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• Skip the first RenderTarget when writing to MRT with Opaque blending

  - by cubrman

  I am writing to three rendertargets and whant to know how to tell a GPU not to write to the first RT. When you write a shader you can simply output less data than you have RTs (like output a single float4 when writing to three RTs) and only the first RTs will be affected, but you cannot specify to output this data anywhere else but to COLOR0, then 1, etc. Is there a way to write to several RTs but skip the first target? If I output zeroes, the data in the target will become zeroes, but I need it to remain untuched in the first target and only change in the specified ones. The reason I need this is to prevent data loss when calling SetRendertarget() with DiscardContents RTs. I write to all the RTs at one point and I need to write to only the specified ones afterwards. It must be the first texture as I have a depth buffer linked to it (XNA 4.0). Thanks.

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• Detecting collision between ball (circle) and brick(rectangle)?

  - by James Harrison

  Ok so this is for a small uni project. My lecturer provided me with a framework for a simple brickbreaker game. I am currently trying to overcome to problem of detecting a collision between the two game objects. One object is always the ball and the other objects can either be the bricks or the bat. public Collision hitBy( GameObject obj ) { //obj is the bat or the bricks //the current object is the ball // if ball hits top of object if(topX + width >= obj.topX && topX <= obj.topX + obj.width && topY + height >= obj.topY - 2 && topY + height <= obj.topY){ return Collision.HITY; } //if ball hits left hand side else if(topY + height >= obj.topY && topY <= obj.topY + obj.height && topX + width >= obj.topX -2 && topX + width <= obj.topX){ return Collision.HITX; } else return Collision.NO_HIT; } So far I have a method that is used to detect this collision. The the current obj is a ball and the obj passed into the method is the the bricks. At the moment I have only added statement to check for left and top collisions but do not want to continue as I have a few problems. The ball reacts perfectly if it hits the top of the bricks or bat but when it hits the ball often does not change directing. It seems that it is happening toward the top of the left hand edge but I cannot figure out why. I would like to know if there is another way of approaching this or if people know where I'm going wrong. Lastly the collision.HITX calls another method later on the changes the x direction likewise with y.

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• Constrained/penalized distance function

  - by sigma.z.1980

  Assume a character is located on a n by n grid and has to reach a certain entry on that grid. Its current position is (x1,y1). Also on the same grid is an enemy with coordinates (x2,y2). Each step algorithm randomly generates new candidate locations for the hero (if there are k candidates then there is a kx2 matrix of new potential locations. What I need is some distance objective function to compare the candidates. I'm currently using d1 - c * d2, where d1 is distance to the objective (measure in terms of number of pixels for each axis), d2 is distance to the enemy and c is some coefficient (this is very much like a set-up for Lagrangian). It's not working very well though. I'd be quite keen to learn how what constrained distance function are used for similar cases. Any suggestions are very much appreciated.

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• Dealing with 2D pixel shaders and SpriteBatches in XNA 4.0 component-object game engine?

  - by DaveStance

  I've got a bit of experience with shaders in general, having implemented a couple, very simple, 3D fragment and vertex shaders in OpenGL/WebGL in the past. Currently, I'm working on a 2D game engine in XNA 4.0 and I'm struggling with the process of integrating per-object and full-scene shaders in my current architecture. I'm using a component-entity design, wherein my "Entities" are merely collections of components that are acted upon by discreet system managers (SpatialProvider, SceneProvider, etc). In the context of this question, my draw call looks something like this: SceneProvider::Draw(GameTime) calls... ComponentManager::Draw(GameTime, SpriteBatch) which calls (on each drawable component) DrawnComponent::Draw(GameTime, SpriteBatch) The SpriteBatch is set up, with the default SpriteBatch shader, in the SceneProvider class just before it tells the ComponentManager to start rendering the scene. From my understanding, if a component needs to use a special shader to draw itself, it must do the following when it's Draw(GameTime, SpriteBatch) method is invoked: public void Draw(GameTime gameTime, SpriteBatch spriteBatch) { spriteBatch.End(); spriteBatch.Begin(SpriteSortMode.Immediate, BlendState.AlphaBlend, null, null, null, EffectShader, ViewMatrix); // Draw things here that are shaded by the "EffectShader." spriteBatch.End(); spriteBatch.Begin(/* same settings that were set by SceneProvider to ensure the rest of the scene is rendered normally */); } My question is, having been told that numerous calls to SpriteBatch.Begin() and SpriteBatch.End() within a single frame was terrible for performance, is there a better way to do this? Is there a way to instruct the currently running SpriteBatch to simply change the Effect shader it is using for this particular draw call and then switch it back before the function ends?

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• Correct way to handle path-finding collision matrix

  - by Xander Lamkins

  Here is an example of me utilizing path finding. The red grid represents the grid utilized by my A* library to locate a distance. This picture is only an example, currently it is all calculated on the 1x1 pixel level (pretty darn laggy). I want to make it so that the farther I click, the less accurate it will be (split the map into larger grid pieces). Edit: as mentioned by Eric, this is not a required game mechanic. I am perfectly fine with any method that allows me to make this accurate while still fast. This isn't the really the topic of this question though. The problem I have is, my current library uses a two dimensional grid of integers. The higher the number in a cell, the more resistance for that grid tile. Currently I'm setting all unwalkable spots to Integer Max. Here is an example of what I want: I'm just not sure how I should set up the arrays of integers of the grid. Every time an element is added/removed to/from the game, it's collision details are updated in the table. Here is a picture of what the map looks like on my collision layer: I probably shouldn't be creating new arrays every time I have to do a path find because my game needs to support tons of PF at the same time. Should I have multiple arrays that are all updated when the dynamic elements are updated (a building is built/a building is destroyed). The problem I see with this is that it will probably make the creation and destruction of buildings a little more laggy than I would want because it would be setting the collision grid for each built in accuracy level. I would also have to add more/remove some arrays if I ever in the future changed the map size. Should I generate the new array based on an accuracy value every time I need to PF? The problem I see with this is that it will probably make any form of PF just as laggy because it will have to search through a MapWidth x MapHeight number of cells to shrink it all down. Or is there a better way? I'm certainly not the best at optimizing really anything. I've just started dealing with XNA so I'm not used to having optimization code really doing much of an affect until now... :( If you need code examples, please ask. I'll add it as an edit. EDIT: While this doesn't directly relate to the question, I figure the more information I provide, the better. To keep your units from moving as accurately to the players desired position, I've decided that once the unit PFs over to the less accurate grid piece, it will then PF on a more accurate level to the exact position requested.

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• Using copyrighted sprites

  - by Zertalx

  I was thinking about making a pacman clone, I know there is a similar question here Using Copyrighted Images , but I know i can't use the original art from the game because it belongs to Namco, so if I design a character that has the shape of the slice circle it will look exactly like pacman, maybe if I use green instead of yellow? Also if the game plays like the original pacman, it is wrong? I just want to make the game as a personal project and and publish it in my site without getting in trouble

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• Role of an entity state in a component based system?

  - by Paul

  Component-based entity systems are all the rage these days; everyone seems to agree they are the way to go, but no one really has a definitive implementation of such a system. I was wondering, what role do entity states (walking-left, standing, jumping, etc) have in a CBS? Do they act like controllers (i.e. they handle events and change the entity's attributes based on those events)? What about cases where a state would, for example, require that the entity enters no-clip mode? Should, that state, when it enters, maybe set the CollisionComponent of the entity to a null pointer or something? (Then, on exit, the state should restore the entity's CollisionComponent to its previous state.) Also, I guess it's the current state's job to change the entity's state to something else, right?

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• Logic in Entity Components Systems

  - by aaron

  I'm making a game that uses an Entity/Component architecture basically a port of Artemis's framework to c++,the problem arises when I try to make a PlayerControllerComponent, my original idea was this. class PlayerControllerComponent: Component { public: virtual void update() = 0; }; class FpsPlayerControllerComponent: PlayerControllerComponent { public: void update() { //handle input } }; and have a system that updates PlayerControllerComponents, but I found out that the artemis framework does not look at sub-classes the way I thought it would. So all in all my question here is should I make the framework aware of subclasses or should I add a new Component like object that is used for logic.

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• Drawing lots of tiles with OpenGL, the modern way

  - by Nic

  I'm working on a small tile/sprite-based PC game with a team of people, and we're running into performance issues. The last time I used OpenGL was around 2004, so I've been teaching myself how to use the core profile, and I'm finding myself a little confused. I need to draw in the neighborhood of 250-750 48x48 tiles to the screen every frame, as well as maybe around 50 sprites. The tiles only change when a new level is loaded, and the sprites are changing all the time. Some of the tiles are made up of four 24x24 pieces, and most (but not all) of the sprites are the same size as the tiles. A lot of the tiles and sprites use alpha blending. Right now I'm doing all of this in immediate mode, which I know is a bad idea. All the same, when one of our team members tries to run it, he gets very bad frame rates (~20-30 fps), and it's much worse when there are more tiles, especially when a lot of those tiles are the kind that are cut into pieces. This all makes me think that the problem is the number of draw calls being made. I've thought of a few possible solutions to this, but I wanted to run them by some people who know what they're talking about so I don't waste my time on something stupid: TILES: When a level is loaded, draw all the tiles once into a frame buffer attached to a big honking texture, and just draw a big rectangle with that texture on it every frame. Put all the tiles into a static vertex buffer when the level is loaded, and draw them that way. I don't know if there's a way to draw objects with different textures with a single call to glDrawElements, or if this is even something I'd want to do. Maybe just put all the tiles into a big giant texture and use funny texture coordinates in the VBO? SPRITES: Draw each sprite with a separate call to glDrawElements. Use a dynamic VBO somehow. Same texture question as number 2 above. Point sprites? This is probably silly. Are any of these ideas sensible? Is there a good implementation somewhere I could look over?

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• Unreal 3 Editor (Unreal Tournament 3) Why does the X Y Z translations now rotate along with my static meshes?

  - by Gareth Jones

  So I was making a map for UT3, using the Unreal 3 Editor provided, and all was going well. However I was doing some work with InterpActors and Vehicle Spawners, when I must have hit a key by mistake (or other wise somehow changed something) by mistake. Now the X Y Z translations that are used to move objects around in the editor will rotate along with the object (Ive put images down below to help show what I mean) - This is very annoying because it also changes the direction the arrow keys move a rotated object, in the example below, the Down arrow key will now move the object to the right. How can I fix this? (Note both images are taken from the same viewpoint) Before Rotation: After Rotation: P.S. If someone could please provide me with the correct / better name for the X Y Z "things" it would be much appreciated, thanks!

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• Strategies to Defeat Memory Editors for Cheating - Desktop Games

  - by ashes999

  I'm assuming we're talking about desktop games -- something the player downloads and runs on their local computer. Many are the memory editors that allow you to detect and freeze values, like your player's health. How do you prevent cheating? What strategies are effective to combat this kind of cheating? I'm looking for some good ones. Two I use that are mediocre are: Displaying values as a percentage instead of the number (eg. 46/50 = 92% health) A low-level class that holds values in an array and moves them with each change

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• How would you code an AI engine to allow communication in any programming language?

  - by Tokyo Dan

  I developed a two-player iPhone board game. Computer players (AI) can either be local (in the game code) or remote running on a server. In the 2nd case, both client and server code are coded in Lua. On the server the actual AI code is separate from the TCP socket code and coroutine code (which spawns a separate instance of AI for each connecting client). I want to be able to further isolate the AI code so that that part can be a module coded by anyone in their language of choice. How can I do this? What tecniques/technology would enable communication between the Lua TCP socket/coroutine code and the AI module?

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• Obstacle Avoidance steering behavior: how can an entity avoid an obstacle while other forces are acting on the entity?

  - by Prog

  I'm trying to implement the Obstacle Avoidance steering behavior in my 2D game. Currently my approach is to apply a force on the entity, in the direction of the normal of the heading, scaled by a number that gets bigger the closer we are to the obstacle. This is supposed to push the entity to the side and avoid the obstacle that blocks it's way. However, in the same time that my entity tries to avoid an obstacle, it Seeks to a point more or less behind the obstacle (which is the reason it needs to avoid the obstacle in the first place). The Seek algorithm constantly applies a force on the entity that pushes it (more or less) in the direction of the obstacle, while the Obstacle Avoidance algorithm constantly applies a force that pushes the entity away (more accurately, to the side) of the obstacle. The result is that sometimes the entity succesfully avoids the obstacle, and sometimes it collides with it, depending on the strength of the avoidance force I'm applying. How can I make sure that a force will succeed in steering the entity in some direction, while other forces are currently acting on the entity? (And while still looking natural). I can't allow entities to collide with obstacles when realistically they should be able to easily avoid them, doesn't matter what they're currently doing. Also, the Obstacle Avoidance algorithm is made exactly for the case where another force is acting on the entity. Otherwise it wouldn't be moving and there would be no need to avoid anything. So maybe I'm missing something. Thanks

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• A problem with texture atlasing in Unity

  - by Hamzeh Soboh

  I have the texture below and I need to get rectangular parts from it. I could finally combine meshes of different quads to improve performance, but I with quads of different tilings, this means different materials, then combining meshes will fail. Can anybody tell me how to have a part of that texture in C#? Such that all quads will be of the same material only then combining meshes passes. Thanks in advance.

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• What causes player box/world geometry glitches in old games?

  - by Alexander

  I'm looking to understand and find the terminology for what causes - or allows - players to interfere with geometry in old games. Famously, ID's Quake3 gave birth to a whole community of people breaking the physics by jumping, sliding, getting stuck and launching themselves off points in geometry. Some months ago (though I'd be darned if I can find it again!) I saw a conference held by Bungie's Vic DeLeon and a colleague in which Vic briefly discussed the issues he ran into while attempting to wrap 'collision' objects (please correct my terminology) around environment objects so that players could appear as though they were walking on organic surfaces, while not clipping through them or appear to be walking on air at certain points, due to complexities in the modeling. My aim is to compose a case study essay for University in which I can tackle this issue in games, drawing on early exploits and how techniques have changed to address such exploits and to aid in the gameplay itself. I have 3 current day example of where exploits still exist, however specifically targeting ID Software clearly shows they've massively improved their techniques between Q3 and Q4. So in summary, with your help please, I'd like to gain a slightly better understanding of this issue as a whole (its terminology mainly) so I can use terms and ask the right questions within the right contexts. In practical application, I know what it is, I know how to do it, but I don't have the benefit of level design knowledge yet and its technical widgety knick-knack terms =) Many thanks in advance AJ

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• What happened to .fx files in D3D11?

  - by bobobobo

  It seems they completely ruined .fx file loading / parsing in D3D11. In D3D9, loading an entire effect file was D3DXCreateEffectFromFile( .. ), and you got a ID3DXEffect9, which had great methods like SetTechnique and BeginPass, making it easy to load and execute a shader with multiple techniques. Is this completely manual now in D3D11? The highest level functionality I can find is loading a SINGLE shader from an FX file using D3DX11CompileFromFile. Does anyone know if there's an easier way to load FX files and choose a technique? With the level of functionality provided in D3D11 now, it seems like you're better off just writing .hlsl files and forgetting about the whole idea of Techniques.

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• How to manage my model

  - by Christophe Debove

  I have in my model, a list of Classes : Player, NonPlayerCharacter, Monster, Item, NonMovableItem etc With AndEngine I've a list of sprite for each piece of my model, How can I manage the relashionship between my model's classes and the graphical elements, what is the degree of abstaction recommended for my problem? One sprite for one Model or one Model for one Sprite or n for n for exemple If I do drag&drop have I to make abstraction of the Sprite Class, another exemple a map is a List of sprite or a list of element of my model?

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• Deformation of Sphere using Transformations

  - by Mert Toka

  I have a graphic related question. I need to have a transformation matrix that I have no idea about what it is. The problem is to create right image from the right sphere. I created those images in Maya, but I need some matrices for the graphics course. Here is the image: Our professor told us to use some sine and cosine in our transformations, but I have no idea what he meant. I thought of intersecting a plane from the grid(that is xz plane) and sphere, and then scaling down the resulting circle. Would that work? I also checked this paper, however it looks like a bit advanced for me. Another thing is I guess that paper is not about the same type of information I was looking for. It would be great if you could help me.

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• Unity3D : Retry Menu (Scene Management)

  - by user3666251

  I'm making a simple 2D game for Android using the Unity3D game engine. I created all the levels and everything but I'm stuck at making the game over/retry menu. So far I've been using new scenes as a game over menu. I used this simple script: #pragma strict var level = Application.LoadLevel; function OnCollisionEnter(Collision : Collision) { if(Collision.collider.tag == "Player") { Application.LoadLevel("GameOver"); } } And this as a 'menu': #pragma strict var myGUISkin : GUISkin; var btnTexture : Texture; function OnGUI() { GUI.skin = myGUISkin; if (GUI.Button(Rect(Screen.width/2-60,Screen.height/2+30,100,40),"Retry")) Application.LoadLevel("Easy1"); if (GUI.Button(Rect(Screen.width/2-90,Screen.height/2+100,170,40),"Main Menu")) Application.LoadLevel("MainMenu"); } The problem stands at the part where I have to create over 200 game over scenes, obstacles (the objects that kill the player) and recreate the same script over 200 times for each level. Is there any other way to make this faster and less painful?

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• How to link subprograms to a main program's game loop?

  - by Jim

  I recently discovered Crobot which is (briefly) a game where each player codes a virtual robot in a pseudo-C language. Each robot is then put in an arena where it fights against other robots. A robots' source code has this shape : /* Beginning file robot.r */ main() { while (1) { /* Do whatever you want */ ... move(); ... fire(); } } /* End file robot.r */ You can see that : The code is totally independent from any library/include Some predefined functions are available (move, fire, etc…) The program has its own game loop, and consequently is not called every frame My question is roughly : how does it work ? It seems that each robot's code is compiled by the main program and then used in a way I cannot understand. I thought it could yields a thread for each robot, but I have not any proof of this and it seems a bit complicated to achieve it. Any idea how it could work, someone ?

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• How is constant buffer allocation handled in DX11?

  - by Marek

  I'm starting with DX11 and I'm not sure if I'm doing the things right. I want to have both pixel and vertex shader program in one file. Both use some shared and some different constant buffers. So it looks like this: Shader.fx cbuffer ForVS : register(b0) { float4x4 wvp; }; cbuffer ForVSandPS : register(b1) { float4 stuff; float4 stuff2; }; cbuffer ForVS2 : register(b2) { float4 stuff; float4 stuff2; }; cbuffer ForPS : register(b3) { float4 stuff; float4 stuff2; }; .... And in code I use mContext->VSSetConstantBuffers( 0, 1, bufferVS); mContext->VSSetConstantBuffers( 1, 1, bufferVS_PS); mContext->VSSetConstantBuffers( 2, 1, bufferVS2); mContext->PSSetConstantBuffers( 1, 1, bufferVS_PS); mContext->PSSetConstantBuffers( 3, 1, bufferPS); The numbering of buffers in PS is what bugs me, is it alright to bind random slots to shaders (in this example 1 and 3)? Does that mean it still uses just two buffers or does it initialize 0 and 2 buffer pointers to empty? Thank you.

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• Change alpha to a Frame in libgdx

  - by Rudy_TM

  I have this batch.draw(currentFrame, x, y, this.parent.originX, this.parent.originY, this.parent.width, this.parent.height, this.scaleX, this.scaleY,this.rotation); I want to apply the alpha that it gets from the method, but theres is not overload from the SpriteBatch class that takes the alpha value, is there some wey to apply it? (i did it this way, because this are animation, and i wanted to control them) in my static ones i apply sprite.draw(SpriteBatch, alpha) Thanks

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• Importing FBX with multiple meshes in UDK

  - by andresp

  I need to import into UDK a several amount of FBX models (representing buildings) which are composed by various submeshes (walls, windows, roof...). I need to keep the individual meshes (can't use the merge option) but I also need to work with the building as a whole. Do you know if this is possible? How? Also, is there a way to keep the textures assignment for the FBX models after importing them to Unreal? Doing the process manually (importing model, importing texture, assign to the material, assign the material to each mesh and submesh) for 100 or 200 models (to import an entire city from City Engine), isn't viable.

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• Slick2d Spritesheet showing whole image

  - by BotskoNet

  I'm trying to show a single subimage from a sprite sheet. Using slick2d SpriteSheet class, all it's doing is showing me the entire image, but scaled down to fit the cell dimensions. The image is 96x192 and should have cells of 32x32. The code: SpriteSheet spriteSheet = new SpriteSheet("images/"+file, 32, 32 ); System.out.println("Horiz Count: " + spriteSheet.getHorizontalCount()); System.out.println("Vert Count: " + spriteSheet.getVerticalCount()); System.out.println("Height: " + spriteSheet.getHeight()); System.out.println("Width: " + spriteSheet.getWidth()); System.out.println("Texture Width: " + spriteSheet.getTextureWidth()); System.out.println("Texture Height: " + spriteSheet.getTextureHeight()); Prints: Horiz Count: 3 Vert Count: 6 Height: 192 Width: 96 Texture Width: 0.75 Texture Height: 0.75 Not sure what the texture dimensions refer to, but the rest is entirely accurate. However, when I draw the icon, the entire sprite image shows scaled down to 32x32: Image image = spriteSheet.getSprite(1, 0); // a test image.bind(); GL11.glEnable(GL11.GL_BLEND); GL11.glBlendFunc(GL11.GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL11.GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA); GL11.glBegin(GL11.GL_QUADS); GL11.glTexCoord2f(0,0); GL11.glVertex2f(x,y); GL11.glTexCoord2f(1,0); GL11.glVertex2f(x+image.getWidth(),y); GL11.glTexCoord2f(1,1); GL11.glVertex2f(x+image.getWidth(),y+image.getHeight()); GL11.glTexCoord2f(0,1); GL11.glVertex2f(x,y+image.getHeight()); GL11.glEnd(); GL11.glDisable(GL11.GL_BLEND);

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• How do I stop stretching during window re-size in XNA?

  - by Bradley Uffner

  In my windowed mode XNA game when the user resizes the window the game stops updating the window and the last frame drawn is stretched and distorted until the user releases the mouse and the resize completes. Is there any way to have the game continue to run "normally", updating frames and redrawing the screen, during the resize event? I realize that keeping the render loop going while resizing may not be possible or recommended due do hardware managed resources getting continually created and destroyed, but is there any way to stop the ugly stretching? Ideally by leaving the existing frame unscaled in the top left, or with a black screen if that isn't possible.

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