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• How to map keys in vim differently for different kinds of buffers

  - by Yogesh Arora

  The problem i am facing is that i have mapped some keys and mouse events for seraching in vim while editing a file. But those mappings impact the functionality if the quickfix buffer. I was wondering if it is possible to map keys depending on the buffer in which they are used. EDIT - I am adding more info for this question Let us consider a scenario. I want to map <C-F4> to close a buffer/window. Now this behavior could depend on a number of things. If i am editing a buffer it should just close that buffer without changing the layout of the windows. I am using buffkil plugin for this. It does not depend on extension of file but on the type of buffer. I saw in vim documentation that there are unlisted and listed buffer. So if it is listed buffer it should close using bufkill commands. If it is not a listed buffer it should use <c-w>c command to close buffer and changing the window layout. I am new at writing vim functions/scripts, can someone help me getting started on this

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• Vertex data split into separate buffers or one one structure?

  - by kiba2

  Is it better to have all vertex data in one structure like this: class MyVertex { int x,y,z; int u,v; int normalx, normaly, normalz; } Or to have each component (location, normal, texture coordinates) in separate arrays/buffers? To me it always seemed logical to keep the data grouped together in one structure because they'd always be the same for each instance of a shared vertex and that seems to be true for things like character models (ex: the normal should be an average of adjacent normals for smooth lighting). One instance where this doesn't seem to work is other kinds of meshes like say a cube where the texture coordinates for each may be the same but that causes them to be different where the vertices are shared. Does everybody normally keep them separate? Won't this make them less space efficient if there needs to be an instance of texture coordinates and normals for each triangle vertex (They won't be indexed)? Can OpenGL even handle this mixing of indexed (for location) vs non-indexed buffers in the same VBO?

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• python protobufs - avoid the install step ?

  - by orion elenzil

  i'm writing a small python utility which will be consumed by moderately non-technical users and which needs to interface w/ some protobufs. ideally, i would like the only prerequisites to using this on a local machine to be: have python installed * have an SVN checkout of the repository * run a simple bash script to build the local proto .py definitions * run "python myutility" i'm running into trouble around importing descriptor_pb2.py, tho. i've seen Why do I see "cannot import name descriptor_pb2" error when using Google Protocol Buffers? , but would like to avoid adding the additional prerequisite of having run the proto SDK installer. i've modified the bash script to also generate descriptor_pb2.py in the local heirarchy, which works for the first level of imports from my other _pb2.py files, but it looks like descriptor_pb2.py itself tries to import descriptor_pb2 can't find it: $ python myutility.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "myutility.py", line 4, in <module> import protos.myProto_pb2 File "/myPath/protos/myProto_pb2.py", line 8, in <module> from google.protobuf import descriptor_pb2 File "/myPath/google/protobuf/descriptor_pb2.py", line 8, in <module> from google.protobuf import descriptor_pb2 ImportError: cannot import name descriptor_pb2 my local folder looks like: * myutility.py * google/ * protobuf/ * descriptor.py * descriptor_pb2.py * protos * myProto_ob2.py also, i'm a python n00b, so it's possible i'm overlooking something obvious. tia, orion

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• How can I determine if a cube is adjacent to another cube, and optimize its buffers if so?

  - by Christian Frantz

  I'm trying to optimize the rendering of a collection of cubes, (based on an answer I was given to another question I asked). I understand the logic behind occlusion culling, but I'm having trouble with the code. When I create a cube, I want to determine if that cube is touching another existing cube, and if so I don't want to generate the redundant data in my vertex or index buffers. I'm planning on making a method that I call from my cube constructor so that everytime I create a cube, these checks are made, and neither occluded face is ever drawn. How would I go about this?

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• Possible / How to render to multiple back buffers, using one as a shader resource when rendering to the other, and vice versa?

  - by Raptormeat

  I'm making a game in Direct3D10. For several of my rendering passes, I need to change the behavior of the pass depending on what is already rendered on the back buffer. (For example, I'd like to do some custom blending- when the destination color is dark, do one thing; when it is light, do another). It looks like I'll need to create multiple render targets and render back and forth between them. What's the best way to do this? Create my own render textures, use them, and then copy the final result into the back buffer. Create multiple back buffers, render between them, and then present the last one that was rendered to. Create one render texture, and one back buffer, render between them, and just ensure that the back buffer is the final target rendered to I'm not sure which of these is possible, and if there are any performance issues that aren't obvious. Clearly my preference would be to have 2 rather than 3 default render targets, if possible.

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• Why isn't one of the constant buffers being loaded inside the shader?

  - by Paul Ske

  I however got the model to load under tessellation; only problem is that one of the constant buffers aren't actually updating the shader's tessellation factor inside the hullshader. I created a messagebox at the rendering point so I know for sure the tessellation factor is assigned to the dynamic constant buffer. Inside the shader code where it says .Edges[1] = tessellationAmount; the tessellationAmount is suppose to be sent from the dynamic buffer to the shader. Otherwise it's just a plain box. In better explanation; there's a matrixBuffer, cameraBuffer, TessellationBuffer for constant. There's a multiBuffer array that assigns the matrix, camera, tesselation. So, when I set the Hull Shader, PixelShader, VertexShader, DomainShader it gets assigned by the multibuffer. E.G. devcon-HSSetConstantBuffers(0,3,multibuffer); The only way around the whole ideal would be to go in the shader and change how much the edges tessellate and inside the edges as well with the same number. My question is why wouldn't the tessellationBuffer not work in the shader?

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• How do I use Google protobuf to communicate over a serial port?

  - by rob

  I'm working on a project that uses RXTX and protobuf to communicate with an application on a development board and I've been running into issues which implies that I'm likely doing things the wrong way. Here's what I currently have for writing the request to the board (the read code is similar): public void write(CableCommandRequest request, OutputStream out) { CodedOutputStream outStream = CodedOutputStream.newInstance(out); request.writeTo(outStreatm); outStream.flush(); } The OutputStream that is used is prepared by RXTX and the development board seems to indicate that data is being received, but it is getting garbled or is otherwise not being understood. There seems to be little documentation on using protobuf over a serial connection so I'm assuming that passing the OutputStream should be sufficient. Is this in fact correct, or is this the wrong way of sending the response over the serial connection?

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• How do I get google protocol buffer messages over a socket connection without disconnecting the clie

  - by Dan

  Hi there, I'm attempting to send a .proto message from an iPhone application to a Java server via a socket connection. However so far I'm running into an issue when it comes to the server receiving the data; it only seems to process it after the client connection has been terminated. This points to me that the data is getting sent, but the server is keeping its inputstream open and waiting for more data. Would anyone know how I might go about solving this? The current code (or at least the relevant parts) is as follows: iPhone: Person *person = [[[[Person builder] setId:1] setName:@"Bob"] build]; RequestWrapper *request = [[[RequestWrapper builder] setPerson:person] build]; NSData *data = [request data]; AsyncSocket *socket = [[AsyncSocket alloc] initWithDelegate:self]; if (![socket connectToHost:@"192.168.0.6" onPort:6666 error:nil]){ [self updateLabel:@"Problem connecting to socket!"]; } else { [self updateLabel:@"Sending data to server..."]; [socket writeData:data withTimeout:-1 tag:0]; [self updateLabel:@"Data sent, disconnecting"]; //[socket disconnect]; } Java: try { RequestWrapper wrapper = RequestWrapper.parseFrom(socket.getInputStream()); Person person = wrapper.getPerson(); if (person != null) { System.out.println("Persons name is " + person.getName()); socket.close(); } On running this, it seems to hang on the line where the RequestWrapper is processing the inputStream. I did try replacing the socket writedata method with [request writeToOutputStream:[socket getCFWriteStream]]; Which I thought might work, however I get an error claiming that the "Protocol message contained an invalid tag (zero)". I'm fairly certain that it doesn't contain an invalid tag as the message works when sending it via the writedata method. Any help on the matter would be greatly appreciated! Cheers! Dan (EDIT: I should mention, I am using the metasyntactic gpb code; and the cocoaasyncsocket implementation)

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• Are there any Tutorials for Protobuf-net?

  - by AKRamkumar

  I have been reading about protobuf-net and it is amazing! Are there any tutorials that I could use? (More specifically for Dictionary<TKey,TValue> and contracts for generics) Are there any tips associated with it? Could I simply plug it into my current codebase or are there any changes I need to do?

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• how to serialize / deserialize classes defined in .proto (protobuf)

  - by make

  Hi, Could someone please help me with serialization/deserialization classes defined in .proto (protobuf). here is an exp that I am trying to build: file.proto message Data{ required string x1 = 1; required uint32 x2 = 2; required float x3 = 3; } message DataExge { repeated Data data = 1; } client.cpp ... void serialize(const DataExge &data_snd){ try { ofstream ofs("DataExge"); data_snd.SerializeToOstream(&ofs); } catch(exception &e) { cerr << "serialize/exception: " << e.what() << endl; exit(1); } } void deserialize(DataExge &data_rec){ try { ifstream ifs("DataExge"); data_rec.ParseFromIstream(&ifs); } catch(exception& e) { cerr << "deserialize/exception: " << e.what() << endl; exit(1); } } int main(){ ... DataExge dataexge; Data *dat = dataexge.add_data(); char *y1 = "operation1"; uint32_t y2 = 123 ; float y3 = 3.14; // assigning data to send() dat->set_set_x1(y1); dat->set_set_x2(y2); dat->set_set_x3(y3); //sending data to the client serialize(dataexge); if (send(socket, &dataexge, sizeof(dataexge), 0) < 0) { cerr << "send() failed" ; exit(1); } //receiving data from the server deserialize(dataexge); if (recv(socket, &dataexge, sizeof(dataexge), 0) < 0) { cerr << "recv() failed"; exit(1); } //printing received data cout << dat->x1() << "\n"; cout << dat->x2() << "\n"; cout << dat->x3() << "\n"; ... } server.cpp ... void serialize(const DataExge &data_snd){ try { ofstream ofs("DataExge"); data_snd.SerializeToOstream(&ofs); } catch(exception &e) { cerr << "serialize/exception: " << e.what() << endl; exit(1); } } void deserialize(DataExge &data_rec){ try { ifstream ifs("DataExge"); data_rec.ParseFromIstream(&ifs); } catch(exception& e) { cerr << "deserialize/exception: " << e.what() << endl; exit(1); } } int main(){ ... DataExge dataexge; Data *dat = dataexge.add_data(); //receiving data from the client deserialize(dataexge); if (recv(socket, &dataexge, sizeof(dataexge), 0) < 0) { cerr << "recv() failed"; exit(1); } //printing received data cout << dat->x1() << "\n"; cout << dat->x2() << "\n"; cout << dat->x3() << "\n"; // assigning data to send() dat->set_set_x1("operation2"); dat->set_set_x2(dat->x2() + 1); dat->set_set_x3(dat->x3() + 1.1); //sending data to the client serialize(dataexge); //error// I am getting error at this line ... if (send(socket, &dataexge, sizeof(dataexge), 0) < 0) { cerr << "send() failed" ; exit(1); } ... } Thanks for your help and replies -

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• How do I read binary C++ protobuf data using Python protobuf?

  - by nbolton

  The Python version of Google protobuf gives us only: SerializeAsString() Where as the C++ version gives us both: SerializeToArray(...) SerializeAsString() We're writing to our C++ file in binary format, and we'd like to keep it this way. That said, is there a way of reading the binary data into Python and parsing it as if it were a string? Is this the correct way of doing it? binary = get_binary_data() binary_size = get_binary_size() string = None for i in range(len(binary_size)): string += i message = new MyMessage() message.ParseFromString(string) Update: Here's a new example, and a problem: message_length = 512 file = open('foobars.bin', 'rb') eof = False while not eof: data = file.read(message_length) eof = not data if not eof: foo_bar = FooBar() foo_bar.ParseFromString(data) When we get to the foo_bar.ParseFromString(data) line, I get this error: Exception Type: DecodeError Exception Value: Too many bytes when decoding varint. Update 2: It turns out, that the padding on the binary data was throwing protobuf off; too many bytes were being sent in, as the message suggests (in this case it was referring to the padding). This padding comes from using the C++ protobuf function, SerializeToArray on a fixed-length buffer. To eliminate this, I have used this temproary code: message_length = 512 file = open('foobars.bin', 'rb') eof = False while not eof: data = file.read(message_length) eof = not data string = '' for i in range(0, len(data)): byte = data[i] if byte != '\xcc': # yuck! string += data[i] if not eof: foo_bar = FooBar() foo_bar.ParseFromString(string) There is a design flaw here I think. I will re-implement my C++ code so that it writes variable length arrays to the binary file. As advised by the protobuf documentation, I will prefix each message with it's binary size so that I know how much to read when I'm opening the file with Python.

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• Is it safe to convert a mysqlpp::sql_blob to a std::string?

  - by Runcible

  I'm grabbing some binary data out of my MySQL database. It comes out as a mysqlpp::sql_blob type. It just so happens that this BLOB is a serialized Google Protobuf. I need to de-serialize it so that I can access it normally. This gives a compile error, since ParseFromString() is not intended for mysqlpp:sql_blob types: protobuf.ParseFromString( record.data ); However, if I force the cast, it compiles OK: protobuf.ParseFromString( (std::string) record.data ); Is this safe? I'm particularly worried because of this snippet from the mysqlpp documentation: "Because C++ strings handle binary data just fine, you might think you can use std::string instead of sql_blob, but the current design of String converts to std::string via a C string. As a result, the BLOB data is truncated at the first embedded null character during population of the SSQLS. There’s no way to fix that without completely redesigning either String or the SSQLS mechanism." Thanks for your assistance!

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• What's the .proto equivalent of List<T> in protobuf-net?

  - by Marc Bollinger

  To keep some consistency, we use code generation for a lot of our object models, and one of the offshoots of that has been generating the .proto files for ProtocolBuffers via a separate generation module. At this point though, I'm stumped at how to implement the generation for when it happens upon a List<T> object. It looks like this is possible via contracts: [ProtoMember(1)] public List<SomeType> MyList {get; set;} but outside of that, I'm not sure how or if it's possible to do this only from creating the .proto file/using the VS custom tool. Any thoughts?

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• Why isn't Hadoop implemented using MPI?

  - by artif

  Correct me if I'm wrong, but my understanding is that Hadoop does not use MPI for communication between different nodes. What are the technical reasons for this? I could hazard a few guesses, but I do not know enough of how MPI is implemented "under the hood" to know whether or not I'm right. Come to think of it, I'm not entirely familiar with Hadoop's internals either. I understand the framework at a conceptual level (map/combine/shuffle/reduce and how that works at a high level) but I don't know the nitty gritty implementation details. I've always assumed Hadoop was transmitting serialized data structures (perhaps GPBs) over a TCP connection, eg during the shuffle phase. Let me know if that's not true.

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• RPC for java/python with rest support, HTML monitoring and goodies

  - by Ran

  Here's my set of requirements: I'm looking for an RPC framework such as thrift, avro, protobuf (when adding services to it) which supports: Easy and intuitive IDL. No serial numbers, no manual versioning, simple... avro is a good example for this. Works with Java and Python Supports both fast binary prorocol, as well as HTTP based restful style. I'd like to be able to use it for both backend-to-backend communication (java-java or python-java) as well as frontend-to-backend communication (javascript to java). The rest support needs to include &param=value input as get/post requests (configurable per request) and output in three possible formats: json, jsonp, XML. Compact, fast, backward compatible, easy to upgrade etc... Provides some nice monitoring interfaces such as: JMX, web page status reports (e.g. packets in, packets out, error rate etc) Ops friendly... no need to take the whole site down to release new versions Both sync and asyc communication ... other goodies are welcome... Is there something out there? So far I've looked at thrift and avro and they are both nice in some ways, but don't check all my list. Thanks

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• ProtoInclude for fields ?

  - by Big

  I have a simple object [ProtoContract] public class DataChangedEventArgs<T> : EventArgs { private readonly object key; private readonly T data; private readonly DataChangeType changeType; ///<summary> /// Key to identify the data item ///</summary> public object Key { get { return key; } } [ProtoMember(2, IsRequired = true)] public T Data { get { return data; } } [ProtoMember(3, IsRequired = true)] public DataChangeType ChangeType { get { return changeType; } } and I have a problem with the key. Its type is object, but it can be either int, long or string. I would intuitively use a ProtoInclude attribute to say "expect these types" but unfortunately they are class only attribute. Does anybody has any idea how I could work around this ? For background, the public object Key is here for historical reasons (and all over the place) so I would very much like to avoid the mother of all refactorings ;-) Any chance I could get this to Serialize, even force it to Serialize as a string ?

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• Efficiently sending protocol buffer messages with http on an android platform

  - by Ben Griffiths

  I'm trying to send messages generated by Google Protocol Buffer code via a simple HTTP scheme to a server. What I have currently have implemented is here (forgive the obvious incompletion...): HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient(); String url = "http://192.168.1.69:8888/sdroidmarshal"; HttpPost postRequest = new HttpPost(url); String proto = offers.build().toString(); List<NameValuePair> nameValuePairs = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>(1); nameValuePairs.add(new BasicNameValuePair("sdroidmsg", proto)); postRequest.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(nameValuePairs)); try { ResponseHandler<String> responseHandler = new BasicResponseHandler(); String responseBody = client.execute(postRequest, responseHandler); } catch (Throwable t) { } I'm not that experienced with communications over the internet and no more so with HTTP - while I do understand the basics... So my question, before I blindly develop the rest of the application around this, is whether or not this is particularly efficient? I ideally would like to keep messages small and I assume toString() adds some unnecessary formatting.

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• Protocol buffer deserialization and a dynamically loaded DLL in Compact Framework

  - by cloudraven

  I saw a question related to this on the full framework here. Since it seems to have stayed unresolved for quite a while and this is for the compact framework, I though it would be better to create a new question for it. I want to deserialize types for which I am loading assemblies dynamically (with Assembly.LoadFrom) and I am getting a "Unable to identify known-type for ProtoIncludeAttribute" error. In the related question I mentioned, it was hinted that hooking AppDomain.AssemblyResolve event would help solving the problem. It makes sense for the full framework, but that event is not available in the CF. I wonder if there is a way to do this with CF. The structures I am using look a lot like this and all the classes required for deserialization are loaded from the same Assembly. If the assembly is referenced instead of dynamically loaded it works fine, but fails if done dynamically.

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• How can I send multiple types of objects across Protobuf?

  - by cyclotis04

  I'm implementing a client-server application, and am looking into various ways to serialize and transmit data. I began working with Xml Serializers, which worked rather well, but generate data slowly, and make large objects, especially when they need to be sent over the net. So I started looking into Protobuf, and protobuf-net. My problem lies in the fact that protobuf doesn't sent type information with it. With Xml Serializers, I was able to build a wrapper which would send and receive any various (serializable) object over the same stream, since object serialized into Xml contain the type name of the object. ObjectSocket socket = new ObjectSocket(); socket.AddTypeHandler(typeof(string)); // Tells the socket the types socket.AddTypeHandler(typeof(int)); // of objects we will want socket.AddTypeHandler(typeof(bool)); // to send and receive. socket.AddTypeHandler(typeof(Person)); // When it gets data, it looks for socket.AddTypeHandler(typeof(Address)); // these types in the Xml, then uses // the appropriate serializer. socket.Connect(_host, _port); socket.Send(new Person() { ... }); socket.Send(new Address() { ... }); ... Object o = socket.Read(); Type oType = o.GetType(); if (oType == typeof(Person)) HandlePerson(o as Person); else if (oType == typeof(Address)) HandleAddress(o as Address); ... I've considered a few solutions to this, including creating a master "state" type class, which is the only type of object sent over my socket. This moves away from the functionality I've worked out with Xml Serializers, though, so I'd like to avoid that direction. The second option would be to wrap protobuf objects in some type of wrapper, which defines the type of object. (This wrapper would also include information such as packet ID, and destination.) It seems silly to use protobuf-net to serialize an object, then stick that stream between Xml tags, but I've considered it. Is there an easy way to get this functionality out of protobuf or protobuf-net? I've come up with a third solution, and posted it below, but if you have a better one, please post it too!

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• Apache thrift, struct contain itself

  - by mamu

  I am looking into thrift for serialization of data. But Document says cyclic structs - Structs can only contain structs that have been declared before it. A struct also cannot contain itself One of our requirement is Struct A List of Child items Items(Items are Struct A ) So reading requirement i can't have Struct within itself at any level? can i have it in cyclic model as i have it above. Struct is not member of Struct directly but it has some other member and it contains struct. Their document is not so well descriptive. Is it possible in Thrift? Does protobuf supports it?

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• Should I use a binary or a text file for storing protobuf messages?

  - by nbolton

  Using Google protobuf, I am saving my serialized messaged data to a file - in each file there are several messages. We have both C++ and Python versions of the code, so I need to use protobuf functions that are available in both languages. I have experimented with using SerializeToArray and SerializeAsString and there seems to be the following unfortunate conditions: SerializeToArray: As suggested in one answer, the best way to use this is to prefix each message with it's data size. This would work great for C++, but in Python it doesn't look like this is possible - am I wrong? SerializeAsString: This generates a serialized string equivalent to it's binary counterpart - which I can save to a file, but what happens if one of the characters in the serialization result is \n - how do we find line endings, or the ending of messages for that matter? Update: Please allow me to rephrase slightly. As I understand it, I cannot write binary data in C++ because then our Python application cannot read the data, since it can only parse string serialized messages. Should I then instead use SerializeAsString in both C++ and Python? If yes, then is it best practice to store such data in a text file rather than a binary file? My gut feeling is binary, but as you can see this doesn't look like an option.

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• How to get structure of a Google Protobuf message without the definition

  - by dqminh

  I have to get the message structure of a protobuf message transfered to me without the message's definition. Using UnknownFieldSet methods, I was able to get a string representation of the message as below: 1: "a" 2: { 3:"b" 4:"c" } What data structure does field 2 represent ? Using UnknownFieldSet.Field.getGroupList i was able to get the content of field 3 and 4, does that means field 2 has the "deprecated" group structure ?

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• Best of both worlds: arrow keys for cursor movement or flipping through buffers.

  - by dreeves

  I really like this vim trick to use the left and right arrows to flip between buffers: "left/right arrows to switch buffers in normal mode map <right> :bn<cr> map <left> :bp<cr> (Put that in ~/.vimrc) But sometimes I'm munching on a sandwich or something when scrolling around a file and I really want the arrow keys to work normally. I think what would make most sense is for the arrow keys to have the above buffer-flipping functionality only if there are actually multiple buffers open. Is there a way to extend the above to accomplish that?

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• How to see the memory usage of NIO buffers?

  - by festerwim

  Is there a way to see the memory usage of NIO buffers? There is the non-heap memory section in JConsole, but I do not think this includes the NIO buffers? Operating system is Linux (Ubuntu or CentOS) if that would matter. regards, Wim

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• How to make a JBoss service to handle Protocol Buffers directly?

  - by mlaverd

  Hello everyone, I'm interested in building a JBoss service. Because I'm reusing some existing code, the service must be able to talk SSL/TLS and Protocol Buffers. The documentation I see on the JBoss wiki makes it look like services have their transport and data interpretation handled by JBoss itself. Is it really the case? How could I implement this requirement?

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