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  • Why can't I use __getattr__ with Django models?

    - by Joshmaker
    I've seen examples online of people using __getattr__ with Django models, but whenever I try I get errors. (Django 1.2.3) I don't have any problems when I am using __getattr__ on normal objects. For example: class Post(object): def __getattr__(self, name): return 42 Works just fine... >>> from blog.models import Post >>> p = Post() >>> p.random 42 Now when I try it with a Django model: from django.db import models class Post(models.Model): def __getattr__(self, name): return 42 And test it on on the interpreter: >>> from blog.models import Post >>> p = Post() ERROR: An unexpected error occurred while tokenizing input The following traceback may be corrupted or invalid The error message is: ('EOF in multi-line statement', (6, 0)) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) /Users/josh/project/ in () /Users/josh/project/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/models/base.pyc in init(self, *args, **kwargs) 338 if kwargs: 339 raise TypeError("'%s' is an invalid keyword argument for this function" % kwargs.keys()[0]) -- 340 signals.post_init.send(sender=self.class, instance=self) 341 342 def repr(self): /Users/josh/project/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/dispatch/dispatcher.pyc in send(self, sender, **named) 160 161 for receiver in self._live_receivers(_make_id(sender)): -- 162 response = receiver(signal=self, sender=sender, **named) 163 responses.append((receiver, response)) 164 return responses /Users/josh/project/python2.6/site-packages/photologue/models.pyc in add_methods(sender, instance, signal, *args, **kwargs) 728 """ 729 if hasattr(instance, 'add_accessor_methods'): -- 730 instance.add_accessor_methods() 731 732 # connect the add_accessor_methods function to the post_init signal TypeError: 'int' object is not callable Can someone explain what is going on? EDIT: I may have been too abstract in the examples, here is some code that is closer to what I actually would use on the website: class Post(models.Model): title = models.CharField(max_length=255) slug = models.SlugField() date_published = models.DateTimeField() content = RichTextField('Content', blank=True, null=True) # Etc... Class CuratedPost(models.Model): post = models.ForeignKey('Post') position = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField() def __getattr__(self, name): ''' If the user tries to access a property of the CuratedPost, return the property of the Post instead... ''' return self.post.name # Etc... While I could create a property for each attribute of the Post class, that would lead to a lot of code duplication. Further more, that would mean anytime I add or edit a attribute of the Post class I would have to remember to make the same change to the CuratedPost class, which seems like a recipe for code rot.

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  • Unit testing a controller method?

    - by Stefan Kendall
    I have a controller method like such: def search = { def query = params.query ... render results as JSON } How do I unit test this? Specifically, how do I call search to set params.query, and how do I test the results of the method render? Is there a way to mock the render method, perhaps?

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  • Difference between generator expression and generator function

    - by Neil G
    Is there any difference — performance or otherwise — between generator expressions and generator functions? In [1]: def f(): ...: yield from range(4) ...: In [2]: def g(): ...: return (i for i in range(4)) ...: In [3]: f() Out[3]: <generator object f at 0x109902550> In [4]: list(f()) Out[4]: [0, 1, 2, 3] In [5]: list(g()) Out[5]: [0, 1, 2, 3] In [6]: g() Out[6]: <generator object <genexpr> at 0x1099056e0>

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  • Deleting object in function

    - by wrongusername
    Let's say I have created two objects from class foo and now want to combine the two. How, if at all possible, can I accomplish that within a function like this: def combine(first, second): first.value += second.value del second #this doesn't work, though first.value *does* get changed instead of doing something like def combine(first, second): first.value += second.value in the function and putting del second immediately after the function call?

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  • Accessing JSon raw tokens in C# ?

    - by user318332
    My json string looks like { abc: 123, def: 442, ghi=444 } - say stock list. I dont know what quotes are coming in , i.e I dont know what is abc, def etc is. I need to get this token dynamically. Any pointers would be of great help ! BTW, this has to run in silverlight.

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  • invoking proc with instance_eval with arguments

    - by dorelal
    I know this works proc = Proc.new do puts self.hi + ' world' end class Usa def hi "Hello!" end end Usa.new.instance_eval &proc However I want to pass arguments to proc. So I tried this which does not work. Can anyone help me make following work. proc = Proc.new do |greeting| puts self.hi + gretting end class Usa def hi "Hello!" end end Usa.new.instance_eval &proc, 'world' # does not work Usa.new.instance_eval &proc('world') # does not work

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  • Treetop: parsing single node returns nil

    - by Matchu
    I'm trying to get the basic of Treetop parsing. Here's a very simple bit of grammar so that I can say ArithmeticParser.parse('2+2').value == 4. grammar Arithmetic rule additive first:number '+' second:number { def value first.value + second.value end } end rule number [1-9] [0-9]* { def value text_value.to_i end } end end Parsing 2+2 works correctly. However, parsing 2 or 22 returns nil. What did I miss?

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  • Python: using doctests for classes

    - by Adam Matan
    Hi, Is it possible to use Python's doctest concept for classes, not just functions? If so, where shall I put the doctests - at the class' docstring, or at the constructor's docstring? To clarify, I'm looking for something like: class Test: """ >>> a=Test(5) >>> a.multiply_by_2() 10 """ def __init__(self, number): self._number=number def multiply_by_2(self): return self._number*2 Thanks in advance, Adam

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  • 'SSL not supported' when calling https web service in Ruby

    - by shaleo
    I am trying to run the following code to call a webservice from ruby but get an error 'SSL not supported'. I have httpclient 2.1.5.2 installed. require 'soap/wsdlDriver' def validate_certificate(is_ok, ctx) cert = ctx.current_cert unless (cert.subject.to_s == cert.issuer.to_s) #check the server certificate only is_ok &&= File.open(file_name).read == ctx.current_cert.to_pem end is_ok end def test_webservice wsdl = "https://.../service.wsdl" driver = SOAP::WSDLDriverFactory.new(wsdl).create_rpc_driver driver.options['protocol.http.ssl_config.verify_callback'] = method(:validate_certificate) driver.method(params) end

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  • Define polynomial function

    - by user1822707
    How can I define a function - say, def polyToString(poly) - to return a string containing the polynomial poly in standard form? For example: the polynomial represented by [-1, 2, -3, 4, -5] would be returned as: "-5x**4 + 4x**3 -3x**2 + 2x**1 - 1x**0" def polyToString(poly): standard_form='' n=len(poly) - 1 while n >=0: if poly[n]>=0: if n==len(poly)-1: standard_form= standard_form + ' '+ str(poly[n]) + 'x**%d'%n else: standard_form= standard_form + ' + '+str(poly[n]) + 'x**%d'%n else: standard_form= standard_form + ' - ' + str(abs(poly[n])) + 'x**' + str(n) n=n-1 return standard_form

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  • Ruby on Rails: Find records based on a method in the model?

    - by sjsc
    I'm looking to use named_scope to find records based on a method in the model. Right now I have in my Order.rb model: def self.paid collect { |order| order if order.paid? } end # the method def paid order.payments.total >= order.total_price end That works, but I can't chain it if I have a shipped named_scope: named_scope :shipped, :conditions => "shipped is true" And I wanted to do: Order.paid.shipped which doesn't work. Any ideas?

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  • Can't parse XML effectively using Python

    - by Harshit Sharma
    import urllib import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET def getWeather(city): #create google weather api url url = "http://www.google.com/ig/api?weather=" + urllib.quote(city) try: # open google weather api url f = urllib.urlopen(url) except: # if there was an error opening the url, return return "Error opening url" # read contents to a string s = f.read() tree=ET.parse(s) current= tree.find("current_condition/condition") condition_data = current.get("data") weather = condition_data if weather == "<?xml version=": return "Invalid city" #return the weather condition #return weather def main(): while True: city = raw_input("Give me a city: ") weather = getWeather(city) print(weather) if __name__ == "__main__": main() gives error , I actually wanted to find values from google weather xml site tags

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  • Getting the source .rst file path in Sphinx extension

    - by Mikko Ohtamaa
    I am writing a Sphinx extension and I need to know the document page source code file system path (.rst file location) to extract some version control system information of it. How can I get this information in my event handler / which event handler I should use? Example: # This package may contain traces of nuts def on_html_page_context(app, pagename, templatename, context, doctree): import ipdb ; ipdb.set_trace() if doctree: print doctree.source def setup(app): app.require_sphinx('1.0') app.connect('html-page-context', on_html_page_context)

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  • Why does Python's math.factorial not play nice with threads?

    - by W1N9Zr0
    Why does math.factorial act so weird in a thread? Here is an example, it creates three threads: thread that just sleeps for a while thread that increments an int for a while thread that does math.factorial on a large number. It calls start on the threads, then join with a timeout The sleep and spin threads work as expected and return from start right away, and then sit in the join for the timeout. The factorial thread on the other hand does not return from start until it runs to the end! import sys from threading import Thread from time import sleep, time from math import factorial # Helper class that stores a start time to compare to class timed_thread(Thread): def __init__(self, time_start): Thread.__init__(self) self.time_start = time_start # Thread that just executes sleep() class sleep_thread(timed_thread): def run(self): sleep(15) print "st DONE:\t%f" % (time() - time_start) # Thread that increments a number for a while class spin_thread(timed_thread): def run(self): x = 1 while x < 120000000: x += 1 print "sp DONE:\t%f" % (time() - time_start) # Thread that calls math.factorial with a large number class factorial_thread(timed_thread): def run(self): factorial(50000) print "ft DONE:\t%f" % (time() - time_start) # the tests print print "sleep_thread test" time_start = time() st = sleep_thread(time_start) st.start() print "st.start:\t%f" % (time() - time_start) st.join(2) print "st.join:\t%f" % (time() - time_start) print "sleep alive:\t%r" % st.isAlive() print print "spin_thread test" time_start = time() sp = spin_thread(time_start) sp.start() print "sp.start:\t%f" % (time() - time_start) sp.join(2) print "sp.join:\t%f" % (time() - time_start) print "sp alive:\t%r" % sp.isAlive() print print "factorial_thread test" time_start = time() ft = factorial_thread(time_start) ft.start() print "ft.start:\t%f" % (time() - time_start) ft.join(2) print "ft.join:\t%f" % (time() - time_start) print "ft alive:\t%r" % ft.isAlive() And here is the output on Python 2.6.5 on CentOS x64: sleep_thread test st.start: 0.000675 st.join: 2.006963 sleep alive: True spin_thread test sp.start: 0.000595 sp.join: 2.010066 sp alive: True factorial_thread test ft DONE: 4.475453 ft.start: 4.475589 ft.join: 4.475615 ft alive: False st DONE: 10.994519 sp DONE: 12.054668 I've tried this on python 2.6.5 on CentOS x64, 2.7.2 on Windows x86 and the factorial thread does not return from start on either of them until the thread is done executing. I've also tried this with PyPy 1.8.0 on Windows x86, and there result is slightly different. The start does return immediately, but then the join doesn't time out! sleep_thread test st.start: 0.001000 st.join: 2.001000 sleep alive: True spin_thread test sp.start: 0.000000 sp DONE: 0.197000 sp.join: 0.236000 sp alive: False factorial_thread test ft.start: 0.032000 ft DONE: 9.011000 ft.join: 9.012000 ft alive: False st DONE: 12.763000

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  • fit a ellipse in Python given a set of points xi=(xi,yi)

    - by Gianni
    I am computing a series of index from a 2D points (x,y). One index is the ratio between minor and major axis. To fit the ellipse i am using the following post when i run these function the final results looks strange because the center and the axis length are not in scale with the 2D points center = [ 560415.53298363+0.j 6368878.84576771+0.j] angle of rotation = (-0.0528033467597-5.55111512313e-17j) axes = [0.00000000-557.21553487j 6817.76933256 +0.j] thanks in advance for help import numpy as np from numpy.linalg import eig, inv def fitEllipse(x,y): x = x[:,np.newaxis] y = y[:,np.newaxis] D = np.hstack((x*x, x*y, y*y, x, y, np.ones_like(x))) S = np.dot(D.T,D) C = np.zeros([6,6]) C[0,2] = C[2,0] = 2; C[1,1] = -1 E, V = eig(np.dot(inv(S), C)) n = np.argmax(np.abs(E)) a = V[:,n] return a def ellipse_center(a): b,c,d,f,g,a = a[1]/2, a[2], a[3]/2, a[4]/2, a[5], a[0] num = b*b-a*c x0=(c*d-b*f)/num y0=(a*f-b*d)/num return np.array([x0,y0]) def ellipse_angle_of_rotation( a ): b,c,d,f,g,a = a[1]/2, a[2], a[3]/2, a[4]/2, a[5], a[0] return 0.5*np.arctan(2*b/(a-c)) def ellipse_axis_length( a ): b,c,d,f,g,a = a[1]/2, a[2], a[3]/2, a[4]/2, a[5], a[0] up = 2*(a*f*f+c*d*d+g*b*b-2*b*d*f-a*c*g) down1=(b*b-a*c)*( (c-a)*np.sqrt(1+4*b*b/((a-c)*(a-c)))-(c+a)) down2=(b*b-a*c)*( (a-c)*np.sqrt(1+4*b*b/((a-c)*(a-c)))-(c+a)) res1=np.sqrt(up/down1) res2=np.sqrt(up/down2) return np.array([res1, res2]) if __name__ == '__main__': points = [(560036.4495758876, 6362071.890493258), (560036.4495758876, 6362070.890493258), (560036.9495758876, 6362070.890493258), (560036.9495758876, 6362070.390493258), (560037.4495758876, 6362070.390493258), (560037.4495758876, 6362064.890493258), (560036.4495758876, 6362064.890493258), (560036.4495758876, 6362063.390493258), (560035.4495758876, 6362063.390493258), (560035.4495758876, 6362062.390493258), (560034.9495758876, 6362062.390493258), (560034.9495758876, 6362061.390493258), (560032.9495758876, 6362061.390493258), (560032.9495758876, 6362061.890493258), (560030.4495758876, 6362061.890493258), (560030.4495758876, 6362061.390493258), (560029.9495758876, 6362061.390493258), (560029.9495758876, 6362060.390493258), (560029.4495758876, 6362060.390493258), (560029.4495758876, 6362059.890493258), (560028.9495758876, 6362059.890493258), (560028.9495758876, 6362059.390493258), (560028.4495758876, 6362059.390493258), (560028.4495758876, 6362058.890493258), (560027.4495758876, 6362058.890493258), (560027.4495758876, 6362058.390493258), (560026.9495758876, 6362058.390493258), (560026.9495758876, 6362057.890493258), (560025.4495758876, 6362057.890493258), (560025.4495758876, 6362057.390493258), (560023.4495758876, 6362057.390493258), (560023.4495758876, 6362060.390493258), (560023.9495758876, 6362060.390493258), (560023.9495758876, 6362061.890493258), (560024.4495758876, 6362061.890493258), (560024.4495758876, 6362063.390493258), (560024.9495758876, 6362063.390493258), (560024.9495758876, 6362064.390493258), (560025.4495758876, 6362064.390493258), (560025.4495758876, 6362065.390493258), (560025.9495758876, 6362065.390493258), (560025.9495758876, 6362065.890493258), (560026.4495758876, 6362065.890493258), (560026.4495758876, 6362066.890493258), (560026.9495758876, 6362066.890493258), (560026.9495758876, 6362068.390493258), (560027.4495758876, 6362068.390493258), (560027.4495758876, 6362068.890493258), (560027.9495758876, 6362068.890493258), (560027.9495758876, 6362069.390493258), (560028.4495758876, 6362069.390493258), (560028.4495758876, 6362069.890493258), (560033.4495758876, 6362069.890493258), (560033.4495758876, 6362070.390493258), (560033.9495758876, 6362070.390493258), (560033.9495758876, 6362070.890493258), (560034.4495758876, 6362070.890493258), (560034.4495758876, 6362071.390493258), (560034.9495758876, 6362071.390493258), (560034.9495758876, 6362071.890493258), (560036.4495758876, 6362071.890493258)] a_points = np.array(points) x = a_points[:, 0] y = a_points[:, 1] from pylab import * plot(x,y) show() a = fitEllipse(x,y) center = ellipse_center(a) phi = ellipse_angle_of_rotation(a) axes = ellipse_axis_length(a) print "center = ", center print "angle of rotation = ", phi print "axes = ", axes from pylab import * plot(x,y) plot(center[0:1],center[1:], color = 'red') show() each vertex is a xi,y,i point plot of 2D point and center of fit ellipse

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  • python getelementbyid from string

    - by matthewgall
    Hey, I have the following program, that is trying to upload a file (or files) to an image upload site, however I am struggling to find out how to parse the returned HTML to grab the direct link (contained in a ). I have the code below: #!/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import pycurl import urllib import urlparse import xml.dom.minidom import StringIO import sys import gtk import os import imghdr import locale import gettext try: import pynotify except: print "Please install pynotify." APP="Uploadir Uploader" DIR="locale" locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, '') gettext.bindtextdomain(APP, DIR) gettext.textdomain(APP) _ = gettext.gettext ##STRINGS uploading = _("Uploading image to Uploadir.") oneimage = _("1 image has been successfully uploaded.") multimages = _("images have been successfully uploaded.") uploadfailed = _("Unable to upload to Uploadir.") class Uploadir: def __init__(self, args): self.images = [] self.urls = [] self.broadcasts = [] self.username="" self.password="" if len(args) == 1: return else: for file in args: if file == args[0] or file == "": continue if file.startswith("-u"): self.username = file.split("-u")[1] #print self.username continue if file.startswith("-p"): self.password = file.split("-p")[1] #print self.password continue self.type = imghdr.what(file) self.images.append(file) for file in self.images: self.upload(file) self.setClipBoard() self.broadcast(self.broadcasts) def broadcast(self, l): try: str = '\n'.join(l) n = pynotify.Notification(str) n.set_urgency(pynotify.URGENCY_LOW) n.show() except: for line in l: print line def upload(self, file): #Try to login cookie_file_name = "/tmp/uploadircookie" if ( self.username!="" and self.password!=""): print "Uploadir authentication in progress" l=pycurl.Curl() loginData = [ ("username",self.username),("password", self.password), ("login", "Login") ] l.setopt(l.URL, "http://uploadir.com/user/login") l.setopt(l.HTTPPOST, loginData) l.setopt(l.USERAGENT,"User-Agent: Uploadir (Python Image Uploader)") l.setopt(l.FOLLOWLOCATION,1) l.setopt(l.COOKIEFILE,cookie_file_name) l.setopt(l.COOKIEJAR,cookie_file_name) l.setopt(l.HEADER,1) loginDataReturnedBuffer = StringIO.StringIO() l.setopt( l.WRITEFUNCTION, loginDataReturnedBuffer.write ) if l.perform(): self.broadcasts.append("Login failed. Please check connection.") l.close() return loginDataReturned = loginDataReturnedBuffer.getvalue() l.close() #print loginDataReturned if loginDataReturned.find("<li>Your supplied username or password is invalid.</li>")!=-1: self.broadcasts.append("Uploadir authentication failed. Username/password invalid.") return else: self.broadcasts.append("Uploadir authentication successful.") #cookie = loginDataReturned.split("Set-Cookie: ")[1] #cookie = cookie.split(";",0) #print cookie c = pycurl.Curl() values = [ ("file", (c.FORM_FILE, file)) ] buf = StringIO.StringIO() c.setopt(c.URL, "http://uploadir.com/file/upload") c.setopt(c.HTTPPOST, values) c.setopt(c.COOKIEFILE, cookie_file_name) c.setopt(c.COOKIEJAR, cookie_file_name) c.setopt(c.WRITEFUNCTION, buf.write) if c.perform(): self.broadcasts.append(uploadfailed+" "+file+".") c.close() return self.result = buf.getvalue() #print self.result c.close() doc = urlparse.urlparse(self.result) self.urls.append(doc.getElementsByTagName("download")[0].childNodes[0].nodeValue) def setClipBoard(self): c = gtk.Clipboard() c.set_text('\n'.join(self.urls)) c.store() if len(self.urls) == 1: self.broadcasts.append(oneimage) elif len(self.urls) != 0: self.broadcasts.append(str(len(self.urls))+" "+multimages) if __name__ == '__main__': uploadir = Uploadir(sys.argv) Any help would be gratefully appreciated. Warm regards,

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  • Array comparison

    - by devtech
    I have two arrays A & B. I want to do a compare among the elements of the two arrays. @a = "abc,def,efg,ghy,klm,ghn" @b = "def,ghy,jgk,lom,com,klm" If any element matches then set a flag 0 else 1. Is there any simple way to do this? Please advise.

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  • how to use @ in python..

    - by zjm1126
    this is my code: def a(): print 'sss' @a() def b(): print 'aaa' b() and the Traceback is: sss Traceback (most recent call last): File "D:\zjm_code\a.py", line 8, in <module> @a() TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable so how to use the '@' thanks

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  • in python: can i pass class method as and a default argument to another class method

    - by alex
    i want to to pass class method as and a default argument to another class method, so that i can re-use the method as a @classmethod @classmethod class foo: def func1(self,x): do somthing; def func2(self, aFunc = self.func1): # make some a call to afunc afunc(4) this why when the method func2 is called within the class aFunc defaults to self.func1, but i can call this same function from outside of the class and pass it a different function at the input. i get NameError: name 'self' is not defined

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  • Whats the point of lazy-seq in clojure?

    - by dbyrne
    I am looking through some example Fibonacci sequence clojure code: (def fibs (lazy-cat [1 2] (map + fibs (rest fibs)))) I generally understand what is going on, but don't quite understand the point of lazy-cat. I know that lazy-cat is a macro that is translating to something like this: (def fibs (concat (lazy-seq [1 2]) (lazy-seq (map + fibs (rest fibs))))) What exactly is lazy-seq accomplishing? It would still be evaluated lazily even without lazy-seq? Is this strictly for caching purposes?

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  • Add save callback to a single ActiveRecord instance, is it possible?

    - by J. Pablo Fernández
    Is it possible to add a callback to a single ActiveRecord instance? As a further constraint this is to go on a library so I don't have control over the class (except to monkey-patch it). This is more or less what I want to do: def do_something_creazy message = Message.new message.on_save_call :do_even_more_crazy_stuff end def do_even_more_crazy_stuff(message) puts "Message #{message} has been saved! Hallelujah!" end

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