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• Why can't I display a unicode character in the Python Interpreter on Mac OS X Terminal.app?

  - by apphacker

  If I try to paste a unicode character such as the middle dot: · in my python interpreter it does nothing. I'm using Terminal.app on Mac OS X and when I'm simply in in bash I have no trouble: :~$ · But in the interpreter: :~$ python Python 2.6.1 (r261:67515, Feb 11 2010, 00:51:29) [GCC 4.2.1 (Apple Inc. build 5646)] on darwin Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> ^^ I get nothing, it just ignores that I just pasted the character. If I use the escape \xNN\xNN representation of the middle dot '\xc2\xb7', and try to convert to unicode, trying to show the dot causes the interpreter to throw an error: >>> unicode('\xc2\xb7') Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc2 in position 0: ordinal not in range(128) I have setup 'utf-8' as my default encoding in sitecustomize.py so: >>> sys.getdefaultencoding() 'utf-8' What gives? It's not the Terminal. It's not Python, what am I doing wrong?! This question is not related to this question, as that indivdiual is able to paste unicode into his Terminal.

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• varargs in lambda functions in Python

  - by brain_damage

  Is it possible a lambda function to have variable number of arguments? For example, I want to write a metaclass, which creates a method for every method of some other class and this newly created method returns the opposite value of the original method and has the same number of arguments. And I want to do this with lambda function. How to pass the arguments? Is it possible? class Negate(type): def __new__(mcs, name, bases, _dict): extended_dict = _dict.copy() for (k, v) in _dict.items(): if hasattr(v, '__call__'): extended_dict["not_" + k] = lambda s, *args, **kw: not v(s, *args, **kw) return type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, extended_dict) class P(metaclass=Negate): def __init__(self, a): self.a = a def yes(self): return True def maybe(self, you_can_chose): return you_can_chose But the result is totally wrong: >>>p = P(0) >>>p.yes() True >>>p.not_yes() # should be False Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#150>", line 1, in <module> p.not_yes() File "C:\Users\Nona\Desktop\p10.py", line 51, in <lambda> extended_dict["not_" + k] = lambda s, *args, **kw: not v(s, *args, **kw) TypeError: __init__() takes exactly 2 positional arguments (1 given) >>>p.maybe(True) True >>>p.not_maybe(True) #should be False True

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• How to write this snippet in Python?

  - by morpheous

  I am learning Python (I have a C/C++ background). I need to write something practical in Python though, whilst learning. I have the following pseudocode (my first attempt at writing a Python script, since reading about Python yesterday). Hopefully, the snippet details the logic of what I want to do. BTW I am using python 2.6 on Ubuntu Karmic. Assume the script is invoked as: script_name.py directory_path import csv, sys, os, glob # Can I declare that the function accepts a dictionary as first arg? def getItemValue(item, key, defval) return !item.haskey(key) ? defval : item[key] dirname = sys.argv[1] # declare some default values here weight, is_male, default_city_id = 100, true, 1 # fetch some data from a database table into a nested dictionary, indexed by a string curr_dict = load_dict_from_db('foo') #iterate through all the files matching *.csv in the specified folder for infile in glob.glob( os.path.join(dirname, '*.csv') ): #get the file name (without the '.csv' extension) code = infile[0:-4] # open file, and iterate through the rows of the current file (a CSV file) f = open(infile, 'rt') try: reader = csv.reader(f) for row in reader: #lookup the id for the code in the dictionary id = curr_dict[code]['id'] name = row['name'] address1 = row['address1'] address2 = row['address2'] city_id = getItemValue(row, 'city_id', default_city_id) # insert row to database table finally: f.close() I have the following questions: Is the code written in a Pythonic enough way (is there a better way of implementing it)? Given a table with a schema like shown below, how may I write a Python function that fetches data from the table and returns is in a dictionary indexed by string (name). How can I insert the row data into the table (actually I would like to use a transaction if possible, and commit just before the file is closed) Table schema: create table demo (id int, name varchar(32), weight float, city_id int); BTW, my backend database is postgreSQL

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• Problem uploading app to google app engine

  - by Oberon

  I'm having problems uploading an app to the google-app-engine from my work place. I believe the problem is related to proxy, because I do not see the same problem when following the same procedure from home. (I do not specify HTTP_PROXY from home). These are the commands I run: HTTP_PROXY=http://proxy.<thehostname>.com:8080 HTTP_PROXY=https://proxy.<thehostname>.com:8080 appcfg.py --insecure update myappfolder When running the commands I get prompted for email and password, as expected, but after that it immediately exits with this errormessage: Error 302: --- begin server output --- <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>Moved Temporarily</TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000"> <H1>Moved Temporarily</H1> The document has moved <A HREF="https://www.google.com/accounts/ClientLogin">here</A>. </BODY> </HTML> --- end server output --- Note: I added the --insecure option because else it gave a warning of missing ssl module. Any idea how to solve or workaround this problem?

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• Escape whitespace in paths using nautilus script

  - by Tommy Brunn

  I didn't think this would be as tricky as it turned out to be, but here I am. I'm trying to write a Nautilus script in Python to upload one or more images to Imgur just by selecting and right clicking them. It works well enough with both single images and multiple images - as long as they don't contain any whitespace. In fact, you can upload a single image containing whitespace, just not multiple ones. The problem is that NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_FILE_PATHS returns all the selected files and directories as a space separated string. So for example, it could look like this: print os.environment['NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_FILE_PATHS'] /home/nevon/Desktop/test image.png /home/nevon/Desktop/test.jpg What I need is a way to -either in bash or Python- escape the spaces in the path - but not the spaces that delimit different items. Either that, or a way to put quotation marks around each item. The ultimate solution would be if I could do that in bash and then send the items as separate arguments to my python script. Something like: python uploader.py /home/nevon/Desktop/test\ image.png /home/nevon/Desktop/test.jpg I've tried RTFM'ing, but there doesn't seem to be a lot of good solutions for this. At least not that I've found. Any ideas?

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• How to retrieve view of MultiIndex DataFrame

  - by Henry S. Harrison

  This question was inspired by this question. I had the same problem, updating a MultiIndex DataFrame by selection. The drop_level=False solution in Pandas 0.13 will allow me to achieve the same result, but I am still wondering why I cannot get a view from the MultiIndex DataFrame. In other words, why does this not work?: >>> sat = d.xs('sat', level='day', copy=False) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\frame.py", line 2248, in xs raise ValueError('Cannot retrieve view (copy=False)') ValueError: Cannot retrieve view (copy=False) Of course it could be only because it is not implemented, but is there a reason? Is it somehow ambiguous or impossible to implement? Returning a view is more intuitive to me than returning a copy then later updating the original. I looked through the source and it seems this situation is checked explicitly to raise an error. Alternatively, is it possible to get the same sort of view from any of the other indexing methods? I've experimented but have not been successful. [edit] Some potential implementations are discussed here. I guess with the last question above I'm wondering what the current best solution is to index into arbitrary multiindex slices and cross-sections.

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• Python: Errors saving and loading objects with pickle module

  - by Peterstone

  Hi, I am trying to load and save objects with this piece of code I get it from a question I asked a week ago: Python: saving and loading objects and using pickle. The piece of code is this: class Fruits: pass banana = Fruits() banana.color = 'yellow' banana.value = 30 import pickle filehandler = open("Fruits.obj","wb") pickle.dump(banana,filehandler) filehandler.close() file = open("Fruits.obj",'rb') object_file = pickle.load(file) file.close() print(object_file.color, object_file.value, sep=', ') At a first glance the piece of code works well, getting load and see the 'color' and 'value' of the saved object. But, what I pursuit is to close a session, open a new one and load what I save in a past session. I close the session after putting the line filehandler.close() and I open a new one and I put the rest of your code, then after putting object_file = pickle.load(file) I get this error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#5>", line 1, in <module> object_file = pickle.load(file) File "C:\Python31\lib\pickle.py", line 1365, in load encoding=encoding, errors=errors).load() AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'Fruits' Can anyone explain me what this error message means and telling me how to solve this problem? Thank so much and happy new year!!

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• Piping EOF problems with stdio and C++/Python

  - by yeus

  I got some problems with EOF and stdio. I have no idea what I am doing wrong. When I see an EOF in my program I clear the stdin and next round I try to read in a new line. The problem is: for some reason the getline function immediatly (from the second run always, the first works just as intended) returns an EOF instead of waiting for a new input from py python process... Any idea? alright Here is the code: #include <string> #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> #include <limits> using namespace std; int main(int argc, char **argv) { for (;;) { string buf; if (getline(cin,buf)) { if (buf=="q") break; /*****///do some stuff with input //my actual filter program cout<<buf; /*****/ } else { if ((cin.rdstate() & istream::eofbit)!=0)cout<<"eofbit"<<endl; if ((cin.rdstate() & istream::failbit)!=0)cout<<"failbit"<<endl; if ((cin.rdstate() & istream::badbit)!=0)cout<<"badbit"<<endl; if ((cin.rdstate() & istream::goodbit)!=0)cout<<"goodbit"<<endl; cin.clear(); cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max()); //break;//I am not using break, because I //want more input when the parent //process puts data into stdin; } } return 0; } and in python: from subprocess import Popen, PIPE import os from time import sleep proc=Popen(os.getcwd()+"/Pipingtest",stdout=PIPE,stdin=PIPE,stderr=PIPE); while(1): sleep(0.5) print proc.communicate("1 1 1") print "running"

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• Just 2 free months 2 learn or improve my skills

  - by microspino

  On the 30 of June I will leave my every day work to start as freelance developer. I'd like to set a period of 2 months apart to improve my dev skills. At work I code in C# and during my spare time I enjoyed building Ruby on Rails web applications and creating some Arduino prototypes. I'm something more than junior but I don't feel really a senior developer because I never had a big corporate project built and designed by me with help of other juniors (although I don't think this is really a good definiton of a "senior", It helps describing my feelings). Using a scale from 0 (ignorant) to 10 (proficient like a "samurai") the list below describes my skills that I would like to improve with just 2 months. I've already bought some nice and updated books on all the subjects hereunder: The order doesn't matter C = 1 C# & .Net = 6 Arduino & Processing = 2 Ruby = 5 Rails = 5 HTML/XHTML/CSS = 9 Javascript = 6 Objective-C/iPhone dev = 2 Python = 4 Django = 4 Desing Patterns = 3 Algorythms = 3 Git = 5 I haven't included SQL or Databases in general nor Networking because I spent 10 years working in the past with them and I feel pretty solid for now. As an aside, I've made up some interest in Redis, Node.js, HTML5 reading about them on the web. After two months, since I have to pay my bills, I could go searching for some new job. If learning and developing were really good maybe I could also invest on something I gave birth during them. Can You give me some piece of advice on which you think It's better to improve or develop a learning project on (something like a "summer of code" thing)? The all point Is to see my weeknesses and work on them.

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• why does cx_oracle execute() not like my string now?

  - by Frank Stallone

  I've downloaded cx_oracle some time ago and wrote a script to convert data to XML. I've had to reisntall my OS and grabbed the latest version of cx_Oracle (5.0.3) and all of the sudden my code is broken. The first thing was that cx_Oracle.connect wanted unicode rather string for the username and password, that was very easy to fix. But now it keeps failing on the cursor.execute and tells me my string is not a string even when type() tells me it is a string. Here is a test script I initally used ages ago and worked fine on my old version but does not work on cx_Oracle now. import cx_Oracle ip = 'url.to.oracle' port = 1521 SID = 'mysid' dsn_tns = cx_Oracle.makedsn(ip, port, SID) connection = cx_Oracle.connect(u'name', u'pass', dsn_tns) cursor = connection.cursor() cursor.arraysize = 50 sql = "select isbn, title_code from core_isbn where rownum<=20" print type(sql) cursor.execute(sql) for isbn, title_code in cursor.fetchall(): print "Values from DB:", isbn, title_code cursor.close() connection.close() When I run that I get: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\NetBeansProjects\Python\src\db_temp.py", line 48, in cursor.execute(sql) TypeError: expecting None or a string Does anyone know what I may be doing wrong?

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• Open-sourcing a web site with active users?

  - by Lars Yencken

  I currently run several research-related web-sites with active users, and these sites use some personally identifying information about these users (their email address, IP address, and query history). Ideally I'd release the code to these sites as open source, so that other people could easily run similar sites, and more importantly scrutinise and replicate my work, but I haven't been comfortable doing so, since I'm unsure of the security implications. For example, I wouldn't want my users' details to be accessed or distributed by a third party who found some flaw in my site, something which might be easy to do with full source access. I've tried going half-way by refactoring the (Django) site into more independent modules, and releasing those, but this is very time consuming, and in practice I've never gotten around to releasing enough that a third party can replicate the site(s) easily. I also feel that maybe I'm kidding myself, and that this process is really no different to releasing the full source. What would you recommend in cases like this? Would you open-source the site and take the risk? As an alternative, would you advertise the source as "available upon request" to other researchers, so that you at least know who has the code? Or would you just apologise to them and keep it closed in order to protect users?

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• Get XML-RPC (Andorid - PHP) web service different params type

  - by Jovan

  Hi, I want to create XML-RPC web service for Andorid (client) - PHP (Server) communication I create XML-RPC PHP web service server using this tutorial: http://articles.sitepoint.com/article/own-web-service-php-xml-rpc/5 For andorid client web service I use this project: http://code.google.com/p/android-xmlrpc/ server and client communication is OK, but I have problem with getting params from andorid client to php server. From andorid client I send two params (first integer and second float number) Object[] params = { 3, 3.6f, }; method.call(params); , but I don't know how to handle this parameters in php server?? in php server there is some function , but with only one param ($news_id): function news_viewNewsItem ( $news_id ) { /* Define the query to fetch the news item */ $query = "SELECT * FROM kd_xmlrpc_news WHERE news_id = '" . $news_id . "'"; $sql = mysql_query ( $query ); if ( $result = mysql_fetch_array ( $sql ) ) { /* Extract the variables for sending in our server response */ $news_item['news_id'] = $result['news_id']; $news_item['date'] = XMLRPC_convert_timestamp_to_iso8601( mysql_datetime_to_timestamp( $result['date'] ) ); $news_item['title'] = $result['title']; $news_item['full_desc'] = $result['full_desc']; $news_item['author'] = $result['author']; /* Respond to the client with the news item */ XMLRPC_response(XMLRPC_prepare($news_item), KD_XMLRPC_USERAGENT); } else { /* If there was an error, respond with a fault code instead */ XMLRPC_error("1", "news_viewNewsItem() error: Unable to read news:" . mysql_error(), KD_XMLRPC_USERAGENT); } } In server.py file there is functions for every method but I dont know how to write in php server: def add(self, x, y): print print "input x=%s, y=%s" % (str(x), str(y)) sum = x + y print "output", sum print return sum Can some one help me with code , and tell me how to handle various types from client to server?? Thanks and Happy New Year

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• How to properly implement the Strategy pattern in a web MVC framework?

  - by jboxer

  In my Django app, I have a model (lets call it Foo) with a field called "type". I'd like to use Foo.type to indicate what type the specific instance of Foo is (possible choices are "Number", "Date", "Single Line of Text", "Multiple Lines of Text", and a few others). There are two things I'd like the "type" field to end up affecting; the way a value is converted from its normal type to text (for example, in "Date", it may be str(the_date.isoformat())), and the way a value is converted from text to the specified type (in "Date", it may be datetime.date.fromtimestamp(the_text)). To me, this seems like the Strategy pattern (I may be completely wrong, and feel free to correct me if I am). My question is, what's the proper way to code this in a web MVC framework? In a client-side app, I'd create a Type class with abstract methods "serialize()" and "unserialize()", override those methods in subclasses of Type (such as NumberType and DateType), and dynamically set the "type" field of a newly-instantiated Foo to the appropriate Type subclass at runtime. In a web framework, it's not quite as straightforward for me. Right now, the way that makes the most sense is to define Foo.type as a Small Integer field and define a limited set of choices (0 = "Number", 1 = "Date", 2 = "Single Line of Text", etc.) in the code. Then, when a Foo object is instantiated, use a Factory method to look at the value of the instance's "type" field and plug in the correct Type subclass (as described in the paragraph above). Foo would also have serialize() and unserialize() methods, which would delegate directly to the plugged-in Type subclass. How does this design sound? I've never run into this issue before, so I'd really like to know if other people have, and how they've solved it.

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• Does a Postgresql dump create sequences that start with - or after - the last key?

  - by bennylope

  I recently created a SQL dump of a database behind a Django project, and after cleaning the SQL up a little bit was able to restore the DB and all of the data. The problem was the sequences were all mucked up. I tried adding a new user and generated the Python error IntegrityError: duplicate key violates unique constraint. Naturally I figured my SQL dump didn't restart the sequence. But it did: DROP SEQUENCE "auth_user_id_seq" CASCADE; CREATE SEQUENCE "auth_user_id_seq" INCREMENT 1 START 446 MAXVALUE 9223372036854775807 MINVALUE 1 CACHE 1; ALTER TABLE "auth_user_id_seq" OWNER TO "db_user"; I figured out that a repeated attempt at creating a user (or any new row in any table with existing data and such a sequence) allowed for successful object/row creation. That solved the pressing problem. But given that the last user ID in that table was 446 - the same start value in the sequence creation above - it looks like Postgresql was simply trying to start creating rows with that key. Does the SQL dump provide the wrong start key by 1? Or should I invoke some other command to start sequences after the given start ID? Keenly curious.

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• How to handle people who lie on their resume

  - by Juliet

  I'm conducting technical interviews to fill a few .NET positions. Many of the people I interview really do know .NET pretty well, but I find at least 90% of embellish their skillset anywhere between "a little" and "quite drastically". Sometimes they fabricate skills relevant to the position they're applying for, sometimes they not. Most of the people I interview, even the most egregious liars, are not scam artists. They just want to stand out among the crowd, so they drop a few buzzwords on their resume like "JBoss", "LINQ", "web services", "Django" or whatever just to pad their skillset and stay competitive. (You might wonder if a person lies about those skills, whether they are just bluffing their way through a technical interview. My interviews involve a lot of hands-on coding and problem-solving -- people who attempt to bluff will bomb the hands-on coding portion in the first 3 minutes.) These are two open-ended questions, but it would really help me out when I make my recommendations to the hiring managers: 1) Regarding interviewing etiquette, should I attempt to determine whether a person really possesses all of the skills they claim to have? Can I do this without making the candidate feel uncomfortable? 2) Regarding the final decision, should I recommend candidates who are genuinely qualified for the positions they're applying for, even if they've fabricated portions of their skillset?

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• How should I return different types in a method based on the value of a string in Java?

  - by Siracuse

  I'm new to Java and I have come to having the following problem: I have created several classes which all implement the interface "Parser". I have a JavaParser, PythonParser, CParser and finally a TextParser. I'm trying to write a method so it will take either a File or a String (representing a filename) and return the appropriate parser given the extension of the file. Here is some psuedo-code of what I'm basically attempting to do: public Parser getParser(String filename) { String extension = filename.substring(filename.lastIndexOf(".")); switch(extension) { case "py": return new PythonParser(); case "java": return new JavaParser(); case "c": return new CParser(); default: return new TextParser(); } } In general, is this the right way to handle this situation? Also, how should I handle the fact that Java doesn't allow switching on strings? Should I use the .hashcode() value of the strings? I feel like there is some design pattern or something for handling this but it eludes me. Is this how you would do it?

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• I don't like Python functions that take two or more iterables. Is it a good idea?

  - by Xavier Ho

  This question came from looking at this question on Stackoverflow. def fringe8((px, py), (x1, y1, x2, y2)): Personally, it's been one of my pet peeves to see a function that takes two arguments with fixed-number iterables (like a tuple) or two or more dictionaries (Like in the Shotgun API). It's just hard to use, because of all the verbosity and double-bracketed enclosures. Wouldn't this be better: >>> class Point(object): ... def __init__(self, x, y): ... self.x = x ... self.y = y ... >>> class Rect(object): ... def __init__(self, x1, y1, x2, y2): ... self.x1 = x1 ... self.y1 = y1 ... self.x2 = x2 ... self.y2 = y2 ... >>> def fringe8(point, rect): ... # ... ... >>> >>> point = Point(2, 2) >>> rect = Rect(1, 1, 3, 3) >>> >>> fringe8(point, rect) Is there a situation where taking two or more iterable arguments is justified? Obviously the standard itertools Python library needs that, but I can't see it being pretty in maintainable, flexible code design.

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• pyOpenSSL and the WantReadError

  - by directedition

  I have a socket server that I am trying to move over to SSL on python 2.5, but I've run into a snag with pyOpenSSL. I can't find any good tutorials on using it, so I'm operating largely on guesses. Here is how my server sets up the socket: ctx = SSL.Context(SSL.SSLv23_METHOD) ctx.use_privatekey_file ("mykey.pem") ctx.use_certificate_file("mycert.pem") sock = SSL.Connection(ctx, socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)) sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) addr = ('', int(8081)) sock.bind(addr) sock.listen(5) Here is how it accepts clients: sock.setblocking(0) while True: if len(select([sock], [], [], 0.25)[0]): client_sock, client_addr = sock.accept() client = ClientGen(client_sock) And here is how it sends/receives from the connected sockets: while True: (r, w, e) = select.select([sock], [sock], [], 0.25) if len(r): bytes = sock.recv(1024) if len(w): n_bytes = sock.send(self.message) It's compacted, but you get the general idea. The problem is, once the send/receive loop starts, it dies right away, before anything has been sent or received (that I can see anyway): Traceback (most recent call last): File "ClientGen.py", line 50, in networkLoop n_bytes = sock.send(self.message WantReadError The manual's description of the 'WantReadError' is very vague, saying it can come from just about anywhere. What am I doing wrong?

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• Python base classes share attributes?

  - by tad

  Code in test.py: class Base(object): def __init__(self, l=[]): self.l = l def add(self, num): self.l.append(num) def remove(self, num): self.l.remove(num) class Derived(Base): def __init__(self, l=[]): super(Derived, self).__init__(l) Python shell session: Python 2.6.5 (r265:79063, Apr 1 2010, 05:22:20) [GCC 4.4.3 20100316 (prerelease)] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> import test >>> a = test.Derived() >>> b = test.Derived() >>> a.l [] >>> b.l [] >>> a.add(1) >>> a.l [1] >>> b.l [1] >>> c = test.Derived() >>> c.l [1] I was expecting "C++-like" behavior, in which each derived object contains its own instance of the base class. Is this still the case? Why does each object appear to share the same list instance?

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• SQLAlchemy Mapping problem

  - by asdvalkn

  Dear Everyone, I am trying to sqlalchemy to correctly map my data. Note that a unified group is basically a group of groups. (One unifiedGroup maps to many groups but each group can only map to one ug). So basically this is the definition of my unifiedGroups: CREATE TABLE `unifiedGroups` ( `ugID` INT AUTO_INCREMENT, `gID` INT NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(`ugID`, `gID`), KEY( `gID`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 ; Note that each row is a ugID, gID tuple. ( I do not know before hand how many gID is per ugID so this is probably the most sensible and simplest method). Definition for my UnifiedGroup class class UnifiedGroup(object): """UnifiedProduct behaves very much like a group """ def __init__(self, ugID): self.ugID=ugID #Added by mapping self.groups=False def __str__(self): return '<%s:%s>' % (self.ugID, ','.join( [g for g in self.groups])) These are my mapping tables: tb_groupsInfo = Table( 'groupsInfo', metadata, Column('gID', Integer, primary_key=True), Column('gName', String(128)), ) tb_unifiedGroups = Table( 'unifiedGroups', metadata, Column('ugID', Integer, primary_key=True), Column('gID', Integer, ForeignKey('groupsInfo.gID')), ) My mapper maps in the following manner: mapper( UnifiedGroup, tb_unifiedGroups, properties={ 'groups': relation( Group, backref='unifiedGroup') }) However, when I tried to do groupInstance.unifiedGroup, I am getting an empty list [], while groupInstance.unifiedGroup.groups returns me an error: AttributeError: 'InstrumentedList' object has no attribute 'groups' Traceback (most recent call last): File "Mapping.py", line 119, in <module> print p.group.unifiedGroup.groups AttributeError: 'InstrumentedList' object has no attribute 'groups' What is wrong?

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• Why does Ruby have Rails while Python has no central framework?

  - by yar

  This is a(n) historical question, not a comparison-between-languages question: This article from 2005 talks about the lack of a single, central framework for Python. For Ruby, this framework is clearly Rails. Why, historically speaking, did this happen for Ruby but not for Python? (or did it happen, and that framework is Django?) Also, the hypothetical questions: would Python be more popular if it had one, good framework? Would Ruby be less popular if it had no central framework? [Please avoid discussions of whether Ruby or Python is better, which is just too open-ended to answer.] Edit: Though I thought this is obvious, I'm not saying that other frameworks do not exist for Ruby, but rather that the big one in terms of popularity is Rails. Also, I should mention that I'm not saying that frameworks for Python are not as good (or better than) Rails. Every framework has its pros and cons, but Rails seems to, as Ben Blank says in the one of the comments below, have surpassed Ruby in terms of popularity. There are no examples of that on the Python side. WHY? That's the question.

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• Longer execution through Java shell than console?

  - by czuk

  I have a script in Python which do some computations. When I run this script in console it takes about 7 minutes to complete but when I run it thought Java shell it takes three times longer. I use following code to execute the script in Java: this.p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec("script.py --batch", envp); this.input = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream())); this.output = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(p.getOutputStream())); this.error = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(p.getErrorStream())); Do you have any suggestion why the Python script runs three time longer in Java than in a console? update The computation goes as follow: Java sends data to the Python. Python reads the data. Python generates a decision tree --- this is a long operation. Python sends a confirmation that the tree is ready. Java receives the confirmation. Later there is a series of communications between Java and Python but it takes only several second.

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• Why can't I handle a KeyboardInterrupt in python?

  - by Josh

  I'm writing python 2.6.6 code on windows that looks like this: try: dostuff() except KeyboardInterrupt: print "Interrupted!" except: print "Some other exception?" finally: print "cleaning up...." print "done." dostuff() is a function that loops forever, reading a line at a time from an input stream and acting on it. I want to be able to stop it and clean up when I hit ctrl-c. What's happening instead is that the code under except KeyboardInterrupt: isn't running at all. The only thing that gets printed is "cleaning up...", and then a traceback is printed that looks like this: Traceback (most recent call last): File "filename.py", line 119, in <module> print 'cleaning up...' KeyboardInterrupt So, exception handling code is NOT running, and the traceback claims that a KeyboardInterrupt occurred during the finally clause, which doesn't make sense because hitting ctrl-c is what caused that part to run in the first place! Even the generic except: clause isn't running. EDIT: Based on the comments, I replaced the contents of the try: block with sys.stdin.read(). The problem still occurs exactly as described, with the first line of the finally: block running and then printing the same traceback.

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• R plotting multiple histograms on single plot to .pdf as a part of R batch script

  - by Bryce Thomas

  I am writing R scripts which play just a small role in a chain of commands I am executing from a terminal. Basically, I do much of my data manipulation in a Python script and then pipe the output to my R script for plotting. So, from the terminal I execute commands which look something like $python whatever.py | R CMD BATCH do_some_plotting.R. This workflow has been working well for me so far, though I have now reached a point where I want to overlay multiple histograms on the same plot, inspired by this answer to another user's question on Stackoverflow. Inside my R script, my plotting code looks like this: pdf("my_output.pdf") plot(hist(d$original,breaks="FD",prob=TRUE), col=rgb(0,0,1,1/4),xlim=c(0,4000),main="original - This plot is in beta") plot(hist(d$minus_thirty_minutes,breaks="FD",prob=TRUE), col=rgb(1,0,0,1/4),add=T,xlim=c(0,4000),main="minus_thirty_minutes - This plot is in beta") Notably, I am using add=T, which is presumably meant to specify that the second plot should be overlaid on top of the first. When my script has finished, the result I am getting is not two histograms overlaid on top of each other, but rather a 3-page PDF whose 3 individual plots contain the titles: i) Histogram of d$original ii) original - This plot is in beta iii) Histogram of d$minus_thirty_minutes So there's two points here I'm looking to clarify. Firstly, even if the plots weren't overlaid, I would expect just a 2-page PDF, not a 3-page PDF. Can someone explain why I am getting a 3-page PDF? Secondly, is there a correction I can make here somewhere to get just the two histograms plotted, and both of them on the same plot (i.e. 1-page PDF)? The other Stackoverflow question/answer I linked to in the first paragraph did mention that alpha-blending isn't supported on all devices, and so I'm curious whether this has anything to do with it. Either way, it would be good to know if there is a R-based solution to my problem or whether I'm going to have to pipe my data into a different language/plotting engine.

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• Task Queue stopped working

  - by pocoa

  I was playing with Goole App Engine Task Queue API to learn how to use it. But I couldn't make it trigger locally. My application is working like a charm when I upload to Google servers. But it doesn't trigger locally. All I see from the admin is the list of the tasks. But when their ETA comes, they just pass it. It's like they runs but they fails and waiting for the retries. But I can't see these events on command line. When I try to click "Run" on admin panel, it runs successfuly and I can see these requests from the command line. I'm using App Engine SDK 1.3.4 on Linux with google-app-engine-django. I'm trying to find the problem from 3 hours now and I couldn't find it. It's also very hard to debug GAE applications. Because debug messages do not appear on console screen. Thanks.

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