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• Starting point for a simple game written in action script [closed]

  - by Hossein

  Possible Duplicate: AS3/Flash Game Dev: Looking for good & current step by step. Hi, I want to develop a simple game like: http://www.albinoblacksheep.com/games/falldown2 And then making it a bit more fancy. But I don't know where to start. I have already started AS3 so I know about the syntax and stuff, but I am kinda lost. Does anyone knows of a nice starting point or a tutorial that can help me with this? Thanks

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• Breakout clone, how to handle/design for collision detection/physics between objects?

  - by Zolomon

  I'm working on a breakout clone, and I wish to create some realistic physics effects for collision - angles on the paddle should allow the ball to bounce, as well as doing curve balls etc. I could use per-pixel based collision detection, but then I thought it might be easier with line/circle intersection testing. So, then I naturally consider making a polygon class for the line-based objects and use the built-in circle class for the circular objects. That sounds like an OK approach, right? And then just check for collision using the specified algorithm based on the objects that might be within each other's range?

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• Tiled/TMX C++ Library/Parser

  - by Ben

  Where can I find an easy to use and up to date C++ parser/library for the .tmx map format (used by the Tiled Map Editor) ? EDIT: David's comment, 'Unless you want to build your game around the format of the parser..', got me thinking... So I have downloaded pugixml, which is an easy to use xml-parser with very straightforward documentation. Together with the spec for the TMX Map Format, I think I'll give it a try myself. I'll probably compare with Cocos2d-x's CCTMXTiledMap at some point.

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• Terrain sqaure loading

  - by AndroidXTr3meN

  Games like Skyrim, Morrowind, and more are using quads or sqaure to divide the terrain if im correct. The player is always at #5 1 | 2 | 3 4 | 5 | 6 7 | 8 | 9 So whenever you cross the border you unload and load the new "areas" But if the user goes just over the edge and then the second after goes back previous area a lot of uneccessary loading and unloading is done. Is there a general approach to this becuase I dont think games like skyrim have this issue? Cheers!

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• Pixel alignment algorithm

  - by user42325

  I have a set of square blocks, I want to draw them in a window. I am sure the coordinates calculation is correct. But on the screen, some squares' edge overlap with other, some are not. I remember the problem is caused by accuracy of pixels. I remember there's a specific topic related to this kind of problem in 2D image rendering. But I don't remember what exactly it is, and how to solve it. Look at this screenshot. Each block should have a fixed width margin. But in the image, the vertical white line have different width.Though, the horizontal lines looks fine.

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• Most efficient way to implement delta time

  - by Starkers

  Here's one way to implement delta time: /// init /// var duration = 5000, currentTime = Date.now(); // and create cube, scene, camera ect ////// function animate() { /// determine delta /// var now = Date.now(), deltat = now - currentTime, currentTime = now, scalar = deltat / duration, angle = (Math.PI * 2) * scalar; ////// /// animate /// cube.rotation.y += angle; ////// /// update /// requestAnimationFrame(render); ////// } Could someone confirm I know how it works? Here what I think is going on: Firstly, we set duration at 5000, which how long the loop will take to complete in an ideal world. With a computer that is slow/busy, let's say the animation loop takes twice as long as it should, so 10000: When this happens, the scalar is set to 2.0: scalar = deltat / duration scalar = 10000 / 5000 scalar = 2.0 We now times all animation by twice as much: angle = (Math.PI * 2) * scalar; angle = (Math.PI * 2) * 2.0; angle = (Math.PI * 4) // which is 2 rotations When we do this, the cube rotation will appear to 'jump', but this is good because the animation remains real-time. With a computer that is going too quickly, let's say the animation loop takes half as long as it should, so 2500: When this happens, the scalar is set to 0.5: scalar = deltat / duration scalar = 2500 / 5000 scalar = 0.5 We now times all animation by a half: angle = (Math.PI * 2) * scalar; angle = (Math.PI * 2) * 0.5; angle = (Math.PI * 1) // which is half a rotation When we do this, the cube won't jump at all, and the animation remains real time, and doesn't speed up. However, would I be right in thinking this doesn't alter how hard the computer is working? I mean it still goes through the loop as fast as it can, and it still has render the whole scene, just with different smaller angles! So this a bad way to implement delta time, right? Now let's pretend the computer is taking exactly as long as it should, so 5000: When this happens, the scalar is set to 1.0: angle = (Math.PI * 2) * scalar; angle = (Math.PI * 2) * 1; angle = (Math.PI * 2) // which is 1 rotation When we do this, everything is timsed by 1, so nothing is changed. We'd get the same result if we weren't using delta time at all! My questions are as follows Mostly importantly, have I got the right end of the stick here? How do we know to set the duration to 5000 ? Or can it be any number? I'm a bit vague about the "computer going too quickly". Is there a way loop less often rather than reduce the animation steps? Seems like a better idea. Using this method, do all of our animations need to be timesed by the scalar? Do we have to hunt down every last one and times it? Is this the best way to implement delta time? I think not, due to the fact the computer can go nuts and all we do is divide each animation step and because we need to hunt down every step and times it by the scalar. Not a very nice DSL, as it were. So what is the best way to implement delta time? Below is one way that I do not really get but may be a better way to implement delta time. Could someone explain please? // Globals INV_MAX_FPS = 1 / 60; frameDelta = 0; clock = new THREE.Clock(); // In the animation loop (the requestAnimationFrame callback)… frameDelta += clock.getDelta(); // API: "Get the seconds passed since the last call to this method." while (frameDelta >= INV_MAX_FPS) { update(INV_MAX_FPS); // calculate physics frameDelta -= INV_MAX_FPS; } How I think this works: Firstly we set INV_MAX_FPS to 0.01666666666 How we will use this number number does not jump out at me. We then intialize a frameDelta which stores how long the last loop took to run. Come the first loop frameDelta is not greater than INV_MAX_FPS so the loop is not run (0 = 0.01666666666). So nothing happens. Now I really don't know what would cause this to happen, but let's pretend that the loop we just went through took 2 seconds to complete: We set frameDelta to 2: frameDelta += clock.getDelta(); frameDelta += 2.00 Now we run an animation thanks to update(0.01666666666). Again what is relevance of 0.01666666666?? And then we take away 0.01666666666 from the frameDelta: frameDelta -= INV_MAX_FPS; frameDelta = frameDelta - INV_MAX_FPS; frameDelta = 2 - 0.01666666666 frameDelta = 1.98333333334 So let's go into the second loop. Let's say it took 2(? Why not 2? Or 12? I am a bit confused): frameDelta += clock.getDelta(); frameDelta = frameDelta + clock.getDelta(); frameDelta = 1.98333333334 + 2 frameDelta = 3.98333333334 This time we enter the while loop because 3.98333333334 = 0.01666666666 We run update We take away 0.01666666666 from frameDelta again: frameDelta -= INV_MAX_FPS; frameDelta = frameDelta - INV_MAX_FPS; frameDelta = 3.98333333334 - 0.01666666666 frameDelta = 3.96666666668 Now let's pretend the loop is super quick and runs in just 0.1 seconds and continues to do this. (Because the computer isn't busy any more). Basically, the update function will be run, and every loop we take away 0.01666666666 from the frameDelta untill the frameDelta is less than 0.01666666666. And then nothing happens until the computer runs slowly again? Could someone shed some light please? Does the update() update the scalar or something like that and we still have to times everything by the scalar like in the first example?

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• What methods should save/load a game state

  - by vedi

  There are a lot of articles about how to save a state of a game and they are pretty good. But I have one conceptual misunderstanding where should I save the state? My game has number of screens and pair of them are MainMenuScreen and MainSceneScreen these are inherited from Screen class. MainMenuScreen is shown at start of the game the MainSceneScreen little later. What is the problem? I navigated to MainSceneScreen, forced Android to stop the application (I change a language settings on the device to achieve it, please let me know if I'm wrong). After that I select the application again and I can see MainMenuScreen is shown. But I want MainSceneScreen to be shown. I suppose I should override resume method. But what class I should override? I have class PsGame that extends Game class of libgdx. I put breakpoints to its resume method and it turned out that method was not called. I investigated the problem and I've found little strange code in onResume method of AndroidApplication class of libgdx: if (!firstResume) graphics.resume(); else firstResume = false; My debugger said firstResume was true and didn't go to *graphics.resume()*line. Sorry for a lot of words but could you answer following question: What did I do wrong? What methods should I override? Thank you in advance.

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• How can I apply different actions to different parts of a 2D character?

  - by Praveen Sharath

  I am developing a 2D platform game in Java. The player has a gun in his hand every time. He needs to walk and shoot with the gun(arrow keys for walk and X key to shoot). The walk cycle takes 6 frames and i am able to import the sprite sheet and animate the sequence when I press arrow key. But i need to add the gun motion. The player holds the gun upwards and when X key is pressed he brings it straight and shoots. How to implement the walk + shoot action?

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• How do I determine the draw order in an isometric view flash game?

  - by Gajet

  This is for a flash game, with isometric view. I need to know how to sort object so that there is no need for z-buffer checking when drawing. This might seem easy but there is another restriction, a scene can have 10,000+ objects so the algorithm needs to be run in less than O(n^2). All objects are rectangular boxes, and there are 3-4 objects moving in the scene. What's the best way to do this? UPDATE in each tile there is only object (I mean objects can stack on top of each other). and we access to both map of Objects and Objects have their own position.

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• How to prevent multiple playing sounds from destroying your hearing?

  - by Rookie

  The problem is that when I play 100 sounds almost at same time, all I hear is noise. It's not very attractive to listen it for 30 minutes straight. I tried to fix this by allowing only 1 sound of each sound type to be played at once. But it still sounds really ugly; eventually my brain keeps hearing only the very end of the shot sounds (or the start of it?), and that gets on my nerves really quickly. Eventually I would just decide to turn off the sounds completely. So is there any point of using sounds in a game like this at all? How does our dear reality handle this problem? If there is a war out there, how does it sound when hundred of men shoot almost at the same times? Edit: Here is how the game sounds currently; there isn't even 100 sounds playing at once, maybe 20? http://www.speedyshare.com/VTBDw/headache.mp3 At the beginning it sounds OK, but then it becomes unbearable! In that audio clip there is allowed only 1 sound to be played at once, so it will stop the previous playing sound when new sound is played. Edit2: And here is same headache but 32 simultaneous sounds allowed to be played at same time: http://www.speedyshare.com/TuWAR/headache-worse.mp3 Quite a torture, eh?

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• How AlphaBlend Blendstate works in XNA when accumulighting light into a RenderTarget?

  - by cubrman

  I am using a Deferred Rendering engine from Catalin Zima's tutorial: His lighting shader returns the color of the light in the rgb channels and the specular component in the alpha channel. Here is how light gets accumulated: Game.GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(LightRT); Game.GraphicsDevice.Clear(Color.Transparent); Game.GraphicsDevice.BlendState = BlendState.AlphaBlend; // Continuously draw 3d spheres with lighting pixel shader. ... Game.GraphicsDevice.BlendState = BlendState.Opaque; MSDN states that AlphaBlend field of the BlendState class uses the next formula for alphablending: (source × Blend.SourceAlpha) + (destination × Blend.InvSourceAlpha), where "source" is the color of the pixel returned by the shader and "destination" is the color of the pixel in the rendertarget. My question is why do my colors are accumulated correctly in the Light rendertarget even when the new pixels' alphas equal zero? As a quick sanity check I ran the following code in the light's pixel shader: float specularLight = 0; float4 light4 = attenuation * lightIntensity * float4(diffuseLight.rgb,specularLight); if (light4.a == 0) light4 = 0; return light4; This prevents lighting from getting accumulated and, subsequently, drawn on the screen. But when I do the following: float specularLight = 0; float4 light4 = attenuation * lightIntensity * float4(diffuseLight.rgb,specularLight); return light4; The light is accumulated and drawn exactly where it needs to be. What am I missing? According to the formula above: (source x 0) + (destination x 1) should equal destination, so the "LightRT" rendertarget must not change when I draw light spheres into it! It feels like the GPU is using the Additive blend instead: (source × Blend.One) + (destination × Blend.One)

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• Adding sub-entities to existing entities. Should it be done in the Entity and Component classes?

  - by Coyote

  I'm in a situation where a player can be given the control of small parts of an entity (i.e. Left missile battery). Therefore I started implementing sub entities as follow. Entities are Objects with 3 arrays: pointers to components pointers to sub entities communication subscribers (temporary implementation) Now when an entity is built it has a few components as you might expect and also I can attach sub entities which are handled with some dedicated code in the Entity and Component classes. I noticed sub entities are sharing data in 3 parts: position: the sub entities are using the parent's position and their own as an offset. scrips: sub entities are draining ammo and energy from the parent. physics: sub entities add weight to the parent I made this to quickly go forward, but as I'm slowly fixing current implementations I wonder if this wasn't a mistake. Is my current implementation something commonly done? Will this implementation put me in a corner? I thought it might be a better thing to create some sort of SubEntityComponent where sub entities are attached and handled. But before changing anything I wanted to seek the community's wisdom.

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• SDL_BlitSurface segmentation fault (surfaces aren't null)

  - by Trollkemada

  My app is crashing on SDL_BlitSurface() and i can't figure out why. I think it has something to do with my static object. If you read the code you'll why I think so. This happens when the limits of the map are reached, i.e. (iwidth || jheight). This is the code: Map.cpp (this render) Tile const * Map::getTyle(int i, int j) const { if (i >= 0 && j >= 0 && i < width && j < height) { return data[i][j]; } else { return &Tile::ERROR_TYLE; // This makes SDL_BlitSurface (called later) crash //return new Tile(TileType::ERROR); // This works with not problem (but is memory leak, of course) } } void Map::render(int x, int y, int width, int height) const { //DEBUG("(Rendering...) x: "<<x<<", y: "<<y<<", width: "<<width<<", height: "<<height); int firstI = x / TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE; int firstJ = y / TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE; int lastI = (x+width) / TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE; int lastJ = (y+height) / TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE; // The previous integer division rounds down when dealing with positive values, but it rounds up // negative values. This is a fix for that (We need those values always rounded down) if (firstI < 0) { firstI--; } if (firstJ < 0) { firstJ--; } const int firstX = x; const int firstY = y; SDL_Rect srcRect; SDL_Rect dstRect; for (int i=firstI; i <= lastI; i++) { for (int j=firstJ; j <= lastJ; j++) { if (i*TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE < x) { srcRect.x = x % TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE; srcRect.w = TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE - (x % TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE); dstRect.x = i*TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE + (x % TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE) - firstX; } else if (i*TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE >= x + width) { srcRect.x = 0; srcRect.w = x % TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE; dstRect.x = i*TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE - firstX; } else { srcRect.x = 0; srcRect.w = TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE; dstRect.x = i*TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE - firstX; } if (j*TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE < y) { srcRect.y = 0; srcRect.h = TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE - (y % TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE); dstRect.y = j*TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE + (y % TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE) - firstY; } else if (j*TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE >= y + height) { srcRect.y = y % TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE; srcRect.h = y % TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE; dstRect.y = j*TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE - firstY; } else { srcRect.y = 0; srcRect.h = TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE; dstRect.y = j*TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE - firstY; } SDL::YtoSDL(dstRect.y, srcRect.h); SDL_BlitSurface(getTyle(i,j)->getType()->getSurface(), &srcRect, SDL::getScreen(), &dstRect); // <-- Crash HERE /*DEBUG("i = "<<i<<", j = "<<j); DEBUG("srcRect.x = "<<srcRect.x<<", srcRect.y = "<<srcRect.y<<", srcRect.w = "<<srcRect.w<<", srcRect.h = "<<srcRect.h); DEBUG("dstRect.x = "<<dstRect.x<<", dstRect.y = "<<dstRect.y);*/ } } } Tile.h #ifndef TILE_H #define TILE_H #include "TileType.h" class Tile { private: TileType const * type; public: static const Tile ERROR_TYLE; Tile(TileType const * t); ~Tile(); TileType const * getType() const; }; #endif Tile.cpp #include "Tile.h" const Tile Tile::ERROR_TYLE(TileType::ERROR); Tile::Tile(TileType const * t) : type(t) {} Tile::~Tile() {} TileType const * Tile::getType() const { return type; } TileType.h #ifndef TILETYPE_H #define TILETYPE_H #include "SDL.h" #include "DEBUG.h" class TileType { protected: TileType(); ~TileType(); public: static const int PIXEL_PER_TILE = 30; static const TileType * ERROR; static const TileType * AIR; static const TileType * SOLID; virtual SDL_Surface * getSurface() const = 0; virtual bool isSolid(int x, int y) const = 0; }; #endif ErrorTyle.h #ifndef ERRORTILE_H #define ERRORTILE_H #include "TileType.h" class ErrorTile : public TileType { friend class TileType; private: ErrorTile(); mutable SDL_Surface * surface; static const char * FILE_PATH; public: SDL_Surface * getSurface() const; bool isSolid(int x, int y) const ; }; #endif ErrorTyle.cpp (The surface can't be loaded when building the object, because it is a static object and SDL_Init() needs to be called first) #include "ErrorTile.h" const char * ErrorTile::FILE_PATH = ("C:\\error.bmp"); ErrorTile::ErrorTile() : TileType(), surface(NULL) {} SDL_Surface * ErrorTile::getSurface() const { if (surface == NULL) { if (SDL::isOn()) { surface = SDL::loadAndOptimice(ErrorTile::FILE_PATH); if (surface->w != TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE || surface->h != TileType::PIXEL_PER_TILE) { WARNING("Bad tile surface size"); } } else { ERROR("Trying to load a surface, but SDL is not on"); } } if (surface == NULL) { // This if doesn't get called, so surface != NULL ERROR("WTF? Can't load surface :\\"); } return surface; } bool ErrorTile::isSolid(int x, int y) const { return true; }

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• Java - Tile engine changing number in array not changing texture

  - by Corey

  I draw my map from a txt file. Would I have to write to the text file to notice the changes I made? Right now it changes the number in the array but the tile texture doesn't change. Do I have to do more than just change the number in the array? public class Tiles { public Image[] tiles = new Image[5]; public int[][] map = new int[64][64]; private Image grass, dirt, fence, mound; private SpriteSheet tileSheet; public int tileWidth = 32; public int tileHeight = 32; Player player = new Player(); public void init() throws IOException, SlickException { tileSheet = new SpriteSheet("assets/tiles.png", tileWidth, tileHeight); grass = tileSheet.getSprite(0, 0); dirt = tileSheet.getSprite(7, 7); fence = tileSheet.getSprite(2, 0); mound = tileSheet.getSprite(2, 6); tiles[0] = grass; tiles[1] = dirt; tiles[2] = fence; tiles[3] = mound; int x=0, y=0; BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("assets/map.dat")); String line; while ((line = in.readLine()) != null) { String[] values = line.split(","); for (String str : values) { int str_int = Integer.parseInt(str); map[x][y]=str_int; //System.out.print(map[x][y] + " "); y=y+1; } //System.out.println(""); x=x+1; y = 0; } in.close(); } public void update(GameContainer gc) { } public void render(GameContainer gc) { for(int x = 0; x < map.length; x++) { for(int y = 0; y < map.length; y ++) { int textureIndex = map[y][x]; Image texture = tiles[textureIndex]; texture.draw(x*tileWidth,y*tileHeight); } } } Mouse picking public void checkDistance(GameContainer gc) { Input input = gc.getInput(); float mouseX = input.getMouseX(); float mouseY = input.getMouseY(); double mousetileX = Math.floor((double)mouseX/tiles.tileWidth); double mousetileY = Math.floor((double)mouseY/tiles.tileHeight); double playertileX = Math.floor(playerX/tiles.tileWidth); double playertileY = Math.floor(playerY/tiles.tileHeight); double lengthX = Math.abs((float)playertileX - mousetileX); double lengthY = Math.abs((float)playertileY - mousetileY); double distance = Math.sqrt((lengthX*lengthX)+(lengthY*lengthY)); if(input.isMousePressed(Input.MOUSE_LEFT_BUTTON) && distance < 4) { System.out.println("Clicked"); if(tiles.map[(int)mousetileX][(int)mousetileY] == 1) { tiles.map[(int)mousetileX][(int)mousetileY] = 0; } } System.out.println(tiles.map[(int)mousetileX][(int)mousetileY]); }

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• How to define type-specific scripts when using a 'type object' programming pattern?

  - by Erik

  I am in the process of creating a game engine written in C++, using the C/C++ SQLite interface to achieve a 'type object' pattern. The process is largely similar to what is outlined here (Thank you Bob Nystrom for the great resource!). I have a generally defined Entity class that when a new object is created, data is taken from a SQLite database and then is pushed back into a pointer vector, which is then iterated through, calling update() for each object. All the ints, floats, strings are loaded in fine, but the script() member of Entity is proving an issue. It's not much fun having a bunch of stationary objects laying around my gameworld. The only solutions I've come up with so far are: Create a monolithic EntityScript class with member functions encompassing all game AI and then calling the corresponding script when iterating through the Entity vector. (Not ideal) Create bindings between C++ and a scripting language. This would seem to get the job done, but it feels like implementing this (given the potential memory overhead) and learning a new language is overkill for a small team (2-3 people) that know the entirety of the existing game engine. Can you suggest any possible alternatives? My ideal situation would be that to add content to the game, one would simply add a script file to the appropriate directory and append the SQLite database with all the object data. All that is required is to have a variety of integers and floats passed between both the engine and the script file.

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• Incorporating XNA into an existing project

  - by Boreal

  My game as-is is using IrrlichtLime, which I'm beginning to dislike because it hides a lot of implementation and makes adding your own implementation incredibly complex. I don't really need the scene manager for anything and the only animation I need is manual (i.e. transforming the bones programmatically). However, I've only ever used XNA in the past as a starting point with the templates. How would I take my current project and add XNA to it?

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• Question on the implementation of my Entity System

  - by miguel.martin

  I am currently creating an Entity System, in C++, it is almost completed (I have all the code there, I just have to add a few things and test it). The only thing is, I can't figure out how to implement some features. This Entity System is based off a bit from the Artemis framework, however it is different. I'm not sure if I'll be able to type this out the way my head processing it. I'm going to basically ask whether I should do something over something else. Okay, now I'll give a little detail on my Entity System itself. Here are the basic classes that my Entity System uses to actually work: Entity - An Id (and some methods to add/remove/get/etc Components) Component - An empty abstract class ComponentManager - Manages ALL components for ALL entities within a Scene EntitySystem - Processes entities with specific components Aspect - The class that is used to help determine what Components an Entity must contain so a specific EntitySystem can process it EntitySystemManager - Manages all EntitySystems within a Scene EntityManager - Manages entities (i.e. holds all Entities, used to determine whether an Entity has been changed, enables/disables them, etc.) EntityFactory - Creates (and destroys) entities and assigns an ID to them Scene - Contains an EntityManager, EntityFactory, EntitySystemManager and ComponentManager. Has functions to update and initialise the scene. Now in order for an EntitySystem to efficiently know when to check if an Entity is valid for processing (so I can add it to a specific EntitySystem), it must recieve a message from the EntityManager (after a call of activate(Entity& e)). Similarly the EntityManager must know when an Entity is destroyed from the EntityFactory in the Scene, and also the ComponentManager must know when an Entity is created AND destroyed. I do have a Listener/Observer pattern implemented at the moment, but with this pattern I may remove a Listener (which is this case is dependent on the method being called). I mainly have this implemented for specific things related to a game, i.e. Teams, Tagging of entities, etc. So... I was thinking maybe I should call a private method (using friend classes) to send out when an Entity has been activated, deleted, etc. i.e. taken from my EntityFactory void EntityFactory::killEntity(Entity& e) { // if the entity doesn't exsist in the entity manager within the scene if(!getScene()->getEntityManager().doesExsist(e)) { return; // go back to the caller! (should throw an exception or something..) } // tell the ComponentManager and the EntityManager that we killed an Entity getScene()->getComponentManager().doOnEntityWillDie(e); getScene()->getEntityManager().doOnEntityWillDie(e); // notify the listners for(Mouth::iterator i = getMouth().begin(); i != getMouth().end(); ++i) { (*i)->onEntityWillDie(*this, e); } _idPool.addId(e.getId()); // add the ID to the pool delete &e; // delete the entity } As you can see on the lines where I am telling the ComponentManager and the EntityManager that an Entity will die, I am calling a method to make sure it handles it appropriately. Now I realise I could do this without calling it explicitly, with the help of that for loop notifying all listener objects connected to the EntityFactory's Mouth (an object used to tell listeners that there's an event), however is this a good idea (good design, or what)? I've gone over the PROS and CONS, I just can't decide what I want to do. Calling Explicitly: PROS Faster? Since these functions are explicitly called, they can't be "removed" CONS Not flexible Bad design? (friend functions) Calling through Listener objects (i.e. ComponentManager/EntityManager inherits from a EntityFactoryListener) PROS More Flexible? Better Design? CONS Slower? (virtual functions) Listeners can be removed, i.e. may be removed and not get called again during the program, which could cause in a crash. P.S. If you wish to view my current source code, I am hosting it on BitBucket.

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• Sprites, Primitives and logic entity as structs

  - by Jeffrey

  I'm wondering would it be considered acceptable: The window class is responsible for drawing data, so it will have a method: Window::draw(const Sprite&); Window::draw(const Rect&); Window::draw(const Triangle&); Window::draw(const Circle&); and all those primitives + sprites would be just public struct. For example Sprite: struct Sprite { float x, y; // center float origin_x, origin_y; float width, height; float rotation; float scaling; GLuint texture; Sprite(float w, float h); Sprite(float w, float h, float a, float b); void useTexture(std::string file); void setOrigin(float a, float b); void move(float a, float b); // relative move void moveTo(float a, float b); // absolute move void rotate(float a); // relative rotation void rotateTo(float a); // absolute rotation void rotationReset(); void scale(float a); // relative scaling void scaleTo(float a); // absolute scaling void scaleReset(); }; So instead of having each primitive to call their draw() function, which is a little bit off topic for their object, I let the Window class handle all the OpenGL stuff and manipulate them as simple objects that will be drawn later on. Is this pattern used? Does it have any cons against it's primitives-draw-themself pattern? Are there any other related patterns?

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• Cocos2d/Cocos2d-x Attaching an arrow (sprite) to another body sprite (person)

  - by Satchmo Brown

  I am trying to set up a simple bow and arrow game. When the arrow hits the enemy body, the arrow's body is deleted and the arrow sprite continues to update, keeping the position correct in relation to the enemy it hit. Picture an arrow sticking into a body and that body still rotating and moving. My problem is that the rotation is completely wrong when the enemy rotates. I know how to do this in 3d with matrix transformation but I can't seem to figure it out in 2d with Cocos. Here is my method. I save offset at which the arrow hit the enemy. Every frame, I make the rotation of the sprite match the rotation of the enemy. Then, I apply the offset I took initially which is where the arrow hit the enemy. When they rotate, they rotate about their respective anchors and I am wondering if I need to set the anchor of the arrow to the center of the sprite. Does anyone know of an easy way to do this. If not, I will try to create an algorithm where the anchor is set to the offset divided by the width and height of the sprite image hopefully giving me the correct anchor values. Then I assume I need to reposition the sprite. Does anyone have a simpler way to do this?

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• how to retain the animated position in opengl es 2.0

  - by Arun AC

  I am doing frame based animation for 300 frames in opengl es 2.0 I want a rectangle to translate by +200 pixels in X axis and also scaled up by double (2 units) in the first 100 frames Then, the animated rectangle has to stay there for the next 100 frames. Then, I want the same animated rectangle to translate by +200 pixels in X axis and also scaled down by half (0.5 units) in the last 100 frames. I am using simple linear interpolation to calculate the delta-animation value for each frame. Pseudo code: The below drawFrame() is executed for 300 times (300 frames) in a loop. float RectMVMatrix[4][4] = {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 }; // identity matrix int totalframes = 300; float translate-delta; // interpolated translation value for each frame float scale-delta; // interpolated scale value for each frame // The usual code for draw is: void drawFrame(int iCurrentFrame) { // mySetIdentity(RectMVMatrix); // comment this line to retain the animated position. mytranslate(RectMVMatrix, translate-delta, X_AXIS); // to translate the mv matrix in x axis by translate-delta value myscale(RectMVMatrix, scale-delta); // to scale the mv matrix by scale-delta value ... // opengl calls glDrawArrays(...); eglswapbuffers(...); } The above code will work fine for first 100 frames. in order to retain the animated rectangle during the frames 101 to 200, i removed the "mySetIdentity(RectMVMatrix);" in the above drawFrame(). Now on entering the drawFrame() for the 2nd frame, the RectMVMatrix will have the animated value of first frame e.g. RectMVMatrix[4][4] = { 1.01, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 };// 2 pixels translation and 1.01 units scaling after first frame This RectMVMatrix is used for mytranslate() in 2nd frame. The translate function will affect the value of "RectMVMatrix[0][0]". Thus translation affects the scaling values also. Eventually output is getting wrong. How to retain the animated position without affecting the current ModelView matrix? =========================================== I got the solution... Thanks to Sergio. I created separate matrices for translation and scaling. e.g.CurrentTranslateMatrix[4][4], CurrentScaleMatrix[4][4]. Then for every frame, I reset 'CurrentTranslateMatrix' to identity and call mytranslate( CurrentTranslateMatrix, translate-delta, X_AXIS) function. I reset 'CurrentScaleMatrix' to identity and call myscale(CurrentScaleMatrix, scale-delta) function. Then, I multiplied these 'CurrentTranslateMatrix' and 'CurrentScaleMatrix' to get the final 'RectMVMatrix' Matrix for the frame. Pseudo Code: float RectMVMatrix[4][4] = {0}; float CurrentTranslateMatrix[4][4] = {0}; float CurrentScaleMatrix[4][4] = {0}; int iTotalFrames = 300; int iAnimationFrames = 100; int iTranslate_X = 200.0f; // in pixels float fScale_X = 2.0f; float scaleDelta; float translateDelta_X; void DrawRect(int iTotalFrames) { mySetIdentity(RectMVMatrix); for (int i = 0; i< iTotalFrames; i++) { DrawFrame(int iCurrentFrame); } } void getInterpolatedValue(int iStartFrame, int iEndFrame, int iTotalFrame, int iCurrentFrame, float *scaleDelta, float *translateDelta_X) { float fDelta = float ( (iCurrentFrame - iStartFrame) / (iEndFrame - iStartFrame)) float fStartX = 0.0f; float fEndX = ConvertPixelsToOpenGLUnit(iTranslate_X); *translateDelta_X = fStartX + fDelta * (fEndX - fStartX); float fStartScaleX = 1.0f; float fEndScaleX = fScale_X; *scaleDelta = fStartScaleX + fDelta * (fEndScaleX - fStartScaleX); } void DrawFrame(int iCurrentFrame) { getInterpolatedValue(0, iAnimationFrames, iTotalFrames, iCurrentFrame, &scaleDelta, &translateDelta_X) mySetIdentity(CurrentTranslateMatrix); myTranslate(RectMVMatrix, translateDelta_X, X_AXIS); // to translate the mv matrix in x axis by translate-delta value mySetIdentity(CurrentScaleMatrix); myScale(RectMVMatrix, scaleDelta); // to scale the mv matrix by scale-delta value myMultiplyMatrix(RectMVMatrix, CurrentTranslateMatrix, CurrentScaleMatrix);// RectMVMatrix = CurrentTranslateMatrix*CurrentScaleMatrix; ... // opengl calls glDrawArrays(...); eglswapbuffers(...); } I maintained this 'RectMVMatrix' value, if there is no animation for the current frame (e.g. 101th frame onwards). Thanks, Arun AC

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• How can I prevent seams from showing up on objects using lower mipmap levels?

  - by Shivan Dragon

  Disclaimer: kindly right click on the images and open them separately so that they're at full size, as there are fine details which don't show up otherwise. Thank you. I made a simple Blender model, it's a cylinder with the top cap removed: I've exported the UVs: Then imported them into Photoshop, and painted the inner area in yellow and the outer area in red. I made sure I cover well the UV lines: I then save the image and load it as texture on the model in Blender. Actually, I just reload it as the image where the UVs are exported, and change the viewport view mode to textured. When I look at the mesh up-close, there's yellow everywhere, everything seems fine: However, if I start zooming out, I start seeing red (literally and metaphorically) where the texture edges are: And the more I zoom, the more I see it: Same thing happends in Unity, though the effect seems less pronounced. Up close is fine and yellow: Zoom out and you see red at the seams: Now, obviously, for this simple example a workaround is to spread the yellow well outside the UV margins, and its fine from all distances. However this is an issue when you try making a complex texture that should tile seamlessly at the edges. In this situation I either make a few lines of pixels overlap (in which case it looks bad from upclose and ok from far away), or I leave them seamless and then I have those seams when seeing it from far away. So my question is, is there something I'm missing, or some extra thing I must do to have my texture look seamless from all distances?

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• Better data structure for a game like Bubble Witch

  - by CrociDB

  I'm implementing a bubble-witch-like game (http://www.king.com/games/puzzle-games/bubble-witch/), and I was thinking on what's the better way to store the "bubbles" and to work with. I thought of using graphs, but that might be too complex for a trivial thing. Thought of a matrix, just like a tile map, but that might get too 'workaroundy'. I don't know. I'll be doing in Flash/AS3, though. Thanks. :)

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• How to expose game data in the game without a singelton?

  - by zardon

  I'm quite new to cocos2d and games programming, and am currently I am writing a game that is currently in Prototype stage. Everything is going okay, but I've realized a potentially big problem and I am not sure how to solve it. I am using a singelton to store a bunch of arrays for everything, a global list of planets, a global list of troops, a global list of products, etc. And only now I'm realizing that all of this will be in memory and this is the wrong way to do it. I am not storing files or anything on the disk just yet, with exception to a save/load state, which is a capture of everything. My game makes use of a map which allows you to select a planet, then it will give you a breakdown of that planets troops and resources, Lets use this scenario: My game has 20 planets. On which you can have 20 troops. Straight away that's an array of 400! This does not add the NPC, which is another 10. So, 20x10 = 200 So, now we have 600 all in arrays inside a Singelton. This is obviously very bad, and very wrong. Especially as the game scales in the amount of data. But I need to expose pretty much everything, especially on the map page, and I am not sure how else to do it. I've been told that I can use a controller for the map page which has the information I need for each planet, and other controllers for other items I require global display for. I've also thought about storing each planet's data in a save file, using initWithCoder however there could be a boatload of files on the user's device? I really don't want to use a database, mainly because I would need to translate NSObjects and non-NSObjects like CGRects and CGPoints and Colors into/from SQL. I am open to other ideas on how to store and read game data to prevent using a singelton to store everything, everywhere. Thanks for your time.

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• Tile map collision is not working properly

  - by Sigh-AniDe

  I am having problems setting collision between my sprite and the tiles. I have only done the code for colision for moving upwards but some places on the map it moves up and some places it doesn't. Here is what I have so far: Vector2 position; private static float scalingFactor = 32; static int tileWidth = 32; static int tileHeight = 32; int[ , ] map = { {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, }; // This is in turtle.update if ( keyboardState.IsKeyDown( Keys.Up ) ) { if ( position.Y > screenHeight / 4 ) { //// current position of the turtle on the tiles int mapX = ( int )( position.X / scalingFactor ); int mapY = ( int )( position.Y / scalingFactor ) - 1; if ( isMovable( mapX , mapY , map ) ) { position.Y = position.Y - scalingFactor; } } else { MoveUp(); } } private void MoveUp() { motion.Y = -1; } public bool isMovable( int mapX , int mapY , int[ , ] map ) { if ( mapX < 0 || mapX > 19 || mapY < 0 || mapY > 20 ) { return false; } int tile = map[ mapX , mapY ]; if ( tile == 0 ) { return false; } return true; } protected override void Update( GameTime gameTime ) { turtle.Update( screenHeight , scalingFactor , map ); base.Update( gameTime ); }

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• Rotate an image in a scaled context

  - by nathan

  Here is my working piece of code to rotate an image toward a point (in my case, the mouse cursor). float dx = newx - ploc.x; float dy = newy - ploc.y; float angle = (float) Math.toDegrees(Math.atan2(dy, dx)); Where ploc is the location of the image i'm rotating. And here is the rendering code: g.rotate(loc.x + width / 2, loc.y + height / 2, angle); g.drawImage(frame, loc.x, loc.y); Where loc is the location of the image and "width" and "height" are respectively the width and height of the image. What changes are needed to make it works on a scaled context? e.g make it works with something like g.scale(sx, sy).

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