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• Using Shader causes triangle to disappear

  - by invisal

  The following is my rendering code. Private Sub GameRender() GL.Clear(ClearBufferMask.ColorBufferBit + ClearBufferMask.DepthBufferBit) GL.ClearColor(Color.SkyBlue) GL.UseProgram(theProgram) GL.EnableClientState(ArrayCap.VertexArray) GL.EnableClientState(ArrayCap.ColorArray) GL.BindBuffer(BufferTarget.ArrayBuffer, vertexPositionID) GL.DrawArrays(BeginMode.Triangles, 0, 3) GL.DisableClientState(ArrayCap.ColorArray) GL.DisableClientState(ArrayCap.VertexArray) GlControl1.SwapBuffers() End Sub This is screenshot without GL.UseProgram(theProgram) This is screenshot with GL.UseProgram(theProgram) Here are my shader code that I picked from online tutorial. Vertex Shader #version 330 layout(location = 0) in vec4 position; void main() { gl_Position = position; } Fragment Shader #version 330 out vec4 outputColor; void main() { outputColor = vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f); } These are my shader creation code. '' Initialize Shader Dim shaderList(1) As Integer shaderList(0) = CreateShader(ShaderType.VertexShader, strVertexShader) shaderList(1) = CreateShader(ShaderType.FragmentShader, strFragShader) theProgram = CreateProgram(shaderList) GL.DeleteShader(shaderList(0)) GL.DeleteShader(shaderList(1)) Here are my helper functions Private Function CreateShader(ByVal shaderType As ShaderType, ByVal code As String) Dim shader As Integer = GL.CreateShader(shaderType) GL.ShaderSource(shader, code) GL.CompileShader(shader) Dim status As Integer GL.GetShader(shader, ShaderParameter.CompileStatus, status) If status = False Then MsgBox(GL.GetShaderInfoLog(shader)) End If Return shader End Function Private Function CreateProgram(ByVal shaderList() As Integer) As Integer Dim program As Integer = GL.CreateProgram() For i As Integer = 0 To shaderList.Length - 1 GL.AttachShader(program, shaderList(i)) Next GL.LinkProgram(program) Dim status As Integer GL.GetProgram(program, ProgramParameter.LinkStatus, status) If status = False Then MsgBox(GL.GetProgramInfoLog(program)) End If For i As Integer = 0 To shaderList.Length - 1 GL.DetachShader(program, shaderList(i)) Next Return program End Function

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• Determine percentage of screen covered by an object without using frustum culling

  - by Meltac

  On the CPU-side of an 3D first-person / ego perspective game I need to check whether what the players currently sees on screen is the inside of a box object defined by world space coordinates (the player might be outside of that box but on screen sees only/mostly the inside of the box, or vice-versa, looks from within the box to the outside). The "casual" way of performing such a check would incorporate frustum culling but such an approach would be hard to achieve with my given set of engine parameters which I'd like to avoid if there is a simpler way. What I actually have at the point where I would like to do the check (high-level script on CPU, not GPU side): Camera world position Camera direction Camera FOV Two Box corner world coordinates (left-bottom-front, right-top-back) What I do not have right away: View frustrum definition (near/far plane or say 6 planes defining frustum) Any specific pixel information (uv, view space position, depth or the like) What I would like to calculate: Percentage of screen "covered" by box. Any hints on how to perform such calculation?

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• Using Event Driven Programming in games, when is it beneficial?

  - by Arthur Wulf White

  I am learning ActionScript 3 and I see the Event flow adheres to the W3C recommendations. From what I learned events can only be captured by the dispatcher unless, the listener capturing the event is a DisplayObject on stage and a parent of the object firing the event. You can capture the events in the capture(before) or bubbling(after) phase depending on Listner and Event setup you use. Does this system lend itself well for game programming? When is this system useful? Could you give an example of a case where using events is a lot better than going without them? Are they somehow better for performance in games? Please do not mention events you must use to get a game running, like Event.ENTER_FRAME Or events that are required to get input from the user like, KeyboardEvent.KEY_DOWN and MouseEvent.CLICK. I am asking if there is any use in firing events that have nothing to do with user input, frame rendering and the likes(that are necessary). I am referring to cases where objects are communicating. Is this used to avoid storing a collection of objects that are on the stage? Thanks Here is some code I wrote as an example of event behavior in ActionScript 3, enjoy. package regression { import flash.display.Shape; import flash.display.Sprite; import flash.events.Event; import flash.events.EventDispatcher; import flash.events.KeyboardEvent; import flash.events.MouseEvent; import flash.events.EventPhase; /** * ... * @author ... */ public class Check_event_listening_1 extends Sprite { public const EVENT_DANCE : String = "dance"; public const EVENT_PLAY : String = "play"; public const EVENT_YELL : String = "yell"; private var baby : Shape = new Shape(); private var mom : Sprite = new Sprite(); private var stranger : EventDispatcher = new EventDispatcher(); public function Check_event_listening_1() { if (stage) init(); else addEventListener(Event.ADDED_TO_STAGE, init); } private function init(e:Event = null):void { trace("test begun"); addChild(mom); mom.addChild(baby); stage.addEventListener(EVENT_YELL, onEvent); this.addEventListener(EVENT_YELL, onEvent); mom.addEventListener(EVENT_YELL, onEvent); baby.addEventListener(EVENT_YELL, onEvent); stranger.addEventListener(EVENT_YELL, onEvent); trace("\nTest1 - Stranger yells with no bubbling"); stranger.dispatchEvent(new Event(EVENT_YELL, false)); trace("\nTest2 - Stranger yells with bubbling"); stranger.dispatchEvent(new Event(EVENT_YELL, true)); stage.addEventListener(EVENT_PLAY, onEvent); this.addEventListener(EVENT_PLAY, onEvent); mom.addEventListener(EVENT_PLAY, onEvent); baby.addEventListener(EVENT_PLAY, onEvent); stranger.addEventListener(EVENT_PLAY, onEvent); trace("\nTest3 - baby plays with no bubbling"); baby.dispatchEvent(new Event(EVENT_PLAY, false)); trace("\nTest4 - baby plays with bubbling"); baby.dispatchEvent(new Event(EVENT_PLAY, true)); trace("\nTest5 - baby plays with bubbling but is not a child of mom"); mom.removeChild(baby); baby.dispatchEvent(new Event(EVENT_PLAY, true)); mom.addChild(baby); stage.addEventListener(EVENT_DANCE, onEvent, true); this.addEventListener(EVENT_DANCE, onEvent, true); mom.addEventListener(EVENT_DANCE, onEvent, true); baby.addEventListener(EVENT_DANCE, onEvent); trace("\nTest6 - Mom dances without bubbling - everyone is listening during capture phase(not target and bubble phase)"); mom.dispatchEvent(new Event(EVENT_DANCE, false)); trace("\nTest7 - Mom dances with bubbling - everyone is listening during capture phase(not target and bubble phase)"); mom.dispatchEvent(new Event(EVENT_DANCE, true)); } private function onEvent(e : Event):void { trace("Event was captured"); trace("\nTYPE : ", e.type, "\nTARGET : ", objToName(e.target), "\nCURRENT TARGET : ", objToName(e.currentTarget), "\nPHASE : ", phaseToString(e.eventPhase)); } private function phaseToString(phase : int):String { switch(phase) { case EventPhase.AT_TARGET : return "TARGET"; case EventPhase.BUBBLING_PHASE : return "BUBBLING"; case EventPhase.CAPTURING_PHASE : return "CAPTURE"; default: return "UNKNOWN"; } } private function objToName(obj : Object):String { if (obj == stage) return "STAGE"; else if (obj == this) return "MAIN"; else if (obj == mom) return "Mom"; else if (obj == baby) return "Baby"; else if (obj == stranger) return "Stranger"; else return "Unknown" } } } /*result : test begun Test1 - Stranger yells with no bubbling Event was captured TYPE : yell TARGET : Stranger CURRENT TARGET : Stranger PHASE : TARGET Test2 - Stranger yells with bubbling Event was captured TYPE : yell TARGET : Stranger CURRENT TARGET : Stranger PHASE : TARGET Test3 - baby plays with no bubbling Event was captured TYPE : play TARGET : Baby CURRENT TARGET : Baby PHASE : TARGET Test4 - baby plays with bubbling Event was captured TYPE : play TARGET : Baby CURRENT TARGET : Baby PHASE : TARGET Event was captured TYPE : play TARGET : Baby CURRENT TARGET : Mom PHASE : BUBBLING Event was captured TYPE : play TARGET : Baby CURRENT TARGET : MAIN PHASE : BUBBLING Event was captured TYPE : play TARGET : Baby CURRENT TARGET : STAGE PHASE : BUBBLING Test5 - baby plays with bubbling but is not a child of mom Event was captured TYPE : play TARGET : Baby CURRENT TARGET : Baby PHASE : TARGET Test6 - Mom dances without bubbling - everyone is listening during capture phase(not target and bubble phase) Event was captured TYPE : dance TARGET : Mom CURRENT TARGET : STAGE PHASE : CAPTURE Event was captured TYPE : dance TARGET : Mom CURRENT TARGET : MAIN PHASE : CAPTURE Test7 - Mom dances with bubbling - everyone is listening during capture phase(not target and bubble phase) Event was captured TYPE : dance TARGET : Mom CURRENT TARGET : STAGE PHASE : CAPTURE Event was captured TYPE : dance TARGET : Mom CURRENT TARGET : MAIN PHASE : CAPTURE */

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• isometric drawing order with larger than single tile images - drawing order algorithm?

  - by Roger Smith

  I have an isometric map over which I place various images. Most images will fit over a single tile, but some images are slightly larger. For example, I have a bed of size 2x3 tiles. This creates a problem when drawing my objects to the screen as I get some tiles erroneously overlapping other tiles. The two solutions that I know of are either splitting the image into 1x1 tile segments or implementing my own draw order algorithm, for example by assigning each image a number. The image with number 1 is drawn first, then 2, 3 etc. Does anyone have advice on what I should do? It seems to me like splitting an isometric image is very non obvious. How do you decide which parts of the image are 'in' a particular tile? I can't afford to split up all of my images manually either. The draw order algorithm seems like a nicer choice but I am not sure if it's going to be easy to implement. I can't solve, in my head, how to deal with situations whereby you change the index of one image, which causes a knock on effect to many other images. If anyone has an resources/tutorials on this I would be most grateful.

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• JMonkey Engine (JME) load Blender scene with textures?

  - by leigero

  I am having the hardest time trying to accomplish the simplest task. I have created a floor and 4 walls (not that complicated) in Blender. I added a basic material and cloud texture so they have something to look at other than gray. When I import them into JMonkey they show up as solid white objects with no shading or depth. White silhouettes. I thought this may be a lighting issue, but I have ambient light added to the scene. I can remove that light or adjust its intensity and it has no affect on the scene. I exported all Blender files into OgreXML format, then converted them to .j3o format in JMonkey. I renamed the textures to match their corresponding mesh and this didn't do anything. Does anybody know how to create a flat object and put it into JMonkey with a texture? This sounds simple and there is absolutely no information on this. This should be step 1!

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• Performance issues with visibility detection and object transparency

  - by maul

  I'm working on a 3d game that has a view similar to classic isometric games (diablo, etc.). One of the things I'm trying to implement is the effect of turning walls transparent when the player walks behind them. By itself this is not a huge issue, but I'm having trouble determining which walls should be transparent exactly. I can't use a circle or square mask. There are a lot of cases where the wall piece at the same (relative) position has different visibility depending on the surrounding area. With the help of a friend I came up with this algorithm: Create a grid around the player that contains a lot of "visibility points" (my game is semi tile-based so I create one point for every tile on the grid) - the size of the square's side is close to the radius where I make objects transparent. I found 6x6 to be a good value, so that's 36 visibility points total. For every visibility point on the grid, check if that point is in the player's line of sight. For every visibility point that is in the LOS, cast a ray from the camera to that point and mark all objects the ray hits as transparent. This algorithm works - not perfectly, but only requires some tuning - however this is very slow. As you can see, it requries 36 ray casts minimum, but most of the time 60-70 depending on the position. That's simply too much for the CPU. Is there a better way to do this? I'm using Unity 3D but I'm not looking for an engine-specific solution.

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• Help with "Cannot find ContentTypeReader BB.HeightMapInfoReader, BB, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral." needed

  - by rFactor

  Hi, I have this irritating problem in XNA that I have spent my Saturday with: Cannot find ContentTypeReader BB.HeightMapInfoReader, BB, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral. It throws me that when I do (within the game assembly's Renderer.cs class): this.terrain = this.game.Content.Load<Model>("heightmap"); There is a heightmap.bmp and I don't think there's anything wrong with it, because I used it in a previous version which I switched to this new better system. So, I have a GeneratedGeometryPipeline assembly that has these classes: HeightMapInfoContent, HeightMapInfoWriter, TerrainProcessor. The GeneratedGeometryPipeline assembly does not reference any other assemblies under the solution. Then I have the game assembly that neither references any other solution assemblies and has these classes: HeightMapInfo, HeightMapInfoReader. All game assembly classes are under namespace BB and the GeneratedGeometryPipeline classes are under the namespace GeneratedGeometryPipeline. I do not understand why it does not find it. Here's some code from the GeneratedGeometryPipeline.HeightMapInfoWriter: /// <summary> /// A TypeWriter for HeightMapInfo, which tells the content pipeline how to save the /// data in HeightMapInfo. This class should match HeightMapInfoReader: whatever the /// writer writes, the reader should read. /// </summary> [ContentTypeWriter] public class HeightMapInfoWriter : ContentTypeWriter<HeightMapInfoContent> { protected override void Write(ContentWriter output, HeightMapInfoContent value) { output.Write(value.TerrainScale); output.Write(value.Height.GetLength(0)); output.Write(value.Height.GetLength(1)); foreach (float height in value.Height) { output.Write(height); } foreach (Vector3 normal in value.Normals) { output.Write(normal); } } /// <summary> /// Tells the content pipeline what CLR type the /// data will be loaded into at runtime. /// </summary> public override string GetRuntimeType(TargetPlatform targetPlatform) { return "BB.HeightMapInfo, BB, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral"; } /// <summary> /// Tells the content pipeline what worker type /// will be used to load the data. /// </summary> public override string GetRuntimeReader(TargetPlatform targetPlatform) { return "BB.HeightMapInfoReader, BB, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral"; } } Can someone help me out?

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• Only draw visible objects to the camera in 2D

  - by Deukalion

  I have Map, each map has an array of Ground, each Ground consists of an array of VertexPositionTexture and a texture name reference so it renders a texture at these points (as a shape through triangulation). Now when I render my map I only want to get a list of all objects that are visible in the camera. (So I won't loop through more than I have to) Structs: public struct Map { public Ground[] Ground { get; set; } } public struct Ground { public int[] Indexes { get; set; } public VertexPositionNormalTexture[] Points { get; set; } public Vector3 TopLeft { get; set; } public Vector3 TopRight { get; set; } public Vector3 BottomLeft { get; set; } public Vector3 BottomRight { get; set; } } public struct RenderBoundaries<T> { public BoundingBox Box; public T Items; } when I load a map: foreach (Ground ground in CurrentMap.Ground) { Boundaries.Add(new RenderBoundaries<Ground>() { Box = BoundingBox.CreateFromPoints(new Vector3[] { ground.TopLeft, ground.TopRight, ground.BottomLeft, ground.BottomRight }), Items = ground }); } TopLeft, TopRight, BottomLeft, BottomRight are simply the locations of each corner that the shape make. A rectangle. When I try to loop through only the objects that are visible I do this in my Draw method: public int Draw(GraphicsDevice device, ICamera camera) { BoundingFrustum frustum = new BoundingFrustum(camera.View * camera.Projection); // Visible count int count = 0; EffectTexture.World = camera.World; EffectTexture.View = camera.View; EffectTexture.Projection = camera.Projection; foreach (EffectPass pass in EffectTexture.CurrentTechnique.Passes) { pass.Apply(); foreach (RenderBoundaries<Ground> render in Boundaries.Where(m => frustum.Contains(m.Box) != ContainmentType.Disjoint)) { // Draw ground count++; } } return count; } When I try adding just one ground, then moving the camera so the ground is out of frame it still returns 1 which means it still gets draw even though it's not within the camera's view. Am I doing something or wrong or can it be because of my Camera? Any ideas why it doesn't work?

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• openfeint or gamecenter?

  - by Gajet

  which one has more potential customers, easier API, and wider feature list? i'm going to develop implement one of those two for highscore recording in my game which ones gives more advantages? and by the way I might be going to port my game to android, so if you know any thing that can help me not to rewrite my code (for example a C++ wrapper for both of them) that would mean a greate plus for openfeint in my point of veiw.

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• How should I invoke a physics engine?

  - by ymfoi

  I'm new to writing games. I'm planning to write a 2D battle game which may require an physics engine. Suppose I've written one, but how can I combine it with the main routine of my game? Should I attach it directly to the graphics render routine or put it in an individual thread? I've spent much time looking for some common approach, but found nothing. So can you reveal some basics idea for me, a newbie? Thanks! P.S. There're many other problems I have to deal with if I choose to start a separate thread for the physics engine, for example, the lock problem, while from my intuition, I guess I'd better separate the render and the physics engine.

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• Game window systems and internal frames

  - by 2080

  I don't know if this is a valid question, but: What kind of window manager do games use which have internal frames (Frames inside frames)? Does this differ between the programming languages (Are e.g. in Java the AWT/Swing libraries used to manage these and other graphical elements, such as buttons,or is this to restrictive (speed, graphical possibilities?)) A special example would be EVE Online, where the client can use the ingame windows like on a normal desktop.

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• Effective way to check if an Entity/Player enters a region/trigger

  - by Chris

  I was wondering how multiplayer games detect if you enter a special region. Let's assume there is a huge map that is so big that simply checking it would become a huge performance issue. I've seen bukkit (a modding API for Minecraft servers) firing an Event on every single move. I don't think that larger games do the same because even if you have only a few coordinates you are interested in, you have to loop through a few trigger zone to see if the player is inside your region - for every player. This seems like an extremely CPU-intense operation to me even though I've never developed something like that. Is there a special algorithm that is used by larger games to accomplish this? The only thing I could imagine is to split up the world into multiple parts and to register the event not on the movement itself but on all the parts that are covered by your area and only check for areas that are registered in the current part. And another thing I would like to know: How could you detect when someone must have entered a trigger but you never saw him directly in it since his client only sent you an move packet shortly before entering and after leaving the trigger area. Drawing a line and calculate all colliding parts seems rather CPU intensive if you have to perform it every time.

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• Applying effects to an existing program that uses BasicEffect

  - by Fibericon

  Using the finished product from the tutorial here. Is it possible to apply the grayscale effect from here: Making entire scene fade to grayscale Or would you basically have to rewrite everything? EDIT: It's doing something now, but the whole grayscale seems extremely blue. It's like I'm looking at it through dark blue sunglasses. Here's my draw function: protected override void Draw(GameTime gameTime) { device.SetRenderTarget(renderTarget); graphics.GraphicsDevice.Clear(Color.CornflowerBlue); //Drawing models, bullets, etc. device.SetRenderTarget(null); spriteBatch.Begin(0, BlendState.Additive, SamplerState.PointWrap, DepthStencilState.Default, RasterizerState.CullNone, grayScale); Texture2D temp = (Texture2D)renderTarget; grayScale.Parameters["coloredTexture"].SetValue(temp); grayScale.CurrentTechnique = grayScale.Techniques["Grayscale"]; foreach (EffectPass pass in grayScale.CurrentTechnique.Passes) { pass.Apply(); } spriteBatch.Draw(temp, new Vector2(GraphicsDevice.PresentationParameters.BackBufferWidth/2, GraphicsDevice.PresentationParameters.BackBufferHeight/2), null, Color.White, 0f, new Vector2(renderTarget.Width/2, renderTarget.Height/2), 1.0f, SpriteEffects.None, 0f); spriteBatch.End(); base.Draw(gameTime); } Another edit: figured out what I was doing wrong. I have Blendstate.Additive in the spriteBatch.Draw() call. It should be Blendstate.Opaque, or it literally tries to add the blank blue image to the grayscale image.

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• How to implement a simple bullet trajectory

  - by AirieFenix

  I searched and searched and although it's a fair simple question, I don't find the proper answer but general ideas (which I already have). I have a top-down game and I want to implement a gun which shoots bullets that follow a simple path (no physics nor change of trajectory, just go from A to B thing). a: vector of the position of the gun/player. b: vector of the mouse position (cross-hair). w: the vector of the bullet's trajectory. So, w=b-a. And the position of the bullet = [x=x0+speed*time*normalized w.x , y=y0+speed*time * normalized w.y]. I have the constructor: public Shot(int shipX, int shipY, int mouseX, int mouseY) { //I get mouse with Gdx.input.getX()/getY() ... this.shotTime = TimeUtils.millis(); this.posX = shipX; this.posY = shipY; //I used aVector = aVector.nor() here before but for some reason didn't work float tmp = (float) (Math.pow(mouseX-shipX, 2) + Math.pow(mouseY-shipY, 2)); tmp = (float) Math.sqrt(Math.abs(tmp)); this.vecX = (mouseX-shipX)/tmp; this.vecY = (mouseY-shipY)/tmp; } And here I update the position and draw the shot: public void drawShot(SpriteBatch batch) { this.lifeTime = TimeUtils.millis() - this.shotTime; //position = positionBefore + v*t this.posX = this.posX + this.vecX*this.lifeTime*speed*Gdx.graphics.getDeltaTime(); this.posY = this.posY + this.vecY*this.lifeTime*speed*Gdx.graphics.getDeltaTime(); ... } Now, the behavior of the bullet seems very awkward, not going exactly where my mouse is (it's like the mouse is 30px off) and with a random speed. I know I probably need to open the old algebra book from college but I'd like somebody says if I'm in the right direction (or points me to it); if it's a calculation problem, a code problem or both. Also, is it possible that Gdx.input.getX() gives me non-precise position? Because when I draw the cross-hair it also draws off the cursor position. Sorry for the long post and sorry if it's a very basic question. Thanks!

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• Why doesn't my GameMaker step event work?

  - by exceltior

  So I want to make some kind of floor that which the player when walks in gets his movement reduced but im having thousand of different issues implementing this since it doesnt appear to do anything ... So i have tried different way: 1 - I have tried Step Event which had the following script: if keyboard_check(ord('A')) { player.x = -5; } if keyboard_check(ord('D')) { player.x = -5; } if keyboard_check(ord('W')) { player.x = -5; } if keyboard_check(ord('S')) { player.x = -5; } 2 - I have tried a Collision Event with the same code 3- I have tried a Step event with collision detection on a script None of these options seem to work at all ... Can you help me?

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• tunnel effect cocos2d

  - by samfisher

  I am looking to create a similar tunnel effect in COCOS2D (iOS). Could anyone suggest any pointers? ref Video 1 ref Video 2 Till now I have tried with several ring shape sprites with decreasing scale and positioned center to a same point and keeping Z decreasing as well for each smaller sprite. With that, animating it with CCScaleTo and changing the size to 2.0 with animation duration but it does not come anyway near to the tunnel effect shown in the reference. Thanks, sam

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• GoogleAppEngine : ClassNotFoundException : javax.jdo.metadata.ComponentMetadata

  - by James.Elsey

  I'm trying to deploy my application to a locally running GoogleAppEngine development server, but I'm getting the following stack trace when I start the server Apr 23, 2010 9:03:33 PM com.google.apphosting.utils.jetty.JettyLogger warn WARNING: Nested in org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'clientDao' defined in ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml]: Cannot resolve reference to bean 'entityManagerFactory' while setting bean property 'entityManagerFactory'; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'entityManagerFactory' defined in ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml]: Invocation of init method failed; nested exception is java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: javax/jdo/metadata/ComponentMetadata: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: javax.jdo.metadata.ComponentMetadata at java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(URLClassLoader.java:217) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at java.net.URLClassLoader.findClass(URLClassLoader.java:205) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:319) at com.google.appengine.tools.development.IsolatedAppClassLoader.loadClass(IsolatedAppClassLoader.java:151) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:264) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClassInternal(ClassLoader.java:332) at java.lang.Class.forName0(Native Method) at java.lang.Class.forName(Class.java:264) at javax.jdo.JDOHelper$18.run(JDOHelper.java:2009) at javax.jdo.JDOHelper$18.run(JDOHelper.java:2007) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at javax.jdo.JDOHelper.forName(JDOHelper.java:2006) at javax.jdo.JDOHelper.invokeGetPersistenceManagerFactoryOnImplementation(JDOHelper.java:1155) at javax.jdo.JDOHelper.getPersistenceManagerFactory(JDOHelper.java:803) at javax.jdo.JDOHelper.getPersistenceManagerFactory(JDOHelper.java:698) at org.datanucleus.jpa.EntityManagerFactoryImpl.initialisePMF(EntityManagerFactoryImpl.java:482) at org.datanucleus.jpa.EntityManagerFactoryImpl.<init>(EntityManagerFactoryImpl.java:255) at org.datanucleus.store.appengine.jpa.DatastoreEntityManagerFactory.<init>(DatastoreEntityManagerFactory.java:68) at org.datanucleus.store.appengine.jpa.DatastorePersistenceProvider.createContainerEntityManagerFactory(DatastorePersistenceProvider.java:45) at org.springframework.orm.jpa.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean.createNativeEntityManagerFactory(LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean.java:224) at org.springframework.orm.jpa.AbstractEntityManagerFactoryBean.afterPropertiesSet(AbstractEntityManagerFactoryBean.java:291) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.invokeInitMethods(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1369) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.initializeBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1335) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:473) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory$1.run(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:409) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:380) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:264) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:222) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:261) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:185) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:164) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.BeanDefinitionValueResolver.resolveReference(BeanDefinitionValueResolver.java:269) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.BeanDefinitionValueResolver.resolveValueIfNecessary(BeanDefinitionValueResolver.java:104) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.applyPropertyValues(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1245) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1010) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:472) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory$1.run(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:409) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:380) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:264) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:222) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:261) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:185) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:164) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:429) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:728) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:380) at org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoader.createWebApplicationContext(ContextLoader.java:255) at org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoader.initWebApplicationContext(ContextLoader.java:199) at org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener.contextInitialized(ContextLoaderListener.java:45) at org.mortbay.jetty.handler.ContextHandler.startContext(ContextHandler.java:530) at org.mortbay.jetty.servlet.Context.startContext(Context.java:135) at org.mortbay.jetty.webapp.WebAppContext.startContext(WebAppContext.java:1218) at org.mortbay.jetty.handler.ContextHandler.doStart(ContextHandler.java:500) at org.mortbay.jetty.webapp.WebAppContext.doStart(WebAppContext.java:448) at org.mortbay.component.AbstractLifeCycle.start(AbstractLifeCycle.java:40) at org.mortbay.jetty.handler.HandlerWrapper.doStart(HandlerWrapper.java:117) at org.mortbay.component.AbstractLifeCycle.start(AbstractLifeCycle.java:40) at org.mortbay.jetty.handler.HandlerWrapper.doStart(HandlerWrapper.java:117) at org.mortbay.jetty.Server.doStart(Server.java:217) at org.mortbay.component.AbstractLifeCycle.start(AbstractLifeCycle.java:40) at com.google.appengine.tools.development.JettyContainerService.startContainer(JettyContainerService.java:181) at com.google.appengine.tools.development.AbstractContainerService.startup(AbstractContainerService.java:116) at com.google.appengine.tools.development.DevAppServerImpl.start(DevAppServerImpl.java:217) at com.google.appengine.tools.development.DevAppServerMain$StartAction.apply(DevAppServerMain.java:162) at com.google.appengine.tools.util.Parser$ParseResult.applyArgs(Parser.java:48) at com.google.appengine.tools.development.DevAppServerMain.<init>(DevAppServerMain.java:113) at com.google.appengine.tools.development.DevAppServerMain.main(DevAppServerMain.java:89) The server is running at http://localhost:1234/ I'm a little confused over this, since I have the same application running locally on GlassFish/MySQL. All I have done is to swap in the relevant jar files, and change the persistence.xml. My applicationContext.xml looks as follows : <context:annotation-config/> <bean id="clientDao" class="com.jameselsey.salestracker.dao.jpa.JpaDaoClient"> <property name="entityManagerFactory" ref="entityManagerFactory"/> </bean> <bean id="entityManagerFactory" class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean"/> <bean id="transactionManager" class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager"> <property name="entityManagerFactory" ref="entityManagerFactory" /> </bean> <bean id="org.springframework.context.annotation.internalPersistenceAnnotationProcessor" class="com.jameselsey.salestracker.util.GaeFixInternalPersistenceAnnotationProcessor" /> <bean class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.support.PersistenceAnnotationBeanPostProcessor"/> <tx:annotation-driven/> <bean id="clientService" class="com.jameselsey.salestracker.service.ClientService"/> </beans> My JPA DAO looks like this public class JpaDao extends JpaDaoSupport { protected <T> List<T> findAll(Class<T> clazz) { return getJpaTemplate().find("select c from " + clazz.getName() + " c"); } protected <T> T findOne(String jpql, Map params) { List<T> results = getJpaTemplate().findByNamedParams(jpql, params); if(results.isEmpty()) { return null; } if(results.size() > 1) { throw new IncorrectResultSizeDataAccessException(1, results.size()); } return results.get(0); } } And an example implemented method looks like this : @Override public Client getClientById(Integer clientId) { String jpql = "SELECT c " + "FROM com.jameselsey.salestracker.domain.Client c " + "WHERE c.id = " + clientId; return (Client) getJpaTemplate().find(jpql).get(0); } Like I say, this works ok on Glassfish/MySQL, is it possible this error could be a red herring to something else?

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• How do you calculate UVW coordinates?

  - by Jenko

  I'm working on a 3d engine and I'm calculating UVT coordinates, where U and V represent pixels on the texture measured in 0-1, and T is: T = perspective / Z But I'm trying to use this perspective-correct triangle rasteriser, which requires a W, per vertex. How do I calculate the W for each vertex for the drawPerspectiveTexturedPolygon() function? Hint: The code comments refer to W as the "homogenous coordinate" ... does that mean anything?

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• How to make unit selection circles merge?

  - by MaT

  I would like to know how to make this effect of merged circle selection. Here are images to illustrate: Basically I'm looking for this effect: How the merge effect of the circles can be achieved ? I didn't found any explanation concerning this effect. I know that to project those texture I can develop a decal system but I don't know how to create the merging effect. If possible, I'm looking for purely shaders solution.

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• Technique to have screen independent grid based puzzle with sprite animation

  - by Yan Cheng CHEOK

  Hello all, let's say I have a fixed size grid puzzle game (8 x 10). I will be using sprites animation, when the "pieces" in the puzzle is moving from one grid to another grid. I was wondering, what is the technique to have this game being implemented as screen resolution independent. Here is what I plan to do. 1) The data structure coordinate will be represented using double, with 1.0 as max value. // Puzzle grid of 8 x 10 Environment { double width = 0.8; double height = 1.0; } // Location of Sprite at coordinate (1, 1) Sprite { double posX = 0.1; double posY = 0.1; double width = 0.1; double height = 0.1; } // scale = PYSICAL_SCREEN_SIZE drawBitmap ( sprite_image, sprite_image_rect, new Rect(sprite.posX * Scale, sprite.posY * Scale, (sprite.posX + sprite.width) * Scale, (sprite.posY + sprite.Height) * Scale), paint ); 2) A large size sprite image will be used (128x128). As sprite image shall look fine if we scale from large size down to small size, but not vice versa. Besides the above mentioned technique, is there any other consideration I had missed out?

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• Eculidean space and vector magnitude

  - by Starkers

  Below we have distances from the origin calculated in two different ways, giving the Euclidean distance, the Manhattan distance and the Chebyshev distance. Euclidean distance is what we use to calculate the magnitude of vectors in 2D/3D games, and that makes sense to me: Let's say we have a vector that gives us the range a spaceship with limited fuel can travel. If we calculated this with Manhattan metric, our ship could travel a distance of X if it were travelling horizontally or vertically, however the second it attempted to travel diagonally it could only tavel X/2! So like I say, Euclidean distance does make sense. However, I still don't quite get how we calculate 'real' distances from the vector's magnitude. Here are two points, purple at (2,2) and green at (3,3). We can take two points away from each other to derive a vector. Let's create a vector to describe the magnitude and direction of purple from green: |d| = purple - green |d| = (purple.x, purple.y) - (green.x, green.y) |d| = (2, 2) - (3, 3) |d| = <-1,-1> Let's derive the magnitude of the vector via Pythagoras to get a Euclidean measurement: euc_magnitude = sqrt((x*x)+(y*y)) euc_magnitude = sqrt((-1*-1)+(-1*-1)) euc_magnitude = sqrt((1)+(1)) euc_magnitude = sqrt(2) euc_magnitude = 1.41 Now, if the answer had been 1, that would make sense to me, because 1 unit (in the direction described by the vector) from the green is bang on the purple. But it's not. It's 1.41. 1.41 units is the direction described, to me at least, makes us overshoot the purple by almost half a unit: So what do we do to the magnitude to allow us to calculate real distances on our point graph? Worth noting I'm a beginner just working my way through theory. Haven't programmed a game in my life!

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• Low coupling and tight cohesion

  - by hidayat

  Of course it depends on the situation. But when a lower lever object or system communicate with an higher level system, should callbacks or events be preferred to keeping a pointer to higher level object? For example, we have a world class that has a member variable vector<monster> monsters. When the monster class is going to communicate with the world class, should I prefer using a callback function then or should I have a pointer to the world class inside the monster class?

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• Cropping a line (laser beam) in XNA

  - by electroflame

  I have a laser sprite that I wish to crop. I want to crop it so when it collides with an item, I can calculate the distance between the starting point, and the ending point, and only draw that. This eliminates the "overdraw" of a laser drawing past an item. Essentially, I'm trying to crop a line, but also keep that line "attached" to the nose of my ship. The line should not be drawn past the nose of my ship, that should be the starting point. There is no rotation to worry about. Currently, I thought that doing this through SpriteBatch would be best. This is my current Spritebatch code: spriteBatch.Draw(Laser.sprite, new Rectangle((int)Laser.position.X, (int)Laser.position.Y, Laser.sprite.Width, LaserHeight), new Rectangle(0, 0, (int)(Laser.sprite.Width), LaserHeight), new Color(255, 255, 255, (byte)MathHelper.Clamp(Laser.Alpha, 0, 255)), Laser.rotation, new Vector2(Laser.sprite.Width/2, LaserHeight/2), SpriteEffects.None, 0); But this doesn't quite work. It does only draw part of the sprite, but when LaserHeight is incremented, it lengthens the line in both ways! I believe this is due to some stupid error on my part with the Origin of the draw. Quick recap: I need to have my laser sprite drawn with the bottom of it at the nose of my ship, and then use LaserHeight to crop the image so only part of it is drawn. I have a feeling my explanation is a bit...lacking. So if you require more information, please say so and I will try to provide more information. Thanks in advance!

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• Organising levels / rooms in a MUD-style text based world

  - by Polynomial

  I'm thinking of writing a small text-based adventure game, but I'm not particularly sure how I should design the world from a technical standpoint. My first thought is to do it in XML, designed something like the following. Apologies for the huge pile of XML, but I felt it important to fully explain what I'm doing. <level> <start> <!-- start in kitchen with empty inventory --> <room>Kitchen</room> <inventory></inventory> </start> <rooms> <room> <name>Kitchen</name> <description>A small kitchen that looks like it hasn't been used in a while. It has a table in the middle, and there are some cupboards. There is a door to the north, which leads to the garden.</description> <!-- IDs of the objects the room contains --> <objects> <object>Cupboards</object> <object>Knife</object> <object>Batteries</object> </objects> </room> <room> <name>Garden</name> <description>The garden is wild and full of prickly bushes. To the north there is a path, which leads into the trees. To the south there is a house.</description> <objects> </objects> </room> <room> <name>Woods</name> <description>The woods are quite dark, with little light bleeding in from the garden. It is eerily quiet.</description> <objects> <object>Trees01</object> </objects> </room> </rooms> <doors> <!-- a door isn't necessarily a door. each door has a type, i.e. "There is a <type> leading to..." from and to are references the rooms that this door joins. direction specifies the direction (N,S,E,W,Up,Down) from <from> to <to> --> <door> <type>door</type> <direction>N</direction> <from>Kitchen</from> <to>Garden</to> </door> <door> <type>path</type> <direction>N</direction> <from>Garden</type> <to>Woods</type> </door> </doors> <variables> <!-- variables set by actions --> <variable name="cupboard_open">0</variable> </variables> <objects> <!-- definitions for objects --> <object> <name>Trees01</name> <displayName>Trees</displayName> <actions> <!-- any actions not defined will show the default failure message --> <action> <command>EXAMINE</command> <message>The trees are tall and thick. There aren't any low branches, so it'd be difficult to climb them.</message> </action> </actions> </object> <object> <name>Cupboards</name> <displayName>Cupboards</displayName> <actions> <action> <!-- requirements make the command only work when they are met --> <requirements> <!-- equivilent of "if(cupboard_open == 1)" --> <require operation="equal" value="1">cupboard_open</require> </requirements> <command>EXAMINE</command> <!-- fail message is the message displayed when the requirements aren't met --> <failMessage>The cupboard is closed.</failMessage> <message>The cupboard contains some batteires.</message> </action> <action> <requirements> <require operation="equal" value="0">cupboard_open</require> </requirements> <command>OPEN</command> <failMessage>The cupboard is already open.</failMessage> <message>You open the cupboard. It contains some batteries.</message> <!-- assigns is a list of operations performed on variables when the action succeeds --> <assigns> <assign operation="set" value="1">cupboard_open</assign> </assigns> </action> <action> <requirements> <require operation="equal" value="1">cupboard_open</require> </requirements> <command>CLOSE</command> <failMessage>The cupboard is already closed.</failMessage> <message>You closed the cupboard./message> <assigns> <assign operation="set" value="0">cupboard_open</assign> </assigns> </action> </actions> </object> <object> <name>Batteries</name> <displayName>Batteries</displayName> <!-- by setting inventory to non-zero, we can put it in our bag --> <inventory>1</inventory> <actions> <action> <requirements> <require operation="equal" value="1">cupboard_open</require> </requirements> <command>GET</command> <!-- failMessage isn't required here, it'll just show the usual "You can't see any <blank>." message --> <message>You picked up the batteries.</message> </action> </actions> </object> </objects> </level> Obviously there'd need to be more to it than this. Interaction with people and enemies as well as death and completion are necessary additions. Since the XML is quite difficult to work with, I'd probably create some sort of world editor. I'd like to know if this method has any downfalls, and if there's a "better" or more standard way of doing it.

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• Box2D Bicycle Wheels Motor Problem - Flash 2.1a

  - by Craig

  I have made a bicycle with Box2D using several polygons for the frame at different angles connected using weld joints, and I have revolute joints on the wheels with a motor. I have made some basic terrain (straight ground and a small ramp) and added keyboard input to control the bicycle with torque to balance it. All of this is done in with Box2D's Debug Draw. When the bicycle is on its back wheel but diagonally forward (kinda like this position - /) the motors just cause it go spinning backwards over when in reality it should either stay on its back wheel or go down onto both wheels. Here's my code the revolute joints: //Front Wheel Joint var frontWheelJointDef:b2RevoluteJointDef = new b2RevoluteJointDef(); frontWheelJointDef.Initialize(frontWheelBody, secondFrameBody, frontWheelBody.GetWorldCenter()); frontWheelJointDef.enableMotor=true; frontWheelJointDef.maxMotorTorque=10000; frontWheelJoint = _world.CreateJoint(frontWheelJointDef) as b2RevoluteJoint; //Rear Wheel Joint var rearWheelJointDef:b2RevoluteJointDef = new b2RevoluteJointDef(); rearWheelJointDef.Initialize(rearWheelBody, firstFrameBody, rearWheelBody.GetWorldCenter()); rearWheelJointDef.enableMotor=true; rearWheelJointDef.maxMotorTorque=10000; rearWheelJoint = _world.CreateJoint(rearWheelJointDef) as b2RevoluteJoint; And here's the relevant part of my update function: // up and down control wheels motor if (up) { motorSpeed-=0.5; } if (down) { motorSpeed += 0.5; } // left and right control cart torque if (left) { middleCentreFrameBody.ApplyTorque( -3); gearBody.ApplyTorque( -3); firstFrameBody.ApplyTorque( -3); secondFrameBody.ApplyTorque( -3); rearWheelToChainBody.ApplyTorque( -3); chainToFrontFrameBody.ApplyTorque( -3); topMiddleFrameBody.ApplyTorque( -3); } if (right) { middleCentreFrameBody.ApplyTorque( 3); gearBody.ApplyTorque( 3); firstFrameBody.ApplyTorque( 3); secondFrameBody.ApplyTorque( 3); rearWheelToChainBody.ApplyTorque( 3); chainToFrontFrameBody.ApplyTorque( 3); topMiddleFrameBody.ApplyTorque( 3); } // motor friction motorSpeed*=0.99; // motor max speed if (motorSpeed>100) { motorSpeed=100; } rearWheelJoint.SetMotorSpeed(motorSpeed); frontWheelJoint.SetMotorSpeed(motorSpeed); Any ideas what might be causing this? Thanks

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