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• Using public interfaces on a server connected through a GRE tunnel

  - by Evan

  I'm pretty new to networking so please forgive any terminology mistakes. I have 2 servers connected with a GRE tunnel. Server1 (10.0.0.1) ---- Server2 (10.0.0.2) I want to be able to bind to the public IPs on Server2 using Server1. To do this, I setup virtual interfaces with Server2's public IPs on Server1 and then used routing rules on Server1 to route the packets through the GRE tunnel. On Server1: ip rule add from [Server2's first public IP] table gre ip rule add from [Server2's second public IP] table gre ip route add default via 10.0.0.2 dev gre1 table gre This works great and I can see the packets arriving via GRE on Server2. I can see the packet exiting the tunnel on Server2's gre1 device as shown: From Server1: ping -I [Server2's public ip] google.com tcpdump from Server2's GRE tunnel device: 12:07:17.029160 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 0, offset 0, flags [DF], proto ICMP (1), length 84) [Server2's public ip] > 74.125.225.38: ICMP echo request, id 6378, seq 50, length 64 This is exactly the packet I want. However, I'm not seeing it go out at all on eth0:0 (where Server2's public IP is bound to). I've tried to use routing rules to get packets coming from Server2's public IP (which would be coming out of dev gre1) to go through dev eth0 on the public default gateway and that doesn't work either. I'm at a loss, thank you to anyone who can help.

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• FreeRADIUS Default Answer

  - by jinanwow

  We are using FreeRADIUS with a MySQL database, authenticating users. We ran into an issue where are MySQL database was slow causing the max number of threads to be reached. The issue with this is, when the server couldn't answer the requests as there were no threads avaiable, it sent the response of Access-Reject to the clients. Our devices cache client connections and periodically checks with the server to see if they should still be allowed or to remove them. The equipment is designed that if there is no response from the server and a client is connected it will remain connected. The issue is, when the radius server is at its max threads, its default answer is to send access-reject (verified via packet capture), however we would like to change the default behavior to just ignore the request (keeping the clients connected). We have fixed the MySQL database issue for now, but I would like to change the default from Access-Reject, to just ignore the client altogeather. I have done research, but not able to find an answer to the question. Thanks in Advance.

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• How to update Google chrome in Ubuntu?

  - by Oscar Reyes

  How to update Google chrome in Ubuntu?

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• How do I enable TUN/TAP forwarding?

  - by rafal

  I have a program which writes packets (destination address 10.3.0.2) to the TUN/TAP interface. Network: host1|tun0----eth1(10.3.0.1)|-------------------host2|eth1(10.3.0.2)| Wireshark captures these packets from interface tun0 but they are not forwarded to interface eth1. Commands: sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 sysctl -p iptables -A INPUT -i tun+ -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i tun+ -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -i tap+ -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i tap+ -j ACCEPT /etc/init.d/networking restart /etc/init.d/openvpn restart

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• how to word wrap, align text like the output of man?

  - by cody

  what is the command that word wraps and justifies a text file so that the output looks like that of a man page: All of these system calls are used to wait for state changes in a child of the calling process, and obtain information about the child whose state has changed. A state change is considered to be: the child terminated; the child was stopped by a signal; or the child was resumed by a signal. In the case of a terminated child, performing a wait allows the system to release the resources associated with the child; if a wait is not performed, then the termi- nated child remains in a "zombie" state (see NOTES below). Thanks.

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• How to test server throughput

  - by embwbam

  I've always used apache benchmark to try to get a rough idea of how many requests/second my server can handle. I read that it was good, and it seemed to work well. Enter node.js, which is fully event-based, so it never blocks. If I run apache benchmark on a simple hello world server it can handle 2500 requests per second or so. However, if I put a timeout in the hello world function, so that it responds after 2 seconds, apache benchmark reports a dramatically reduced throughput: about 50/s. I'm running 100 concurrent connections with ab. If I increase the concurrency, it goes up. This makes sense, because apache benchmark is basically sending out requests in batches of 100, which come back every 2 seconds. 100 requests / 2 seconds = 50 requests / second If I increase the concurrency to about 400 or 500, it starts to crash. I don't think I've hit node.js's limit, I think I'm hitting a wall in my operating system on the number of open file descriptors or sockets or something. Any way I can get a good guess about how many requests my server can handle? I want to make sure the test computer isn't the one causing the problem.

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• How can I log all traffic with its exact length?

  - by Legate

  I want to process all packets with their size going through our gateway server (running Debian 4.0). My idea is to use tcpdump, but I have two questions. The command I'm currently thinking of is tcpdump -i iface -n -t -q. Is it guaranteed that tcpdump will process all packets? What happens if the CPU is working to full capacity? The format of the output lines is IP ddd.ddd.ddd.ddd.port > ddd.ddd.ddd.ddd.port: tcp 1260. What exactly is 1260? I have the suspicion that it is the payload in bytes of the packet, which would be exactly what I need, but I'm not sure. It might be the TCP Window Size. Or perhaps there is an even better way of doing this? I thought about a LOG rule in iptables, but tcpdump seems easier and I don't know whether iptables can log the packet lengths.

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• ios7 loops on the "trust this computer" dialog

  - by gcb

  trying to transfer files to the work ipad via my debian7 box. When i plug it on the computer usb port, it shows the dialog about trusting this computer, and the computer shows a gnome alert about the ipad being locked and that i should unlock it and try again. i press "trust" on the ipad and try again on gnome. and it starts again. over and over. endlessly. there are dozen threads about this on apple support forums. no solution. just dozens of "me too" flags. e.g. https://discussions.apple.com/message/23082859#23082859 (44 me-too, 2k views) here is the log/messages i get Oct 23 21:17:39 dotmatrix kernel: [ 1928.517766] usb 2-1.7: USB disconnect, device number 16 Oct 23 21:17:39 dotmatrix kernel: [ 1928.715441] usb 2-1.7: new high-speed USB device number 17 using ehci_hcd Oct 23 21:17:40 dotmatrix kernel: [ 1928.811031] usb 2-1.7: New USB device found, idVendor=05ac, idProduct=12ab Oct 23 21:17:40 dotmatrix kernel: [ 1928.811036] usb 2-1.7: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3 Oct 23 21:17:40 dotmatrix kernel: [ 1928.811039] usb 2-1.7: Product: iPad Oct 23 21:17:40 dotmatrix kernel: [ 1928.811041] usb 2-1.7: Manufacturer: Apple Inc. Oct 23 21:17:40 dotmatrix kernel: [ 1928.811043] usb 2-1.7: SerialNumber: fec5e0f6a6fa18a936de3c53af661051d290275e Oct 23 21:17:40 dotmatrix mtp-probe: checking bus 2, device 17: "/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.0/usb2/2-1/2-1.7" Oct 23 21:17:40 dotmatrix mtp-probe: bus: 2, device: 17 was not an MTP device Oct 23 21:17:43 dotmatrix kernel: [ 1932.346505] usb 2-1.7: USB disconnect, device number 17 If i never press the trust dialog it will stay there until i remove the cable. but the logs shows that it gave up 3sec after the cable was connected.

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• Journaled filesystems and power failure

  - by Yoga

  I heard that even a journaled filesystems such as EXT3/EXT4 might corrupted during power failure, e.g. from wikipedia [1]: In the event of a system crash or power failure, such file systems are quicker to bring back online and less likely to become corrupted. Can anyone provide more detail by giving examples such that when corruption can occur corruption is avoided by journaled filesystems [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journaling_file_system

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• Partition table corrupted (USB flash drive)

  - by 13ren

  It's an 8 GB Patriot thumb drive, which I've used extensively with lots of data. Today, it is detected, but all data is gone: (EDIT at least some data is still there, but the partition table is gone) EDIT @Sathya (thanks) here's the relevant output from sudo fdisk -l: Disk /dev/sdc: 8019 MB, 8019509248 bytes 247 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1022 cylinders Units = cylinders of 15314 * 512 = 7840768 bytes Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table It looks like it is /dev/sdc, with that 8 GB... and no partition table. I tried to mount /dev/sdc (and then dmesg | tail): /media> sudo mount /dev/sdc mytmp mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdc, missing codepage or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so /media> dmesg | tail [ 24.300000] sdc: unknown partition table [ 24.320000] sd 2:0:0:0: Attached scsi removable disk sdc [ 24.370000] usb-storage: device scan complete [ 26.870000] EXT2-fs error (device sdc): ext2_check_descriptors: Block bitmap for group 1 not in group (block 0)! [ 26.870000] EXT2-fs: group descriptors corrupted! [ 50.420000] unhashed dentry being revalidated: .DCOPserver_eeepc-brendanma__0 [ 50.430000] unhashed dentry being revalidated: .DCOPserver_eeepc-brendanma__0 [ 50.430000] unhashed dentry being revalidated: .DCOPserver_eeepc-brendanma__0 [ 5565.470000] EXT2-fs error (device sdc): ext2_check_descriptors: Block bitmap for group 1 not in group (block 0)! [ 5565.470000] EXT2-fs: group descriptors corrupted! EDIT @Col: results from testdisk Disk /dev/sdc - 8013 MB / 7642 MiB - CHS 1022 247 62 Current partition structure: Partition Start End Size in sectors Partition sector doesn't have the endmark 0xAA55 After I hit [proceed], it says: Structure: Ok. Keys A: add partition, L: load backup, Enter: to continue The "Structure: Ok." seems reassuring... will "A: add partition" make my old data accessible (if it's still there), or will it make a new, fresh partition? Another option is "[ MBR Code ] Write TestDisk MBR code to first sector" - would it be better to do this? EDIT I found that at least some of my data is still on the flash drive, by using the below, and searching for English text in less (like " the "): cat /dev/sde | tr -cd '\11\12\40\1540-\176' | less (The drive changed from "/dev/sdb" to "/dev/sde" because I connected some extra drives today). I've learnt that "/dev/sde1" would be the first partition; and "/dev/sde" is the whole drive. Because unix treats these devices just like files, you can use all the ordinary unix file commands on them, like cat, and then process them like any other stream of data. The tr above removes non-printable characters ("\40" is space, which I wanted to preserve). In less, you can use "/" to search, similar to Vim. How can I get my data back (assuming it's still there)? If only the partition table is corrupted, is there a standard "partition recovery tool"? Is there a way to "repartition" without deleting everything?

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• Postfix count relayed messages per user

  - by Martino Dino

  I would like to know if it's possible to count the outgoing (relayed) messages on a per user basis in postfix. I'm managing a small commercial SMTP relay and decided that it would be nice to have a detailed daily report on how much mail a single user have sent (and eventually enforce some limits) possibly in realtime. I've looked almost everywhere and started to think that writing my own milter would be the way to go... Are you aware of anything that already exists for postfix that can count and report relayed mail for authenticated users (a script, milter or whatever)?

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• send outgoing email via postfix from mail client

  - by Ey Jay

  I have installed postfix on my ubuntu that is hosted on digitalocean. What I want to do is. With my smtp server setup, I want to use it to send mail from my email client. I don't need to receive, I just need to send. I can telnet example.com 25 successfully, I received the email in my inbox, but when I tried using in a email client. smtp: example.com:25 user: smtp1user password: smtp1userpassword I get an error that says "Server doesn't respond. Try changing the port." I dont know how to proceed.

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• "Possible SYN flooding" in log despite low number of SYN_RECV connections

  - by al4

  Recently we had an apache server which was responding very slowly due to SYN flooding. The workaround for this was to enable tcp_syncookies (net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1 in /etc/sysctl.conf). I posted a question about this here if you want more background. After enabling syncookies we started seeing the following message in /var/log/messages approximately every 60 seconds: [84440.731929] possible SYN flooding on port 80. Sending cookies. Vinko Vrsalovic informed me that this means the syn backlog is getting full, so I raised tcp_max_syn_backlog to 4096. At some point I also lowered tcp_synack_retries to 3 (down from the default of 5) by issuing sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries=3. After doing this, the frequency seemed to drop, with the interval of the messages varying between roughly 60 and 180 seconds. Next I issued sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog=65536, but am still getting the message in the log. Throughout all this I've been watching the number of connections in SYN_RECV state (by running watch --interval=5 'netstat -tuna |grep "SYN_RECV"|wc -l'), and it never goes higher than about 240, much much lower than the size of the backlog. Yet I have a Red Hat server which hovers around 512 (limit on this server is the default of 1024). Are there any other tcp settings which would limit the size of the backlog or am I barking up the wrong tree? Should the number of SYN_RECV connections in netstat -tuna correlate to the size of the backlog? Update As best I can tell I'm dealing with legitimate connections here, netstat -tuna|wc -l hovers around 5000. I've been researching this today and found this post from a last.fm employee, which has been rather useful. I've also discovered that the tcp_max_syn_backlog has no effect when syncookies are enabled (as per this link) So as a next step I set the following in sysctl.conf: net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 3 # default=5 net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 3 # default=5 net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 65536 # default=1024 net.core.wmem_max = 8388608 # default=124928 net.core.rmem_max = 8388608 # default=131071 net.core.somaxconn = 512 # default = 128 net.core.optmem_max = 81920 # default = 20480 I then setup my response time test, ran sysctl -p and disabled syncookies by sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=0. After doing this the number of connections in the SYN_RECV state still remained around 220-250, but connections were starting to delay again. Once I noticed these delays I re-enabled syncookies and the delays stopped. I believe what I was seeing was still an improvement from the initial state, however some requests were still delayed which is much worse than having syncookies enabled. So it looks like I'm stuck with them enabled until we can get some more servers online to cope with the load. Even then, I'm not sure I see a valid reason to disable them again as they're only sent (apparently) when the server's buffers get full. But the syn backlog doesn't appear to be full with only ~250 connections in the SYN_RECV state! Is it possible that the SYN flooding message is a red herring and it's something other than the syn_backlog that's filling up? If anyone has any other tuning options I haven't tried yet I'd be more than happy to try them out, but I'm starting to wonder if the syn_backlog setting isn't being applied properly for some reason.

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• RHEL 4 reboot causes Tomcat process to not be started by non-root account

  - by Woot4Moo

  I have a startup script placed in /etc/init.d wherein I make the following call: nohup sudo -u myuser $CATALINA_HOME/bin/startup.sh 2>&1 This causes Tomcat to be run as myuser, which is expected. However after issuing the reboot command the system starts up and root is now the owner of this process. How can I force the process to be started off as myuser on reboot?

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• SSL error: error:0B080074:x509 certificate routines:X509_check_private_key:key values mismatch

  - by Tiffany Walker

  ERROR: SSL error: error:0B080074:x509 certificate routines:X509_check_private_key:key values mismatch STEPS: openssl genrsa -out SITE.TLD.key 2048 openssl req -new -key SITE.TLD.key -out SITE.TLD.csr (send CSR to SSL site to sign) add CERT to SITE.TLD.crt add CA to SITE.TLD.ca chained them: cat SITE.TLD.crt SITE.TLD.ca > chained.cert Any Idea what I am doing wrong? I am using LiteSpeed HTTPd

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• How restore back up email files in qmail

  - by Maysam

  I have problem with restoring some old backup mail files in a mail server that uses qmail. The problem is, when I copy a new email file to the /cur directory, the number of emails in front of inbox increases, but when I click on the inbox, I don't see the newly copied email. I can only see the old emails. I also deleted maildirsize and courierimapuiddb files and they where automatically created again, but it didn't help and I cannot still see the email in my inbox. Is there something I am missing? How can I restore the backed up email files? Please note that when I copy the email files in /.sent-mail/cur directory, they are all displayed in my sent box, but that doesn't happen for inbox files in /cur directory.

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• Grub hangs at "Starting up ..." when USB flash card reader is plugged in (on Ubuntu Hardy)

  - by Laurence Gonsalves

  I have a PC with Ubuntu Hardy installed. The machine boots fine unless my USB flash card reader (one of those N-in-1 readers by MediaGear) is plugged in at startup. If the reader is plugged in, the boot process proceeds as normal until it gets to the screen that says "Starting up ...". At that point it just hangs forever. To work around this I currently leave the reader unplugged when booting, and then plug it back in after I see that Ubuntu is actually starting. This is annoying though, especially when I reboot the machine (typically for updates), forget to unplug the reader, and walk away only to come back hours later to find the machine hung. My guess is that the presence of the reader is confusing Grub about where to find the kernel. The weird thing is that Grub is on the same drive as the kernel I want it to boot so clearly the drive is still readable even when the flash card reader is plugged in. Is there some way I can tell Grub to never go looking on the flash card reader?

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• Migrating away from LVM

  - by Kye

  I have an Ubuntu home media server setup with 4.5TB split across a few hard-drives (1x3TB, 2x1TB) and I'm using LVM2 to manage the volumes. I have recently added a 60GB SSD to my server, and I wish to use it to house the 'root' partition of my server (which is currently under the LVM group). I don't want to simply add it to the LVM volume group, because (afaik) there's no way to ensure that the SSD will be used for the root filesystem. If I just throw it at the VG, it may be used to house my media, which would defeat the purpose of having the SSD in the first place. I feel that my only solution is to somehow remove my root partition from the LVM setup and copy it across to the SSD. My boot partition is, of course, not part of the LVM group. My disk setup is as follows: 60GB SSD: EMPTY. 1TB HDD: /boot, LVM space. 1TB HDD: LVM space. 3TB HHD: LVM space. I have a few logical volumes. my root (/), a 'media' volume for my media collection, a backup one for my network backups.etc. Does anyone have any advice as to how to go about this? My end goal is to have the 60GB SSD used for my boot and root partitions, with everything else on the 3TB/1TB/1TB hard-drives.

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• SSH works in putty but not terminal

  - by Ryan Naddy

  When I try to ssh this in a terminal: ssh [email protected] I get the following error: Connection closed by 69.163.227.82 When I use putty, I am able to connect to the server. Why is this happening, and how can I get this to work in a terminal? ssh -v [email protected] OpenSSH_6.0p1 (CentrifyDC build 5.1.0-472) (CentrifyDC build 5.1.0-472), OpenSSL 0.9.8w 23 Apr 2012 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/centrifydc/ssh/ssh_config debug1: /etc/centrifydc/ssh/ssh_config line 52: Applying options for * debug1: Connecting to sub.domain.com [69.163.227.82] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file /home/ryannaddy/.ssh/id_rsa type -1 debug1: identity file /home/ryannaddy/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /home/ryannaddy/.ssh/id_dsa type -1 debug1: identity file /home/ryannaddy/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /home/ryannaddy/.ssh/id_ecdsa type -1 debug1: identity file /home/ryannaddy/.ssh/id_ecdsa-cert type -1 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_5.1p1 Debian-5 debug1: match: OpenSSH_5.1p1 Debian-5 pat OpenSSH_5* debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_6.0 debug1: Miscellaneous failure Cannot resolve network address for KDC in requested realm debug1: Miscellaneous failure Cannot resolve network address for KDC in requested realm debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST(1024<1024<8192) sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP Connection closed by 69.163.227.82

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• Achieving/maxing out 1GBPS connectivity on a nginx server

  - by Ansell Cruz

  This page (http://www.remsys.com/nginx-on-1gbps) claims that it can max out a 1gbps line using JBOD setup and no raid. Currently I'm on a 1gbps dedicated port and I'm on raid 10 (4x2TB - the disks that comes with 100tb.com servers). Currently I'm only peaking at 500-550mbps. wa% would show something around 20% everytime. I'm looking into maxing out this 1gbps port because I have an unmetered service from them. Do you guys think that the page that I referenced would be better than my current raid setup? Do you guys have any other suggestions on how to max out the performance of this server? TYI.

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• Give root password for maintenance

  - by Jevgeni Smirnov

  After entering shutdown now in terminal I get everything running normally and then: All processes ended withing 2 seconds...done INIT: Going single user INIT: Sending processes the TERM signal INIT: Sending processes the KILL signal Give root password for maintenance(or.... I press Ctrl+D, and it shows me login screen Debian. Shutdown through GUI works properly. UPDATE 1 It seems some process hangs. Moreover I'v managed to poweroff server through several retries. Recently i'v installed only ntp and ntpdate. Nothing more. I suppose it might be it conflicting with iptables.

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• How can I configure Cyrus IMAP to submit a default realm to SASL?

  - by piwi

  I have configured Postfix to work with SASL using plain text, where the former automatically submits a default realm to the latter when requesting authentication. Assuming the domain name is example.com and the user is foo, here is how I configured it on my Debian system so far. In the postfix configuration file /etc/main.cf: smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes smtpd_sasl_local_domain = $mydomain The SMTP configuration file /etc/postfix/smtpd.conf contains: pwcheck_method: saslauthd mech_list: PLAIN The SASL daemon is configured with the sasldb mechanism in /etc/default/saslauthd: MECHANIMS="sasldb" The SASL database file contains a single user, shown by sasldblistusers2: [email protected]: userPassword The authentication works well without having to provide a realm, as postifx does that for me. However, I cannot find out how to tell the Cyrus IMAP daemon to do the same. I created a user cyrus in my SASL database, which uses the realm of the host domain name, not example.com, for administrative purpose. I used this account to create a mailbox through cyradm for the user foo: cm user.foo IMAP is configured in /etc/imapd.conf this way: allowplaintext: yes sasl_minimum_layer: 0 sasl_pwcheck_method: saslauthd sasl_mech_list: PLAIN servername: mail.example.com If I enable cross-realm authentication (loginrealms: example.com), trying to authenticate using imtest works with these options: imtest -m login -a [email protected] localhost However, I would like to be able to authenticate without having to specify the realm, like this: imtest -m login -a foo localhost I thought that using virtdomains (setting it either to userid or on) and defaultdomain: example.com would do just that, but I cannot get to make it work. I always end up with this error: cyrus/imap[11012]: badlogin: localhost [127.0.0.1] plaintext foo SASL(-13): authentication failure: checkpass failed What I understand is that cyrus-imapd never tries to submit the realm when trying to authenticate the user foo. My question: how can I tell cyrus-imapd to send the domain name as the realm automatically? Thanks for your insights!

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• What happens to running processes when I lose a remote connection to a *nix box?

  - by David Marble

  I occasionally lose my remote SSH connection to my VPS. I use screen for long-running processes, but am wondering what happens to the processes I had running aside from those run within a screen session if I lose the connection to the box. When I re-establish a connection to the box, what happened to the bash and sshd processes that were running when I lost the connection? Today I lost connection repeatedly and noticed many more bash and sshd processes than usual. If there are processes hanging around, do I need to kill them? How could I determine which processes were abandoned from my previous session? Thanks for any replies!

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• Is there a server distro with the capability of syncing live data to multiple machines?

  - by Adam Hart

  Scenario: I have a main server that is used for pagebuilding/storing master data, and is accessed by a few clients on site. This company also has multiple branches with their own server that that connect to locally, but need to work with all the same data, and have it synchronized across all servers in real (or close) time. Is there a way/specific server OS that can sync live data across all of these servers? These servers would also need to be able to: Configure AFP, FTP, CIFS, SMB Continue to host their web server and database server in a Microsoft environment, but move the file server off to commodity hardware Just wondering if this is even possible.

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• openSSL tutorial not fully working - Can sign but cannot restore original file

  - by djechelon

  I'm writing, and testing, a little tutorial for my groupmates involved in an openSSL homework. We have a bunch of PDF files, I'm the CA and each one should send me a signed PDF for me to be verified. I've told them to do the following (and tried to do it by myself) Request and obtain a certificate (I'll skip this part) Create a MIME message with the PDF file in it makemime -c "text/pdf" -a "Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=”Elaborato.pdf" Elaborato.pdf > Elaborato.pdf.msg Sign with openSSL openssl smime -sign -in Elaborato.pdf.msg -out Elaborato.pdf.p7m -certfile ca.pem -certfile nomegruppo.crt -inkey nomegruppo.key -signer nomegruppo.crt Verify with openssl smime -verify -in Elaborato.pdf.p7m -out Elaborato-verified.msg -CAfile ca.pem -signer nomegruppo.crt Extract attachment with munpack Elaborato-verified.msg View with Acrobat Reader The problem is that even if I get a file that (from its binary content) resembles a PDF file my current Ubuntu PDF viewer doesn't read it. The XXXElaborato.pdf extracted by munpack is a little bit smaller than the original. What's the problem with this procedure? In theory, they should send me the signed S/MIME message and I should be able to read the PDF within it. Why can't I restore the original content of the PDF file?

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