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  • Disk Redundancy across different server

    - by Mascarpone
    I have 3 servers, all with the same specs: Intel CPU 8 GB RAM Linux or BSD Single 2TB desktop SATA with more than 10K Hours of operation, with only less than 300 GB Used My provider cannot install a second hard drive, but can guarantee me that the drive will be replaced immediately in case of failure, with another equally crappy drive. The likelihood of drive failure is high, and since I can't use RAID, I was thinking about keeping a back up of each machine on all the other machines, so that there are always 2 copies on 2 different drives, plus the original. I would synchronize the drives every hour, with rsync, to guarantee some sort of redundancy, since bandwidth inside the DC is free, so it would be much cheaper than offsite backup. (A daily offiste backup is kept anyhow). What do you think? Any suggestion?

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  • Solaris10 x86 mirror. Making second disk booteable when failure

    - by Kani
    Did a mirror (RAID1) with Solaris 10 in x86. Everything OK. Now, I´m trying to make the second disk booteable, this is: from grub or in case of failure of disk1. I edited /boot/grub/menu.lst: #---------- ADDED BY BOOTADM - DO NOT EDIT ---------- title Solaris 10 9/10 s10x_u9wos_14a X86 findroot (rootfs1,0,a) kernel /platform/i86pc/multiboot module /platform/i86pc/boot_archive #---------------------END BOOTADM-------------------- #---------- ADDED BY BOOTADM - DO NOT EDIT ---------- title Solaris failsafe findroot (rootfs1,0,a) kernel /boot/multiboot -s module /boot/amd64/x86.miniroot-safe #---------------------END BOOTADM-------------------- #---------- ADDED BY BOOTADM - DO NOT EDIT ---------- title Solaris failsafe findroot (rootfs1,0,a) kernel /boot/multiboot kernel/unix -s module /boot/x86.miniroot-safe #---------------------END BOOTADM-------------------- #Make second disk booteable!!!!!!! title alternate boot findroot (rootfs1,1,a) kernel /boot/multiboot kernel/unix -s module /boot/x86.miniroot-safe But is not working. In the BIOS, when I select "alternate boot" I get: Error 15: 15 file not found also, how to configure to GRUB to make the disk2 to boot in case of error in disk1? Additionally, I did (but not related to GRUB): eeprom altbootpath=/devices/pci@0,0/pci108e,5352@1f,2/disk@1,0:a Here is the output of some commands that may help you: /sbin/biosdev 0x80 /pci@0,0/pci108e,5352@1f,2/disk@0,0 0x81 /pci@0,0/pci108e,5352@1f,2/disk@1,0 ls -l /dev/dsk/c1t?d0s0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 50 Jul 7 12:01 /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s0 -> ../../devices/pci@0,0/pci108e,5352@1f,2/disk@0,0:a lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 50 Jul 7 12:01 /dev/dsk/c1t1d0s0 -> ../../devices/pci@0,0/pci108e,5352@1f,2/disk@1,0:a more /boot/solaris/bootenv.rc setprop ata-dma-enabled '1' setprop atapi-cd-dma-enabled '0' setprop ttyb-rts-dtr-off 'false' setprop ttyb-ignore-cd 'true' setprop ttya-rts-dtr-off 'false' setprop ttya-ignore-cd 'true' setprop ttyb-mode '9600,8,n,1,-' setprop ttya-mode '9600,8,n,1,-' setprop lba-access-ok '1' setprop prealloc-chunk-size '0x2000' setprop bootpath '/pci@0,0/pci108e,5352@1f,2/disk@0,0:a' setprop keyboard-layout 'US-English' setprop console 'text' setprop altbootpath '/pci@0,0/pci108e,5352@1f,2/disk@1,0:a' cat /etc/vfstab #device device mount FS fsck mount mount #to mount to fsck point type pass at boot options # fd - /dev/fd fd - no - /proc - /proc proc - no - #/dev/dsk/c1t0d0s1 - - swap - no - /dev/md/dsk/d1 - - swap - no - /dev/md/dsk/d0 /dev/md/rdsk/d0 / ufs 1 no - /devices - /devices devfs - no - sharefs - /etc/dfs/sharetab sharefs - no - ctfs - /system/contract ctfs - no - objfs - /system/object objfs - no - swap - /tmp tmpfs - yes - df -h Filesystem size used avail capacity Mounted on /dev/md/dsk/d0 909G 11G 889G 2% / /devices 0K 0K 0K 0% /devices ctfs 0K 0K 0K 0% /system/contract proc 0K 0K 0K 0% /proc mnttab 0K 0K 0K 0% /etc/mnttab swap 14G 972K 14G 1% /etc/svc/volatile objfs 0K 0K 0K 0% /system/object sharefs 0K 0K 0K 0% /etc/dfs/sharetab /usr/lib/libc/libc_hwcap1.so.1 909G 11G 889G 2% /lib/libc.so.1 fd 0K 0K 0K 0% /dev/fd swap 14G 40K 14G 1% /tmp swap 14G 28K 14G 1% /var/run

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  • Linux's best filesystem to work with 10000's of files without overloading the system I/O

    - by mhambra
    Hi all. It is known that certain AMD64 Linuxes are subject of being unresponsive under heavy disk I/O (see Gentoo forums: AMD64 system slow/unresponsive during disk access (Part 2)), unfortunately have such one. I want to put /var/tmp/portage and /usr/portage trees to a separate partition, but what FS to choose for it? Requirements: * for journaling, performance is preffered over safe data read/write operations * optimized to read/write 10000 of small files Candidates: * ext2 without any journaling * BtrFS In Phoronix tests, BtrFS had demonstrated a good random access performance (fat better than XFS thereby it may be less CPU-aggressive). However, unpacking operation seems to be faster with XFS there, but it was tested that unpacking kernel tree to XFS makes my system to react slower for 51% disregard of any renice'd processes and/or schedulers. Why no ReiserFS? Google'd this (q: reiserfs ext2 cpu): 1 Apr 2006 ... Surprisingly, the ReiserFS and the XFS used significantly more CPU to remove file tree (86% and 65%) when other FS used about 15% (Ext3 and ... Is it same now?

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  • Match Hard Disk Partition Table?

    - by MA1
    What is the most efficient way to match the partition tables on two different hard disks? I have saved the partition tables using dd command in linux. The partition tables are from a Windows system.

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  • FATA disk performance for VMware

    - by Sergei
    Hi, We are moving to the dataceneter and planning to have tiered storage on EVA4400 - FC RAID 10 for SQL databases and RAID5 across 24 FATA 1TB disks form VMware ESX guests.HP is describing FATA disks as suitable for near online storage, however I am not convinced that 24 spindles will not be enough for running VMWare for 3 ESX servers. Does anyone has opinion on why this could be a such a bad idea?

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  • RAID Array performance on an HP Proliant ML350 G5 Smart Array E200i

    - by Nate Pinchot
    We have a client who is complaining about performance of an application which utilizes an MS SQL database. They do not believe the performance issues are the fault of the application itself. The Smart Array E200i RAID controller has 128MB cache and we have the cache set to 75% read/25% write. The disk array set to enable write caching. Recently we ran a disk performance test using SQLIO based on this guide. We used a 10 GB file for the test found that the average sequential read rate was ~60 MB/sec (megabytes/sec) and the average random read rate was ~30 MB/sec. Are these numbers on par for what the server should be performing? Better than on par? Horrible? Amazing?

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  • where on disk is space allocated for new files inside LVM lv with ext4 file system?

    - by Jost
    I run a multi-disk server with LVM2. Several large disks serve as LVM2 physical volumes for one volume group, containing one logical volume formatted with ext4. Nothing fancy, just your standard linear setup. Recently an additional, very small disk was added as physical volume to that volume group and I expanded both the logical volume, and the ext4 file system therein onto that disk. This lv is used to store incremental backups using rsync and is only about 30% full, there have rarely been any files deleted from it, only incremental writes. Now this new HDD I added to the pre-existing volume group has unexpectedly died on me, and the volume group won't come up because it is missing one physical volume. As fate will have it, this WAS the "in an event of catastrophic failure on the primary server"-backup, the event happened, the boss is not happy, so this kinda has to work... According to this (Part 3): http://www.novell.com/coolsolutions/appnote/19386.html it is possible to trick LVM into starting anyway by creating a new pv with identical metadata to the failed disk, which will make the volume accessible, but of course leave giant holes in the file system. I have'n tried it yet, because it involves repairing (writing to) the file system which eliminates the possibility of trying other things if it fails. Now my question is: How does this setup actually allocate disk space for new data? Is it allocated linearly from beginning to end of PVs, in the order they were added to the vg? Is it striped somehow in order to increase performance/balance load? since this defective disk was added only later to an existing lvm2 vg and lv, containing a half-empty ext4, what are the chances that there was never any data written to the defective disk? In other words: what are the chances of recovering all my data, even without the defective disk, by just starting the volume group as-is? Am I about to go spend $1500 on having 250GB of empty space recovered when I send the defective disk in for repair? Is there a way to check without mounting the file system and opening the files, hoping they contain something other than zeros? (comparing addresses of used data blocks inside ext4 to address ranges that were on the missing pv, something like that, preferably easy to automate) I know bitwise-copying the entire lv into an image file before trying to repair the ext4 would probably be a good idea, but since this lv is very large and I just suffered major file system failure on several systems it is probably a luxury I don't have... Any suggestions?

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  • Clonezilla disk to disk clone on a dual boot ubuntu karmic & XP setup - cannot open '/boot/grub/devi

    - by srboisvert
    I just tried to clone a failing existing boot drive for a dual boot system with Ubuntu karmic and Windows XP installed using Clonezilla. The cloning worked fine right up until the end when I got the following error: Running: grub-install --no floppy --root-directory=/tmp/hd_img.twABYW /dev/sdb grub-probe: error: Cannot open '/boot/grub/device.map' /usr/sbin/grub-install:line 374: [: =: unary operator expected What's my next step? I imagine I need to somehow rebuild my boot record for Windows and Ubuntu and edit grub.

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  • Disk space consumed

    - by aravind-zoniac
    I have a very serious problem here in one of my client server. The remote server is installed with REDHAT ES 5.2 and we have a postgresql as database. I was trying to clone the database. The hard drive had 32 GB of free space before taking clone. I started cloning the database and during the process, there was some internet issue and due to this, putty got disconnected before taking clone. So I opened another fresh session and I was able to see only 2.5GB as available space. Also I was not able to see the clone in the psql terminal. Any solution to get the 29GB that was consumed????

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  • Give back full control to a user on a disk from another computer

    - by Foghorn
    I have my friend's hard drive mounted externally. After messing with the permissions with TAKEOWN so I could fix some viruses, I have full control over their drive. The problem is, now it's stuck in a "autochk not found" reboot sequence. I think the problem is that the boot sector is invisible to the drive now. So my question is, How can I use icacls to give back the full ownership, when the user I am giving it to is not on my machine? I ran the TAKEOWN command from my windows 7 laptop, their machine is a windows xp Professional with three partitions, I only altered the one that has the boot sector. Here is the permissions that icacls shows: (Where my computer is %System% my username is ME, and the drive is E:\ C:\Users\ME icacls E:\* E:\$RECYCLE.BIN %System%\ME:(OI)(CI)(F) Mandatory Label\Low Mandatory Level:(OI)(CI)(IO)(NW) E:\ALLDATAW %System%\ME:(I)(OI)(CI)(F) E:\alrt_200.data %System%\ME:(OI)(CI)(F) E:\AUTOEXEC.BAT %System%\ME:(OI)(CI)(F) E:\AZ Commercial %System%\ME:(I)(OI)(CI)(F) E:\boot.ini %System%\ME:(OI)(CI)(F) E:\Config.Msi %System%\ME:(I)(OI)(CI)(F) E:\CONFIG.SYS %System%\ME:(OI)(CI)(F) E:\Documents and Settings %System%\ME:(I)(OI)(CI)(F) E:\IO.SYS %System%\ME:(OI)(CI)(F) E:\Mitchell1 %System%\ME:(I)(OI)(CI)(F) E:\MSDOS.SYS %System%\ME:(OI)(CI)(F) E:\MSOCache %System%\ME:(I)(OI)(CI)(F) E:\NTDClient.log %System%\ME:(OI)(CI)(F) E:\NTDETECT.COM %System%\ME:(OI)(CI)(F) E:\ntldr %System%\ME:(OI)(CI)(F) E:\pagefile.sys %System%\ME:(OI)(CI)(F) E:\Program Files %System%\ME:(I)(OI)(CI)(F) E:\RECYCLER %System%\ME:(I)(OI)(CI)(F) E:\RHDSetup.log %System%\ME:(OI)(CI)(F) E:\System Volume Information %System%\ME:(I)(OI)(CI)(F) E:\WINDOWS %System%\ME:(I)(OI)(CI)(F) Successfully processed 22 files; Failed processing 0 files C:\Users\ME

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  • How to restore a dd overwritten disk partition?

    - by DairyKnight
    First of all, I admit I'm stupid and I didn't run proper backup of my data, but you know crap happens... So, I've used dd to overwrite the first 2GB of my 750GB NTFS partition with a FAT32 partition. I've run Photorec and EasyRecovery but all I can restore is the 2GB FAT32 partition and the files on that. Is there a way to "roll back" to the NTFS paritition, and recover - at least - some part of the 750GB data? Thanks.

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  • Can someone recommend a Compact Flash card to be used as a boot disk

    - by Hamish Downer
    I have an early Acer Aspire One netbook, and the flash drive is really slow at writing. I've taken it apart to add more RAM, but I've pretty much stopped using it. I've read about people replacing the SSD with a Compact Flash card and a CF to ZIF adapter but I've also read about some Compact Flash cards where the manufacturer has permanently disabled the boot flag to stop people doing this kind of mod. (Can't find the link any more though). So my most specific question is: can someone recommend a compact flash card that does allow the boot flag to be set? Please say whether you've done it yourself, or just heard about it from someone else. Beyond that, is this generally a problem?

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  • DEBIAN minimum hard disk footprint

    - by user41072
    Hi, I found this http://serverfault.com/questions/29071/red-hat-server-minimal-install question while searching google for debian minimal install. User shylent wrote thet he uses really basic debian install so small that processes can count on one hand fingers :D. So Im searching and asking for starting point to create basic linux distro but not from scratch like LFS but make linux distro based on debian for example. I used debootstrap but still it is 150M large.

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  • Windows XP restore point file from disk.

    - by Dragos Toader
    Suppose I copied a Windows XP restore point file to a USB memory stick. I copied C:\System Volume Information\MountPointManagerRemoteDatabase C:\System Volume Information\tracking.log C:\System Volume Information\_restore{45B5E8B9-949A-471E-999D-F381DA56A2D3} C:\System Volume Information\catalog.wci to F:\System Volume Information\ How can I restore this restore point? Can I fool the system into using that file (if I copied it back into the restore point folder)? From F:\System Volume Information\MountPointManagerRemoteDatabase F:\System Volume Information\tracking.log F:\System Volume Information\_restore{45B5E8B9-949A-471E-999D-F381DA56A2D3} F:\System Volume Information\catalog.wci to C:\System Volume Information\

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  • NETAPP Fragmentation

    - by mdpc
    We all know that once a disk (or storage system for that matter) gets introduced into use, the performance degrades due to fragmentation of files. This seems to be why disk defragmentors are in fairly wide use on Windows boxes. And they do increase the performance substancially. As an aside, I haven't heard of many defragmentors in the Unix/Linux area. Despite the claimed WAFL protections for the NetApp, file fragmentation still will occur, especially with all the sparsely crated VMs. My question is does anybody do any sort of defragmention of such a storage system? Do you notice any measurable degration/improvement of either not doing/doing anything to address this situation? Does anybody do anything about it? If so what? Thanks

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  • Upgraded Ubuntu, all drives in one zpool marked unavailable

    - by Matt Sieker
    I just upgraded Ubuntu 14.04, and I had two ZFS pools on the server. There was some minor issue with me fighting with the ZFS driver and the kernel version, but that's worked out now. One pool came online, and mounted fine. The other didn't. The main difference between the tool is one was just a pool of disks (video/music storage), and the other was a raidz set (documents, etc) I've already attempted exporting and re-importing the pool, to no avail, attempting to import gets me this: root@kyou:/home/matt# zpool import -fFX -d /dev/disk/by-id/ pool: storage id: 15855792916570596778 state: UNAVAIL status: One or more devices contains corrupted data. action: The pool cannot be imported due to damaged devices or data. see: http://zfsonlinux.org/msg/ZFS-8000-5E config: storage UNAVAIL insufficient replicas raidz1-0 UNAVAIL insufficient replicas ata-SAMSUNG_HD103SJ_S246J90B134910 UNAVAIL ata-WDC_WD10EARS-00Y5B1_WD-WMAV51422523 UNAVAIL ata-WDC_WD10EARS-00Y5B1_WD-WMAV51535969 UNAVAIL The symlinks for those in /dev/disk/by-id also exist: root@kyou:/home/matt# ls -l /dev/disk/by-id/ata-SAMSUNG_HD103SJ_S246J90B134910* /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD10EARS-00Y5B1_WD-WMAV51* lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 May 27 19:31 /dev/disk/by-id/ata-SAMSUNG_HD103SJ_S246J90B134910 -> ../../sdb lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 May 27 19:15 /dev/disk/by-id/ata-SAMSUNG_HD103SJ_S246J90B134910-part1 -> ../../sdb1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 May 27 19:15 /dev/disk/by-id/ata-SAMSUNG_HD103SJ_S246J90B134910-part9 -> ../../sdb9 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 May 27 19:15 /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD10EARS-00Y5B1_WD-WMAV51422523 -> ../../sdd lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 May 27 19:15 /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD10EARS-00Y5B1_WD-WMAV51422523-part1 -> ../../sdd1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 May 27 19:15 /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD10EARS-00Y5B1_WD-WMAV51422523-part9 -> ../../sdd9 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 May 27 19:15 /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD10EARS-00Y5B1_WD-WMAV51535969 -> ../../sde lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 May 27 19:15 /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD10EARS-00Y5B1_WD-WMAV51535969-part1 -> ../../sde1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 May 27 19:15 /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD10EARS-00Y5B1_WD-WMAV51535969-part9 -> ../../sde9 Inspecting the various /dev/sd* devices listed, they appear to be the correct ones (The 3 1TB drives that were in a raidz array). I've run zdb -l on each drive, dumping it to a file, and running a diff. The only difference on the 3 are the guid fields (Which I assume is expected). All 3 labels on each one are basically identical, and are as follows: version: 5000 name: 'storage' state: 0 txg: 4 pool_guid: 15855792916570596778 hostname: 'kyou' top_guid: 1683909657511667860 guid: 8815283814047599968 vdev_children: 1 vdev_tree: type: 'raidz' id: 0 guid: 1683909657511667860 nparity: 1 metaslab_array: 33 metaslab_shift: 34 ashift: 9 asize: 3000569954304 is_log: 0 create_txg: 4 children[0]: type: 'disk' id: 0 guid: 8815283814047599968 path: '/dev/disk/by-id/ata-SAMSUNG_HD103SJ_S246J90B134910-part1' whole_disk: 1 create_txg: 4 children[1]: type: 'disk' id: 1 guid: 18036424618735999728 path: '/dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD10EARS-00Y5B1_WD-WMAV51422523-part1' whole_disk: 1 create_txg: 4 children[2]: type: 'disk' id: 2 guid: 10307555127976192266 path: '/dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD10EARS-00Y5B1_WD-WMAV51535969-part1' whole_disk: 1 create_txg: 4 features_for_read: Stupidly, I do not have a recent backup of this pool. However, the pool was fine before reboot, and Linux sees the disks fine (I have smartctl running now to double check) So, in summary: I upgraded Ubuntu, and lost access to one of my two zpools. The difference between the pools is the one that came up was JBOD, the other was zraid. All drives in the unmountable zpool are marked UNAVAIL, with no notes for corrupted data The pools were both created with disks referenced from /dev/disk/by-id/. Symlinks from /dev/disk/by-id to the various /dev/sd devices seems to be correct zdb can read the labels from the drives. Pool has already been attempted to be exported/imported, and isn't able to import again. Is there some sort of black magic I can invoke via zpool/zfs to bring these disks back into a reasonable array? Can I run zpool create zraid ... without losing my data? Is my data gone anyhow?

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  • Trying to get Hobbit clients to show cpu, mem, disk, etc

    - by Bryan Agee
    I have a Hobbit server set up with a handful of hosts using conn, http, ssh, and sslcert services, but would like to add the other tests as well. I've installed hobbit-client on a server, and added: # CLIENT:fqdn.example.com to it's host line in bb-hosts, and added: HOST=fqdn.example.com before the default configuration in hobbit-clinets.cfg, but no joy. Does anyone know what else I need to do for those tests to register?

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  • Run script when a specific disk/memory card is mounted under OSX

    - by Max Rydahl Andersen
    How do I run a script when a drive is mounted under OSX ? My usecase is that I would like to automatically copy images from my USB memory/harddrive when it is inserted in my USB card reader, and when a DVD or CD is inserted I would like to copy it for storage in my media center. I've tried using Marcopolo but from what I can see it can only detect the presence of a certain USB device, not the presence of specific harddrive. (http://superuser.com/questions/65127/is-it-possible-to-run-an-automator-workflow-when-a-usb-device-is-connected)

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  • What are "Missing thread recordng" erros when running fsck -fy?

    - by ohho
    There is some error reported when I run Disk Utility and verify the root volume on my OS X MacBook. So I boot and CMD-S into the shell mode and run /sbin/fsck -fy. Errors are like: ** Checking catalog file. Missing thread record (id = ...) In correct number of thread records ** Checking catalog hierarchy. Invalid volume file count (It should be ... instead of ...) ** Repairing Volume Missing directory record (id = ...) I'd like to know what is the cause of the above errors? Hopefully I will be more careful in the future to prevent them from happening again. p.s. I am using a SSD and so I assume mechanical hard disk error is less likely. Thanks!

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  • Refresh file access time under Linux / Discard disk read cache

    - by calandoa
    I am making use of the access time to analyse some build process, but it is not working the way I want: the access time is updated the first time I read the file, then it stays the same for a long while, or until the next reboot. For instance: $ ll -u some_file -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.3M 2010-04-07 10:03 some_file $ grep abcdef some_file $ ll -u some_file -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.3M 2010-04-07 11:24 some_file # The access time is updated # waiting a few minutes... $ grep abcdef some_file $ ll -u some_file -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.3M 2010-04-07 11:24 some_file # The access time has not been updated :( I suppose that the file is buffered by Linux in the free memory, the only this copy is accessed the subsequent times for speed reasons. A solution would be to discard the buffers in memory. After searching some forums, I found: sync echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches But it is not working, it seems that it only sync up the write buffers, not the read ones. May be it is due to some custom kernel configuration on my distro (fedora 9)? Or I am missing something here? Is there a way to achieve this access time refresh? Note also that I do not want to simulate some writes on my entire file tree. Because I am using some makefile based build system, this will cause the entire project to be build again.

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  • mdadm raid5 recover double disk failure - with a twist (drive order)

    - by Peter Bos
    Let me acknowledge first off that I have made mistakes, and that I have a backup for most but not all of the data on this RAID. I still have hope of recovering the rest of the data. I don't have the kind of money to take the drives to a recovery expert company. Mistake #0, not having a 100% backup. I know. I have a mdadm RAID5 system of 4x3TB. Drives /dev/sd[b-e], all with one partition /dev/sd[b-e]1. I'm aware that RAID5 on very large drives is risky, yet I did it anyway. Recent events The RAID become degraded after a two drive failure. One drive [/dev/sdc] is really gone, the other [/dev/sde] came back up after a power cycle, but was not automatically re-added to the RAID. So I was left with a 4 device RAID with only 2 active drives [/dev/sdb and /dev/sdd]. Mistake #1, not using dd copies of the drives for restoring the RAID. I did not have the drives or the time. Mistake #2, not making a backup of the superblock and mdadm -E of the remaining drives. Recovery attempt I reassembled the RAID in degraded mode with mdadm --assemble --force /dev/md0, using /dev/sd[bde]1. I could then access my data. I replaced /dev/sdc with a spare; empty; identical drive. I removed the old /dev/sdc1 from the RAID mdadm --fail /dev/md0 /dev/sdc1 Mistake #3, not doing this before replacing the drive I then partitioned the new /dev/sdc and added it to the RAID. mdadm --add /dev/md0 /dev/sdc1 It then began to restore the RAID. ETA 300 mins. I followed the process via /proc/mdstat to 2% and then went to do other stuff. Checking the result Several hours (but less then 300 mins) later, I checked the process. It had stopped due to a read error on /dev/sde1. Here is where the trouble really starts I then removed /dev/sde1 from the RAID and re-added it. I can't remember why I did this; it was late. mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --remove /dev/sde1 mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --add /dev/sde1 However, /dev/sde1 was now marked as spare. So I decided to recreate the whole array using --assume-clean using what I thought was the right order, and with /dev/sdc1 missing. mdadm --create /dev/md0 --assume-clean -l5 -n4 /dev/sdb1 missing /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1 That worked, but the filesystem was not recognized while trying to mount. (It should have been EXT4). Device order I then checked a recent backup I had of /proc/mdstat, and I found the drive order. md0 : active raid5 sdb1[0] sde1[4] sdd1[2] sdc1[1] 8790402048 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU] I then remembered this RAID had suffered a drive loss about a year ago, and recovered from it by replacing the faulty drive with a spare one. That may have scrambled the device order a bit...so there was no drive [3] but only [0],[1],[2], and [4]. I tried to find the drive order with the Permute_array script: https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Permute_array.pl but that did not find the right order. Questions I now have two main questions: I screwed up all the superblocks on the drives, but only gave: mdadm --create --assume-clean commands (so I should not have overwritten the data itself on /dev/sd[bde]1. Am I right that in theory the RAID can be restored [assuming for a moment that /dev/sde1 is ok] if I just find the right device order? Is it important that /dev/sde1 be given the device number [4] in the RAID? When I create it with mdadm --create /dev/md0 --assume-clean -l5 -n4 \ /dev/sdb1 missing /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1 it is assigned the number [3]. I wonder if that is relevant to the calculation of the parity blocks. If it turns out to be important, how can I recreate the array with /dev/sdb1[0] missing[1] /dev/sdd1[2] /dev/sde1[4]? If I could get that to work I could start it in degraded mode and add the new drive /dev/sdc1 and let it resync again. It's OK if you would like to point out to me that this may not have been the best course of action, but you'll find that I realized this. It would be great if anyone has any suggestions.

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  • Snow Leopard directories after hard disk crash and restore from Migrate Utility

    - by ennuikiller
    My hard drive on my macbook pro crashed the other day and I got a replacement from Apple with a vanilla snow leopard install. Upon returning home I used the Migration Utility to restore my previous data and configuration. So far, so good! Everything looks and works exactly the same as before the crash. However, I noticed these 2 directories that are taking up quite a bit of space: /Developer (from old Mac) /opt (from old Mac) The question is can I safely remove these? As I said, my macbook pro appears to be restored completely to before the hard drive crash. I can run all my apps and all my files appear to be intact. Therefore it seems the system is not using these directories. Also because of their odd names it doesn't seem that os x is using them for any purpose. Thanks in advance for any help!

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  • /var/lib/ureadahead/debugfs using up disk space

    - by Keyo
    Running Ubuntu 10.04 and nearly all my drive space is gone. # df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/ubuntu-root 7.3G 6.6G 327M 96% / none 245M 240K 244M 1% /dev none 249M 0 249M 0% /dev/shm none 249M 340K 249M 1% /var/run none 249M 0 249M 0% /var/lock none 249M 0 249M 0% /lib/init/rw /dev/sda1 228M 34M 183M 16% /boot Of course it's not mounted. I read that chmod 0 /sbin/debugfs could fix the problem, but now it just won't mount despite changing the permission to 777. This is a VM running on VirtualBox. I have done a file system check which ran fine. What is this directory and how can I remove it from the system?

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