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  • Modify passed, nested dict/list

    - by Gerenuk
    I was thinking of writing a function to normalize some data. A simple approach is def normalize(l, aggregate=sum, norm_by=operator.truediv): aggregated=aggregate(l) for i in range(len(l)): l[i]=norm_by(l[i], aggregated) l=[1,2,3,4] normalize(l) l -> [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4] However for nested lists and dicts where I want to normalize over an inner index this doesnt work. I mean I'd like to get l=[[1,100],[2,100],[3,100],[4,100]] normalize(l, ?? ) l -> [[0.1,100],[0.2,100],[0.3,100],[0.4,100]] Any ideas how I could implement such a normalize function? Maybe it would be crazy cool to write normalize(l[...][0]) Is it possible to make this work?? Or any other ideas? Also not only lists but also dict could be nested. Hmm... EDIT: I just found out that numpy offers such a syntax (for lists however). Anyone know how I would implement the ellipsis trick myself?

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  • Extract all files with directory path in given directory

    - by gaurav
    I have a tar archive in which I have a directory which I need to extract in a given directory. For example: I have a directory TarPrefix/x/y/z in a tar archive I want to extract it in a given target directory for example: extracted/a/ this directory should contain all the files and directories contained in directory TarPrefix/x/y/z. subdir_and_files = [ tarinfo for tarinfo in tar.getmembers() if tarinfo.name.startswith("subfolder/") ] to get the list of all the members in the directory path "subfolder/" and then I extract it using tar.extractall(extracted/a,subdir_and_files) but it extracts all the members with their directory path For example this results in extracted/a/x/y/z. Could you please help me in extracting these files in the given folder.

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  • problem on strings, tuple strings

    - by suresh
    Write a function, called constrainedMatchPair which takes three arguments: a tuple representing starting points for the first substring, a tuple representing starting points for the second substring, and the length of the first substring. The function should return a tuple of all members (call it n) of the first tuple for which there is an element in the second tuple (call it k) such that n+m+1 = k, where m is the length of the first substring. Complete the definition def constrainedMatchPair(firstMatch,secondMatch,length):

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  • Django-admin.py not being recognized suddenly

    - by Jen Camara
    I tried starting a new Django project yesterday but when I did "django-admin.py startproject projectname" I got an error stating: "django-admin.py is not recognized as an internal or external command." The strange thing is, when I first installed Django, I made a few projects and everything worked fine. But now after going back a few months later it has suddenly stopped working. I've tried looking around for an answer and all I could find is that this typically has to do with the system path settings, however, I know that I have the proper paths set up so I don't understand what's happening. Does anybody have any idea what's going on?

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  • better way of handling nested list

    - by laspal
    Hi, I have list my_list = [ [1,2,3,4,5,6], [1,3,4],[34,56,56,56]] for item in my_list: var1,var2,var3,var4,var5,var6 = None if len(item) ==1: var1 = item[0] if len(item) == 2: var1 = item[0] var2 = item[1] if len(item) == 3: var1 = item[0] var2 = item[1] var3 = item[2] if len(item) == 4: var1 = item[0] var2 = item[1] var3 = item[2] var4 = item[3] fun(var1,var2,var3,var4,var5,var6) I have a function def fun(var1, var2 = None, var3 = None, var4 = None, var5=None, var6= None) Depending upon the values in my inner list. I am passing it to function. I hope I made it clear. Thanks

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  • SQLAlchemy Mapping problem

    - by asdvalkn
    Dear Everyone, I am trying to sqlalchemy to correctly map my data. Note that a unified group is basically a group of groups. (One unifiedGroup maps to many groups but each group can only map to one ug). So basically this is the definition of my unifiedGroups: CREATE TABLE `unifiedGroups` ( `ugID` INT AUTO_INCREMENT, `gID` INT NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(`ugID`, `gID`), KEY( `gID`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 ; Note that each row is a ugID, gID tuple. ( I do not know before hand how many gID is per ugID so this is probably the most sensible and simplest method). Definition for my UnifiedGroup class class UnifiedGroup(object): """UnifiedProduct behaves very much like a group """ def __init__(self, ugID): self.ugID=ugID #Added by mapping self.groups=False def __str__(self): return '<%s:%s>' % (self.ugID, ','.join( [g for g in self.groups])) These are my mapping tables: tb_groupsInfo = Table( 'groupsInfo', metadata, Column('gID', Integer, primary_key=True), Column('gName', String(128)), ) tb_unifiedGroups = Table( 'unifiedGroups', metadata, Column('ugID', Integer, primary_key=True), Column('gID', Integer, ForeignKey('groupsInfo.gID')), ) My mapper maps in the following manner: mapper( UnifiedGroup, tb_unifiedGroups, properties={ 'groups': relation( Group, backref='unifiedGroup') }) However, when I tried to do groupInstance.unifiedGroup, I am getting an empty list [], while groupInstance.unifiedGroup.groups returns me an error: AttributeError: 'InstrumentedList' object has no attribute 'groups' Traceback (most recent call last): File "Mapping.py", line 119, in <module> print p.group.unifiedGroup.groups AttributeError: 'InstrumentedList' object has no attribute 'groups' What is wrong?

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  • Elegant Disjunctive Normal Form in Django

    - by Mike
    Let's say I've defined this model: class Identifier(models.Model): user = models.ForeignKey(User) key = models.CharField(max_length=64) value = models.CharField(max_length=255) Each user will have multiple identifiers, each with a key and a value. I am 100% sure I want to keep the design like this, there are external reasons why I'm doing it that I won't go through here, so I'm not interested in changing this. I'd like to develop a function of this sort: def get_users_by_identifiers(**kwargs): # something goes here return users The function will return all users that have one of the key=value pairs specified in **kwargs. Here's an example usage: get_users_by_identifiers(a=1, b=2) This should return all users for whom a=1 or b=2. I've noticed that the way I've set this up, this amounts to a disjunctive normal form...the SQL query would be something like: SELECT DISTINCT(user_id) FROM app_identifier WHERE (key = "a" AND value = "1") OR (key = "b" AND value = "2") ... I feel like there's got to be some elegant way to take the **kwargs input and do a Django filter on it, in just 1-2 lines, to produce this result. I'm new to Django though, so I'm just not sure how to do it. Here's my function now, and I'm completely sure it's not the best way to do it :) def get_users_by_identifiers(**identifiers): users = [] for key, value in identifiers.items(): for identifier in Identifier.objects.filter(key=key, value=value): if not identifier.user in users: users.append(identifier.user) return users Any ideas? :) Thanks!

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  • error in fetching url data

    - by Rahul s
    from google.appengine.ext import webapp from google.appengine.ext.webapp import util from google.appengine.ext import db from google.appengine.api import urlfetch class TrakHtml(db.Model): hawb = db.StringProperty(required=False) htmlData = db.TextProperty() class MainHandler(webapp.RequestHandler): def get(self): Traks = list() Traks.append('93332134') #Traks.append('91779831') #Traks.append('92782244') #Traks.append('38476214') for st in Traks : trak = TrakHtml() trak.hawb = st url = 'http://etracking.cevalogistics.com/eTrackResultsMulti.aspx?sv='+st result = urlfetch.fetch(url) self.response.out.write(result.read()) trak.htmlData = result.read() trak.put() result.read() is not giving whole file , it giving some portion. trak.htmlData is a textproparty() so it have to store whole file and i want that only

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  • Changing printer preferences in Windows programmatically

    - by Andrew Alexander
    I've written a script that installs several printers for a new user. I want to change the settings on some of these so that they can print on both sides of the page. I BELIEVE this involves modifying an attribute with printui, however it might need VB script or possibly another .NET language (I'd either use VB, C# or IronPython). I can add a comment to a given printer, but how do I select preferences and modify them? Pseudocode would look like this: printui.exe /n printername /??? [how to change quality desired] OR calls to the relevant Windows API.

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  • Creating a Better Tabbed Interface in Django

    - by ygd
    I've been trying to create a tabbed interface using Django. The current effort (which works fine) is having each template have the header hard-coded in, with the selected tab given the "selected" CSS attribute. Of course, this is a massive violation of DRY and I'm looking to remedy it. My current idea is adding a jQuery script to the page that looks at all the tabs and sets one to "selected" if it's text matches the beginning of the title for the page. Is there a better way to do this without using JavaScript and just pure CSS?

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  • How do I use a string as a keyword argument?

    - by Issac Kelly
    Specifically, I'm trying to use a string to arbitrairly filter the ORM. I've tried exec and eval solutions, but I'm running into walls. The code below doesn't work, but it's the best way I know how to explain where I'm trying to go from gblocks.models import Image f = 'image__endswith="jpg"' # Would be scripted in another area, but passed as text <user input> d = Image.objects.filter(f) #for the non-django pythonistas: d = Image.objects.filter(image__endswith="jpg") # would be the non-dynamic equivalent.

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  • How to create a non-persistent Elixir/SQLAlchemy object?

    - by siebert
    Hi, because of legacy data which is not available in the database but some external files, I want to create a SQLAlchemy object which contains data read from the external files, but isn't written to the database if I execute session.flush() My code looks like this: try: return session.query(Phone).populate_existing().filter(Phone.mac == ident).one() except: return self.createMockPhoneFromLicenseFile(ident) def createMockPhoneFromLicenseFile(self, ident): # Some code to read necessary data from file deleted.... phone = Phone() phone.mac = foo phone.data = bar phone.state = "Read from legacy file" phone.purchaseOrderPosition = self.getLegacyOrder(ident) # SQLAlchemy magic doesn't seem to work here, probably because we don't insert the created # phone object into the database. So we set the id fields manually. phone.order_id = phone.purchaseOrderPosition.order_id phone.order_position_id = phone.purchaseOrderPosition.order_position_id return phone Everything works fine except that on a session.flush() executed later in the application SQLAlchemy tries to write the created Phone object to the database (which fortunatly doesn't succeed, because phone.state is longer than the data type allows), which breaks the function which issues the flush. Is there any way to prevent SQLAlchemy from trying to write such an object? Ciao, Steffen

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  • Django, url tag in template doesn't work: NoReverseMatch

    - by Lukasz Jocz
    I've encountered a problem with generating reverse url in templates in django. I'm trying to solve it since a few hours and I have no idea what the problem might be. URL reversing works great in models and views: # like this in models.py @models.permalink def get_absolute_url(self): return ('entry', (), { 'entry_id': self.entry.id, }) # or this in views.py return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('entry',args=(entry_id,))) but when I'm trying to make it in template I get such an error: NoReverseMatch at /entry/1/ Reverse for ''add_comment'' with arguments '(1L,)' and keyword arguments '{}' not found. My file structure looks like this: project/ +-- frontend ¦   +-- models.py ¦   +-- urls.py ¦   +-- views.py +-- settings.py +-- templates ¦   +-- add_comment.html ¦   +-- entry.html +-- utils ¦   +-- with_template.py +-- wsgi.py My urls.py: from project.frontend.views import * from django.conf.urls import patterns, include, url urlpatterns = patterns('project.frontend.views', url(r'^entry/(?P<entry_id>\d+)/', 'entry', name="entry"), (r'^entry_list/', 'entry_list'), Then entry_list.html: {% extends "base.html" %} {% block content %} {% for entry in entries %} {% url 'entry' entry.id %} {% endfor %} {% endblock %} In views.py I have: @with_template def entry(request, entry_id): entry = Entry.objects.get(id=entry_id) entry.comments = entry.get_comments() return locals() where with_template is following decorator(but I don't think this is a case): class TheWrapper(object): def __init__(self, default_template_name): self.default_template_name = default_template_name def __call__(self, func): def decorated_func(request, *args, **kwargs): extra_context = kwargs.pop('extra_context', {}) dictionary = {} ret = func(request, *args, **kwargs) if isinstance(ret, HttpResponse): return ret dictionary.update(ret) dictionary.update(extra_context) return render_to_response(dictionary.get('template_name', self.default_template_name), context_instance=RequestContext(request), dictionary=dictionary) update_wrapper(decorated_func, func) return decorated_func if not callable(arg): return TheWrapper(arg) else: default_template_name = ''.join([ arg.__name__, '.html']) return TheWrapper(default_template_name)(arg) Do you have any idea, what may cause the problem? Great thanks in advance!

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  • Encrypt file using M2Crypto

    - by Bear
    It is known that I can read the whole file content in memory and encrypt it using the following code. contents = fin.read() cipher = M2Crypto.EVP.Cipher(alg="aes_128_cbc", key = aes_key, iv = aes_iv, op = 1) encryptedContents = cipher.update(contents) encryptedContents += cipher.final() But what if the file size is large, is there a way for me to pass the input stream to M2Crypto instead of reading the whole file first?

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  • gae error:AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'user_is_member'

    - by zjm1126
    class Thread(db.Model): members = db.StringListProperty() def user_is_member(self, user): return str(user) in self.members and thread = Thread.get(db.Key.from_path('Thread', int(id))) is_member = thread.user_is_member(user) but the error is : Traceback (most recent call last): File "D:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\ext\webapp\__init__.py", line 511, in __call__ handler.get(*groups) File "D:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\ext\webapp\util.py", line 62, in check_login handler_method(self, *args) File "D:\zjm_code\forum_blog_gae\main.py", line 222, in get is_member = thread.user_is_member(user) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'user_is_member' why ? thanks

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  • Rewriting Live TCP/IP (Layer 4) (i.e. Socket Layer) Streams

    - by user213060
    I have a simple problem which I'm sure someone here has done before... I want to rewrite Layer 4 TCP/IP streams (Not lower layer individual packets or frames.) Ettercap's etterfilter command lets you perform simple live replacements of Layer 4 TCP/IP streams based on fixed strings or regexes. Example ettercap scripting code: if (ip.proto == TCP && tcp.dst == 80) { if (search(DATA.data, "gzip")) { replace("gzip", " "); msg("whited out gzip\n"); } } if (ip.proto == TCP && tcp.dst == 80) { if (search(DATA.data, "deflate")) { replace("deflate", " "); msg("whited out deflate\n"); } } http://ettercap.sourceforge.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2833 I would like to rewrite streams based on my own filter program instead of just simple string replacements. Anyone have an idea of how to do this? Is there anything other than Ettercap that can do live replacement like this, maybe as a plugin to a VPN software or something? I would like to have a configuration similar to ettercap's silent bridged sniffing configuration between two Ethernet interfaces. This way I can silently filter traffic coming from either direction with no NATing problems. Note that my filter is an application that acts as a pipe filter, similar to the design of unix command-line filters: >[eth0] <----------> [my filter] <----------> [eth1]< What I am already aware of, but are not suitable: Tun/Tap - Works at the lower packet layer, I need to work with the higher layer streams. Ettercap - I can't find any way to do replacements other than the restricted capabilities in the example above. Hooking into some VPN software? - I just can't figure out which or exactly how. libnetfilter_queue - Works with lower layer packets, not TCP/IP streams. Again, the rewriting should occur at the transport layer (Layer 4) as it does in this example, instead of a lower layer packet-based approach. Exact code will help immensely! Thanks!

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  • more efficient way to pickle a string

    - by gatoatigrado
    The pickle module seems to use string escape characters when pickling; this becomes inefficient e.g. on numpy arrays. Consider the following z = numpy.zeros(1000, numpy.uint8) len(z.dumps()) len(cPickle.dumps(z.dumps())) The lengths are 1133 characters and 4249 characters respectively. z.dumps() reveals something like "\x00\x00" (actual zeros in string), but pickle seems to be using the string's repr() function, yielding "'\x00\x00'" (zeros being ascii zeros). i.e. ("0" in z.dumps() == False) and ("0" in cPickle.dumps(z.dumps()) == True)

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  • How to achieve interaction between GUI class with logic class

    - by volting
    Im new to GUI programming, and haven't done much OOP. Im working on a basic calculator app to help me learn GUI design and to brush up on OOP. I understand that anything GUI related should be kept seperate from the logic, but Im unsure how to implement interaction between logic an GUI classes when needed i.e. basically passing variables back and forth... Im using TKinter and when I pass a tkinter variable to my logic it only seems to hold the string PY_VAR0. def on_equal_btn_click(self): self.entryVariable.set(self.entryVariable.get() + "=") calculator = Calc(self.entryVariable) self.entryVariable.set(calculator.calculate()) Im sure that im probably doing something fundamentally wrong and probabaly really stupid, I spent a considerable amount of time experimenting (and searching for answers online) but Im getting no where. Any help would be appreciated. Thanks, V The Full Program (well just enough to show the structure..) import Tkinter class Gui(Tkinter.Tk): def __init__(self,parent): Tkinter.Tk.__init__(self,parent) self.parent = parent self.initialize() def initialize(self): self.grid() self.create_widgets() """ grid config """ #self.grid_columnconfigure(0,weight=1,pad=0) self.resizable(False, False) def create_widgets(self): """row 0 of grid""" """Create Text Entry Box""" self.entryVariable = Tkinter.StringVar() self.entry = Tkinter.Entry(self,width=30,textvariable=self.entryVariable) self.entry.grid(column=0,row=0, columnspan = 3 ) self.entry.bind("<Return>", self.on_press_enter) """create equal button""" equal_btn = Tkinter.Button(self,text="=",width=4,command=self.on_equal_btn_click) equal_btn.grid(column=3, row=0) """row 1 of grid""" """create number 1 button""" number1_btn = Tkinter.Button(self,text="1",width=8,command=self.on_number1_btn_click) number1_btn.grid(column=0, row=1) . . . def on_equal_btn_click(self): self.entryVariable.set(self.entryVariable.get() + "=") calculator = Calc(self.entryVariable) self.entryVariable.set(calculator.calculate()) class Calc(): def __init__(self, equation): self.equation = equation def calculate(self): #TODO: parse string and calculate... return self.equation if __name__ == "__main__": app = Gui(None) app.title('Calculator') app.mainloop()

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  • Attribute Address getting displayed instead of Attribute Value

    - by Manish
    I am try to create the following. I want to have one drop down menu. Depending on the option selected in the first drop down menu, options in second drop down menu will be displayed. The options in 2nd drop down menu is supposed by dynamic, i.e., options change with the change of values in first menu. Here, instead of getting the drop down menus, I am getting the following Choose your Option1: Choose your Option2: Note: I strictly don't want to use javascript. home_form.py class HomeForm(forms.Form): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): var_filter_con = kwargs.pop('filter_con', None) super(HomeForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) if var_filter_con == '***': var_empty_label = None else: var_empty_label = ' ' self.option2 = forms.ModelChoiceField(queryset = db_option2.objects.filter(option1_id = var_filter_con).order_by("name"), empty_label = var_empty_label, widget = forms.Select(attrs={"onChange":'this.form.submit();'}) ) self.option1 = forms.ModelChoiceField(queryset = db_option1.objects.all().order_by("name"), empty_label=None, widget=forms.Select(attrs={"onChange":'this.form.submit();'}) ) view.py def option_view(request): if request.method == 'POST': form = HomeForm(request.POST) if form.is_valid(): cd = form.cleaned_data if cd.has_key('option1'): f = HomeForm(filter_con = cd.get('option1')) return render_to_response('homepage.html', {'home_form':f,}, context_instance=RequestContext(request)) return render_to_response('invalid_data.html', {'form':form,}, context_instance=RequestContext(request)) else: f = HomeForm(filter_con = '***') return render_to_response('homepage.html', {'home_form':f,}, context_instance=RequestContext(request)) homepage.html <!DOCTYPE HTML> <head> <title>Nivaaran</title> </head> <body> <form method="post" name = 'choose_opt' action=""> {% csrf_token %} Choose your Option1: {{ home_form.option1 }} <br/> Choose your Option2: {{ home_form.option2 }} </form> </body>

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  • Turbogears 2 vs Django - any advice on choosing replacement for Turbogears 1?

    - by michela
    I have been using Turbogears 1 for prototyping small sites for the last couple of years and it is getting a little long in the tooth. Any suggestions on making the call between upgrading to Turbogears 2 or switching to something like Django? I'm torn between the familiarity of the TG community who are pretty responsive and do pretty good documentation vs the far larger community using Django. I am quite tempted by the built-in CMS features and the Google AppEngine support. Any advice? Thanks .M.

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  • How to sort a Pandas DataFrame according to multiple criteria?

    - by user1715271
    I have the following DataFrame containing song names, their peak chart positions and the number of weeks they spent at position no 1: Song Peak Weeks 76 Paperback Writer 1 16 117 Lady Madonna 1 9 118 Hey Jude 1 27 22 Can't Buy Me Love 1 17 29 A Hard Day's Night 1 14 48 Ticket To Ride 1 14 56 Help! 1 17 109 All You Need Is Love 1 16 173 The Ballad Of John And Yoko 1 13 85 Eleanor Rigby 1 14 87 Yellow Submarine 1 14 20 I Want To Hold Your Hand 1 24 45 I Feel Fine 1 15 60 Day Tripper 1 12 61 We Can Work It Out 1 12 10 She Loves You 1 36 155 Get Back 1 6 8 From Me To You 1 7 115 Hello Goodbye 1 7 2 Please Please Me 2 20 92 Strawberry Fields Forever 2 12 93 Penny Lane 2 13 107 Magical Mystery Tour 2 16 176 Let It Be 2 14 0 Love Me Do 4 26 157 Something 4 9 166 Come Together 4 10 58 Yesterday 8 21 135 Back In The U.S.S.R. 19 3 164 Here Comes The Sun 58 19 96 Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band 63 12 105 With A Little Help From My Friends 63 7 I'd like to rank these songs in order of popularity, so I'd like to sort them according to the following criteria: songs that reached the highest position come first, but if there is a tie, the songs that remained in the charts for the longest come first. I can't seem to figure out how to do this in Pandas.

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  • Possible to change function name in definition?

    - by Bird Jaguar IV
    I tried several ways to change the function name in the definition, but they failed. >>> def f(): pass >>> f.__name__ 'f' >>> def f(): f.__name__ = 'new name' >>> f.__name__ 'f' >>> def f(): self.__name__ = 'new name' >>> f.__name__ 'f' But I can change the name attribute after defining it. >>> def f(): pass >>> f.__name__ = 'new name' >>> f.__name__ 'new name' Any way to change/set it in the definition (other than using a decorator)?

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  • Interesting task using random numbers only

    - by psihodelia
    Given any number of the random real numbers from the interval [0,1] is there exist any method to construct a floating point number with zero decimal part? Your algorithm can use only random() function calls and no variables or constants. No constants and variables are allowed, no type casting is allowed. You can use for/while, if/else or any other programming language operands.

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