl_trace off [bool] vmod_dir /usr/lib/varnish/vmods waiter default (epoll, poll) This is our default.vcl file: LINK sub vcl_recv { # BASIC recv COMMANDS: # # lookup -> search the item in the cache # pass -> always serve a fresh item (no-caching) # pipe -> like pass but ensures a direct-connection with the backend (no-cache AND no-proxy) # Allow the backend to serve up stale content if it is responding slow. # This defines when Varnish should use a stale object if it has one in the cache. set req.grace = 30s; if (client.ip == "127.0.0.1") { # request from NGINX - do not alter X-Forwarded-For set req.http.HTTPS = "on"; } else { # Add an X-Forwarded-For to keep track of original request unset req.http.HTTPS; unset req.http.X-Forwarded-For; set req.http.X-Forwarded-For = client.ip; } set req.backend = www_director; # Strip all cookies to force an anonymous request when the back-end servers are down. if (!req.backend.healthy) { unset req.http.Cookie; } ## HHTP Accept-Encoding if (req.http.Accept-Encoding) { if (req.http.Accept-Encoding ~ "gzip") { set req.http.Accept-Encoding = "gzip"; } else if (req.http.Accept-Encoding ~ "deflate") { set req.http.Accept-Encoding = "deflate"; } else { unset req.http.Accept-Encoding; } } if (req.request != "GET" && req.request != "HEAD" && req.request != "PUT" && req.request != "POST" && req.request != "TRACE" && req.request != "OPTIONS" && req.request != "DELETE") { /* non-RFC2616 or CONNECT */ return (pipe); } if (req.request != "GET" && req.request != "HEAD") { /* only deal with GET and HEAD by default */ return (pass); } if (req.http.Authorization) { return (pass); } if (req.http.HTTPS ~ "on") { return (pass); } ###################################################### # COOKIE HANDLING ###################################################### # METHOD 1: do not remove cookies, but pass the page if they contain TB_NC if (!(req.url ~ "(?i)\.(png|gif|ipeg|jpg|ico|swf|css|js)(\?[a-z0-9]+)?$")) { if (req.http.Cookie && req.http.Cookie ~ "TB_NC") { return (pass); } } return (lookup); } # Code determining what to do when serving items from the IIS Server sub vcl_fetch { unset beresp.http.Server; set beresp.http.Server = "Server-1"; # Allow items to be stale if needed. This is the maximum time Varnish should keep an object. set beresp.grace = 1h; if (req.url ~ "(?i)\.(png|gif|ipeg|jpg|ico|swf|css|js)(\?[a-z0-9]+)?$") { unset beresp.http.set-cookie; } # Default Varnish VCL logic if (!beresp.cacheable || beresp.ttl <= 0s || beresp.http.Set-Cookie || beresp.http.Vary == "*") { set beresp.ttl = 120 s; return(hit_for_pass); } # Not Cacheable if it has specific TB_NC no-caching cookie if (req.http.Cookie && req.http.Cookie ~ "TB_NC") { set beresp.http.X-Cacheable = "NO:Got Cookie"; set beresp.ttl = 120 s; return(hit_for_pass); } # Not Cacheable if it has Cache-Control private else if (beresp.http.Cache-Control ~ "private") { set beresp.http.X-Cacheable = "NO:Cache-Control=private"; set beresp.ttl = 120 s; return(hit_for_pass); } # Not Cacheable if it has Cache-Control no-cache or Pragma no-cache else if (beresp.http.Cache-Control ~ "no-cache" || beresp.http.Pragma ~ "no-cache") { set beresp.http.X-Cacheable = "NO:Cache-Control=no-cache (or pragma no-cache)"; set beresp.ttl = 120 s; return(hit_for_pass); } # If we reach to this point, the object is cacheable. # Cacheable but with not enough ttl: we need to extend the lifetime of the object artificially # NOTE: Varnish default TTL is set in /etc/sysconfig/varnish # and can be checked using the following command: # varnishadm param.show default_ttl else if (beresp.ttl < 1s) { set beresp.ttl = 5s; set beresp.grace = 5s; set beresp.http.X-Cacheable = "YES:FORCED"; } # Cacheable and with valid TTL. else { set beresp.http.X-Cacheable = "YES"; } # DEBUG INFO (Cookies) # set beresp.http.X-Cookie-Debug = "Request cookie: " + req.http.Cookie; return(deliver); } sub vcl_error { set obj.http.Content-Type = "text/html; charset=utf-8"; if (obj.status == 404) { synthetic {" <!-- Markup for the 404 page goes here --> "}; } else if (obj.status == 500) { synthetic {" <!-- Markup for the 500 page goes here --> "}; } else if (obj.status == 503) { if (req.restarts < 4) { return(restart); } else { synthetic {" <!-- Markup for the 503 page goes here --> "}; } } else { synthetic {" <!-- Markup for a generic error page goes here --> "}; } } sub vcl_deliver { if (obj.hits > 0) { set resp.http.X-Cache = "HIT"; } else { set resp.http.X-Cache = "MISS"; } } Thanks in advance,

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  • nginx location rewrite but proxy_rewrite off

    - by Jan
    I'm trying to use nginx for proxying requests to my internal backend. My configuration reads as follows: location /Shibboleth.sso { proxy_pass internal-backend; # ip proxy_redirect off; } But, my redirects are always rewritten.. My backend returns a response like https://www.google.de/test and my browser receives https://www.mydomain.de/test How do I get nginx to just forward the response?

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  • Apache: getting proxy, rewrite, and SSL to play nice

    - by Rich M
    Hi, I'm having loads of trouble trying to integrate proxy, rewrite, and SSL altogether in Apache 2. A brief history, my application runs on port 8080 and before adding SSL, I used proxy to strip the 8080 from the url's to and from the server. So instead of www.example.com:8080/myapp, the client app accessed everything via www.example.com/myapp Here was the conf the accomplished this: ProxyRequests Off <Proxy */myapp> Order deny,allow Allow from all </Proxy> ProxyPass /myapp http://www.example.com:8080/myapp ProxyPassReverse /myapp http://www.example.com:8080/myapp What I'm trying to do now is force all requests to myapp to be HTTPS, and then have those SSL requests follow the same proxy rules that strip out the port number as my application used to. Simply changing the ports 8080 to 8443 in the ProxyPass lines does not accomplish this. Unfortunately I'm not an expert in Apache, and my skills of trial and error are already reaching the end of the line. RewriteEngine On RewriteCond %{HTTPS} off RewriteRule myapp/* https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} ProxyRequests Off <Proxy */myapp> Order deny,allow Allow from all </Proxy> SSLProxyEngine on ProxyPass /myapp https://www.example.com:8443/mloyalty ProxyPassReverse /myapp https://www.example.com:8433/mloyalty As this stands, a request to anything on the server other than /myapp load fine with http. If I make a browser http request to /mypp it then redirects to https:// www.example.com:8443/myapp , which is not the desired behavior. Links within the application then resolve to https:// www.example.com/myapp/linkedPage , which is desirable. Browser requests (http and https) to anything one level beyond just /myapp ie. /myapp/mycontext resolve to https:// www.example.com/myapp/mycontext without the port. I'm not sure what other information there is for me to give, but I think my goals should be clear.

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  • Can nginx be an mail proxy for a backend server that does not accept cleartext logins?

    - by 84104
    Can Nginx be an mail proxy for a backend server that does not accept cleartext logins? Preferably I'd like to know what directive to include so that it will invoke STARTTLS/STLS, but communication via IMAPS or POP3S is sufficient. relevant(?) section of nginx.conf mail { auth_http localhost:80/mailproxy/auth.php; proxy on; ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; ssl_protocols TLSv1 SSLv3; ssl_ciphers HIGH:!ADH:!MD5:@STRENGTH; ssl_session_cache shared:TLSSL:16m; ssl_session_timeout 10m; ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/private/hostname.crt; ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/private/hostname.key; imap_capabilities "IMAP4rev1" "UIDPLUS"; server { protocol imap; listen 143; starttls on; } server { protocol imap; listen 993; ssl on; } pop3_capabilities "TOP" "USER"; server { protocol pop3; listen 110; starttls on; pop3_auth plain; } server { protocol pop3; listen 995; ssl on; pop3_auth plain; } }

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  • For a particular domain, how can I cache its JSON responses locally?

    - by Chris
    I'm coding the frontend of a web app that uses XHR to grab JSON data from a 3rd party. The 3rd party service is slow and because of its API design, we need to make a LOT of API requests every time I refresh the page to test some new code. It's making the development loop painful. The requests are GETs, POSTs and PUTs even though I'm pretty sure none of the requests are changing state. I want to go to localhost for the JSON rather than to this 3rd party API - simply to make my development process faster.

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  • What alternative is there to Nginx that supports http keep-alive between backends ?

    - by felace
    Hi. I recently asked a question about how to keep a backend connection persistent using Nginx, but found out it wasn't possible anyway, It is an HTTP/1.0 proxy without the ability for keep-alive requests yet. (As a result, backend connections are created and destroyed on every request.) It works all fine right now (since the connection between client and Nginx is kept alive and the result is simply the same), but I don't want to establish a new connection every single time a new request is received ,even if it's on a unix domain socket. So, what software (preferably open-source and not too tedious to configure) do you recommend to accomplish that such connections ?

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  • Load balance to proxies

    - by LoveRight
    I have installed several proxy programs whose IP addresses are, for example, 127.0.0.1:8580(use http), 127.0.0.1:9050(use socks5). You may regrard them as Tor and its alternatives. You know, certain proxy programs are faster than others at times, while at other times, they would be slower. The Firefox add-in, AutoProxy and FoxyProxy Standard, can define a list of rules such as any urls matching the pattern *.google.com should be proxied to 127.0.0.1:8580 using socks5 protocol. But the rule is "static". I want *.google.com to be proxied to the fastest proxy, no matter which one. I think that is kind of load balancing. I thought I could set a rule that direct request of *.google.com to the address the load balancer listens, and the load balancer forwards the request to the fastest real proxy. I notice that tor uses socks5 protocol and some other applications use http. I feel confused that which protocol should the load balancer use. I also start to wonder about the feasibility of this solution. Any suggestions? My operating system is Windows 7 x64.

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  • How can I configure OSX/Windows7 to send ALL traffic though VPN tunnel?

    - by lrrrgg
    While connected to a VPN (SwissVPN service), a content filter at a site I'm working at blocked a web page. This was perplexing, since the local site's filter should not be able to see my traffic, right? So I assume my web browsing activity was not going through the VPN tunnel. How can I configure the OS to send ALL traffic though the currently connected VPN tunnel? I'm using OSX Lion and Windows 7. Thanks!

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  • calculater by using reverse polish notation and using a stack

    - by programmer
    hello everyone I have a segmentation fault ,can you help please? if i have this operater "3 5 +" that mean 3+5 and like "9 8 * 5 + 4 + sin", "sin(((9*8)+5)+4)" so my idea is check if the first and second are numbers and push theem in the stack then when i have operator i pop the numbers and make the calculation then push the answer again. ` typedef struct st_node { float val; struct st_node *next; } t_node; typedef t_node t_stack; // a function to allocate memory for a stack and returns the stack t_stack* fnewCell() { t_stack* ret; ret = (t_stack*) malloc(sizeof(t_stack)); return ret; } // a function to allocate memory for a stack, fills it with value v and pointer n , and returns the stack t_stack* fnewCellFilled(float v, t_stack* n) { t_stack* ret; ret = fnewCell(); ret->val = v; ret->next =n; return ret; } //function to initialize stack void initstack(t_stack** stack) { fnewCellFilled(0,NULL); } // add new cell void insrtHead(t_stack** head,float val) { *head = fnewCellFilled(val,*head); } //function to push the value v into the stack s void push(t_stack **s, float val) { insrtHead(s,val); } //function to pop a value from the stack and returns it int pop(t_stack **s) { t_stack* tmp; int ret; tmp = (*s)->next; ret = (*s)->val; free(*s); (*s) = tmp; return ret; } int isempty (t_stack *t) { return t == NULL; } //function to transfer a string(str) to int (value) //returns -1 when success , i otherwise int str2int(char *str,int *value) { int i; *value = 0; int sign=(str[0]=='-' ? -1 : 1); for(i=(str[0]=='-' ? 1 : 0);str[i]!=0;i++) { if(!(str[i]>=48 && str[i]<=57)) // Ascii char 0 to 9 return i; *value= *value*10+(str[i]-48); } *value = *value * sign; return -1; } //a function that takes a string, transfer it into integer and make operation using a stack void function(t_stack *stack, char *str) { char x[10]=" "; int y,j,i=0,z; printf("++\n"); if(str[i] != '\0') { strcpy(x, strtok(str, " ")); z= str2int(x, &y); if(z == -1) { push(&stack,y); i=i+2; } } while(str[i] != '\0') { strcpy(x, strtok(NULL, " ")); z= str2int(x, &y); if(z == -1) { printf("yes %d",y); push(&stack,y); i=i+2; } else { y=pop(&stack); j=pop(&stack); if(x[0] == '+' ) push(&stack,y+j); else if (x[0] == '-' ) push(&stack,j-y); else if(x[0] == '*' ) push(&stack,j*y); else if(x[0] == '/') push (&stack ,j/y); } } } int main() { t_stack *s; initstack(&s); char *str="3 5 +"; function(s,str); return 0; } `

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  • Deploying Pylons with Nginx reverse proxy?

    - by resopollution
    Is there a tutorial on how to deploy Pylons with Nginx? I've been able to start nginx and then serve pylons to :8080 with paster serve development.ini However, I can't seem to do other stuff as pylons locks me into that serve mode. If I try to CTRL+Z out of pylons serving to do other stuff on my server, pylons goes down. There must be a different method of deployment. PS - I've done all this: http://wiki.pylonshq.com/display/pylonscookbook/Running+Pylons+with+NGINX?showComments=true#comments I just have no clue what to do with the Pylons app other than paster serve. Not sure if tehre is a different method.

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  • Use multiple WSGI mount points in Apache with an Nginx reverse proxy

    - by Thomas
    I am trying to set up multiple virtual hosts on the same server with Nginx and Apache and have run into a curious configuration issue. I have nginx is configured with a generic upstream to apache. upstream backend { server 1.1.1.1:8080; } I'm trying to set up multiple subdomains in nginx that hit different mountpoints in apache. Each would act like the following examples. server { listen 80; server_name foo.yoursite.com; location / { proxy_pass http://backend/bar/; include /etc/nginx/proxy.conf; } ... } server { listen 80; server_name delta.yoursite.com; location / { proxy_pass http://backend/gamma/; include /etc/nginx/proxy.conf; } ... } These mountpoints are pointed at django projects, however each of the url entries are coming back prepended with the apache mountpoint path. So, if I called the django url entry for foo.yoursite.com/wiki/biz/, django appears to be returning foo.yoursite.com/bar/wiki/biz/. Similarly, if I call for the url entry for delta.yoursite.com/wiki/biz/, I get delta.yoursite.com/gamma/wiki/biz/. Is there any way get rid of the prefix being returned on the url entries by django and apache?

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  • Reverse Engineer a .pyo python file

    - by Brian
    I have 2 .pyo python files that I can convert to .py source files, but they don't compile perfectly as hinted by decompyle's verify. Therefore looking at the source code, I can tell that config.pyo simply had variables in in an array: ADMIN_USERIDS = [116901, 141, 349244, 39, 1159488] I would like to take the original .pyo and disassembly or whatever I need to do inorder to change one of these IDs. Or.... in model.pyo the source indicates a if (productsDeveloperId != self.getUserId()): All I would want to do is hex edit the != to be a == .....Simple with a windows exe program but I can't find a good python disassembler anywhere. Any suggestions are welcomed...I am new to reading bytecode and new to python as well.

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  • Inverse Logistic Function / Reverse Sigmoid Function

    - by Chanq
    I am currently coding up a fuzzy logic library in java. I have found the equations for all the standard functions - Grade, inverseGrade, Triangle, Trapezoid, Gaussian. However, I can't find the inverse of the sigmoid/ logistic function. The way I have written the logistic function is java is : //f(x) = 1/(1+e(-x)) public double logistic(double x){ return (1/(1+(Math.exp(-x))); } But I can't work out or find the inverse anywhere. My algebraic/calculus abilities are fairly limited, hence why I haven't been able to work out the inverse of the function. Any hints or pointers would be a big help. Thanks

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  • Determine iPhone user's country

    - by alku83
    I need to determine at startup what country a user is in, for an iPhone application. Presumably I will have to turn on location services and do some sort of reverse geocoding. I don't really want to use a third party web service if possible, are there any other suggestions for determining country from what location services provides? Initially, I only need to check whether the user is inside the US or not, but this may change in the future to add more countries. I understand that location can not always be determined or the user may have location services turned off. Basically, I just need to know if the user is detected as being inside the US, in order to turn off a specific feature.

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  • reverse this function

    - by ooo
    i have code that takes a csharp datetime and converts it into a long to plot in the "flot" graph. here is the code public static long GetJavascriptTimestamp(DateTime input) { TimeSpan span = new TimeSpan(DateTime.Parse("1/1/1970").Ticks); DateTime time = input.Subtract(span); return (long)(time.Ticks / 10000); } I now need an opposite function where i take this long value and get the csharp datetime object back. any idea if the above method can be reversed ?

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  • how to using jquery get select element has MULTIPLE mode and reverse

    - by Rueta
    Hi everyone! I have a stack with my work today. My stack here: I have a select html element and it has MULTIPLE mode: <select class="test" MULTIPLE></select> (MULTIPLE mode also type as : multiple="multiple" i inclue here) <select class="test" multiple='multiple'></select> now i only want select this element in many normal select element: <select class="test" ></select> <select class="test" ></select> <select class="test" multiple='multiple'></select> <select class="test"> </select> i was using jQ like this: $(".test[!MULTIPLE]").css('border','solid 1px red'); but all select element has border red; How can i get only select element MULTIPLE. And get select not MULTIPLE mode?

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  • Reverse engineer an ORM

    - by Oren Mazor
    Given a [mysql] database with a given schema, is it possible to generate an ORM interface for it? doesn't matter if its php, python or perl. in other words, I have a database and I have to ask it a few questions. while I could just craft a bunch of SQL queries (okay, several dozen), this is way more interesting to think about. is this a valid question, even? I have no design background with ORMs, but I've used a few (django's, symfony's, etc).

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  • Polymorphic association in reverse

    - by Erik
    Let's say that I have two models - one called Post and one other called Video. I then have a third model - Comment - that is polymorphically associated to to each of these models. I can then easily do post.comments and video.comments to find comments assosciated to records of these models. All easy so far. But what if I want to go the other way and I want to find ALL posts and videos that have been commented on and display these in a list sorted on the date that the comment was made? Is this possible? If it helps I'm working on Rails 3 beta.

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  • Reverse ?? operator

    - by HeavyWave
    Is it possible to do something like this in C#? logger != null ? logger.Log(message) : ; // do nothing if null or logger !?? logger.Log(message); // do only if not null

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  • ASP.net dynamic controls issue when trying to reverse them

    - by Mattias Sandsäter
    I add some DropDownList dynamically to my form. It seems to work as it should when I use ...Controls.Add(dropdownlist), but in an attempt to turn them around and show them in reversed order I have tried to use ....Controls.AddAt(0, dropdownlist) However, this causes some strange behaviour. Before we dig in to the code, is there something I should know about dynamic adding, and more specific the AddAt()-method that usually causes trouble? Short description about what I do I start with a DropDownList (level1), when I choose something there, a new list should be added (level2) and so on. You can say you go your way down in a menu structure. Whenever you want you can change your choice at whatever level you want (of course not on later levels that you dont see yet). So lets say you are down to level 4 (You then have four boxes) and change your choice at level1, when the page reloads you are back to two boxes. http://forums.asp.net/p/885886/927411.aspx It seems that my problem was discussed here, but I didn´t see any solution about how I can acheive my intended behaviour.

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  • Unable to reverse seemingly simple rails migration - getting "altered_table.column may not be NULL"

    - by brad
    I have a table 'invoices' in my development database (sqlite3) populated with a small amount of test data. I wanted to add a column 'invoice_number' to it and set up a migration like so: class AddInvoiceNumberColumnToInvoices < ActiveRecord::Migration def self.up add_column :invoices, :invoice_number, :integer end def self.down remove_column :invoices, :invoice_number end end I ran rake db:migrate and it seemed to migrate just fine. However, when I tried to access this column through ActiveRecord it didn't seem to be there. I decided to undo this migration and try again (not sure what I was going to try but I thought I'd start by undoing it) with rake db:migrate VERSION='whatever_the_migration_before_this_one_was_called'. This failed with the error message == AddInvoiceNumberColumnToInvoices: reverting =============================== -- remove_column(:invoices, :invoice_number) rake aborted! An error has occurred, this and all later migrations canceled: altered_invoices.invoice_number may not be NULL I can't find any documentation of this error. Is anyone able to explain what I have done wrong, and more importantly how I can fix this?

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