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  • Good 2D Platformer Physics

    - by Joe Wreschnig
    I have a basic character controller set up for a 2D platformer with Box2D, and I'm starting to tweak it to try to make it feel good. Physics engines have a lot of knobs to tweak, and it's not clear to me, writing with a physics engine for the first time, which ones I should use. Should jumping apply a force for several ticks? An impulse? Directly set velocity? How do I stop the avatar from sticking to walls without taking away all its friction (or do I take away all the friction, but only in the air)? Should I model the character as a capsule? A box with rounded corners? A box with two wheels? Just one big wheel? I feel like someone must have done this before! There seem to be very few resources available on the web that are not "baby's first physics", which all cut off where I'm hoping someone has already solved the issues. Most examples of physics engines for platformers have floaty-feeling controls, or in-air jumps, or easily exploitable behavior when temporary penetration is too high, etc. Some examples of what I mean: A short tap of jump jumps a short distance; a long tap jumps higher. Short skidding when stopping or reversing directions at high velocity. Standing stably on inclines (but maybe sliding down them when ducking). Analog speed when using an analog controller. All the other things that separate good platformers from bad platformers. Dare I suggest, stable moving platforms? I'm not really looking for "hey, do this." Obviously, the right thing to do is dependent on what I want in the game. But I'm hoping someone somewhere has gone through the possibilities and said "well technique A does feature X well, technique B does Y well, but that doesn't work with C", or has some worked examples beyond "if (key == space) character.impulse(0, 1)"

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  • Hardware instancing for voxel engine

    - by Menno Gouw
    i just did the tutorial on Hardware Instancing from this source: http://www.float4x4.net/index.php/2011/07/hardware-instancing-for-pc-in-xna-4-with-textures/. Somewhere between 900.000 and 1.000.000 draw calls for the cube i get this error "XNA Framework HiDef profile supports a maximum VertexBuffer size of 67108863." while still running smoothly on 900k. That is slightly less then 100x100x100 which are a exactly a million. Now i have seen voxel engines with very "tiny" voxels, you easily get to 1.000.000 cubes in view with rough terrain and a decent far plane. Obviously i can optimize a lot in the geometry buffer method, like rendering only visible faces of a cube or using larger faces covering multiple cubes if the area is flat. But is a vertex buffer of roughly 67mb the max i can work with or can i create multiple?

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  • Alternatives to NSMutableArray for storing 2D grid - iOS Cocos2d

    - by SundayMonday
    I'm creating a grid-based iOS game using Cocos2d. Currently the grid is stored in an NSMutableArray that contains other NSMutableArrays (the latter are rows in the grid). This works ok and performance so far is pretty good. However the syntax feels bulky and the indexing isn't very elegant (using CGPoints, would prefer integer indices). I'm looking for an alternative. What are some alternatives data structures for 2D arrays in this situation? In my game it's very common to add and remove rows from the bottom of the grid. So the grid might start off 10x10, grow to 17x10, shrink to 8x10 and then finally end with 2x10. Note the column count is constant. I've consider using a vector<vector<Object*>>. Also I'm vaguely aware of some type of "fast array" or similar offered by Cocos2d. I'd just like to learn about best practices from other developers!

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  • Workaround the flip queue (AKA pre-rendered frames) in OpenGL?

    - by user41500
    It appears that some drivers implement a "flip queue" such that, even with vsync enabled, the first few calls to swap buffers return immediately (queuing those frames for later use). It is only after this queue is filled that buffer swaps will block to synchronize with vblank. This behavior is detrimental to my application. It creates latency. Does anyone know of a way to disable it or a workaround for dealing with it? The OpenGL Wiki on Swap Interval suggests a call to glFinish after the swap but I've had no such luck with that trick.

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  • Correct use of VAO's in OpenGL ES2 for iOS?

    - by sak
    I'm migrating to OpenGL ES2 for one of my iOS projects, and I'm having trouble to get any geometry to render successfully. Here's where I'm setting up the VAO rendering: void bindVAO(int vertexCount, struct Vertex* vertexData, GLushort* indexData, GLuint* vaoId, GLuint* indexId){ //generate the VAO & bind glGenVertexArraysOES(1, vaoId); glBindVertexArrayOES(*vaoId); GLuint positionBufferId; //generate the VBO & bind glGenBuffers(1, &positionBufferId); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, positionBufferId); //populate the buffer data glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertexCount, vertexData, GL_STATIC_DRAW); //size of verte position GLsizei posTypeSize = sizeof(kPositionVertexType); glVertexAttribPointer(kVertexPositionAttributeLocation, kVertexSize, kPositionVertexTypeEnum, GL_FALSE, sizeof(struct Vertex), (void*)offsetof(struct Vertex, position)); glEnableVertexAttribArray(kVertexPositionAttributeLocation); //create & bind index information glGenBuffers(1, indexId); glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, *indexId); glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertexCount, indexData, GL_STATIC_DRAW); //restore default state glBindVertexArrayOES(0); glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0); } And here's the rendering step: //bind the frame buffer for drawing glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, outputFrameBuffer); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); //use the shader program glUseProgram(program); glClearColor(0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.5); float aspect = fabsf(320.0 / 480.0); GLKMatrix4 projectionMatrix = GLKMatrix4MakePerspective(GLKMathDegreesToRadians(65.0f), aspect, 0.1f, 100.0f); GLKMatrix4 modelViewMatrix = GLKMatrix4MakeTranslation(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f); GLKMatrix4 mvpMatrix = GLKMatrix4Multiply(projectionMatrix, modelViewMatrix); //glUniformMatrix4fv(projectionMatrixUniformLocation, 1, GL_FALSE, projectionMatrix.m); glUniformMatrix4fv(modelViewMatrixUniformLocation, 1, GL_FALSE, mvpMatrix.m); glBindVertexArrayOES(vaoId); glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN, kVertexCount, GL_FLOAT, &indexId); //bind the color buffer glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, colorRenderBuffer); [context presentRenderbuffer:GL_RENDERBUFFER]; The screen is rendering the color passed to glClearColor correctly, but not the shape passed into bindVAO. Is my VAO being built correctly? Thanks!

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  • DrawIndexedPrimitives overdraws data in previous buffer if called in loop

    - by Daniel Excinsky
    I doubled the question from stackoverflow here, and will delete the opposite of a question that gave me the answer. I have the Draw method in one of my renderers, that loops through the dictionary and gets precollected and preinitialized buffers. When dictionary has only one element, everything is just fine. But with more elements what I get on the screen is only the data from the last buffer (I suppose, not sure) My Draw method: public void Draw(GameTime gameTime) { if (!_areStaticEffectsSet) { // blockEffect.Parameters["TextureAtlas"].SetValue(textureAtlas); blockEffect.Parameters["HorizonColor"].SetValue(World.HORIZONCOLOR); blockEffect.Parameters["NightColor"].SetValue(World.NIGHTCOLOR); blockEffect.Parameters["MorningTint"].SetValue(World.MORNINGTINT); blockEffect.Parameters["EveningTint"].SetValue(World.EVENINGTINT); blockEffect.Parameters["SunColor"].SetValue(World.SUNCOLOR); _areStaticEffectsSet = true; } blockEffect.Parameters["World"].SetValue(Matrix.Identity); blockEffect.Parameters["View"].SetValue(_player.CameraView); blockEffect.Parameters["Projection"].SetValue(_player.CameraProjection); blockEffect.Parameters["CameraPosition"].SetValue(_player.CameraPosition); blockEffect.Parameters["timeOfDay"].SetValue(_world.TimeOfDay); var viewFrustum = new BoundingFrustum(_player.CameraView * _player.CameraProjection); _graphicsDevice.BlendState = BlendState.Opaque; _graphicsDevice.DepthStencilState = DepthStencilState.Default; foreach (KeyValuePair<int, Texture2D> textureAtlas in textureAtlases) { blockEffect.Parameters["TextureAtlas"].SetValue(textureAtlas.Value); foreach (EffectPass pass in blockEffect.CurrentTechnique.Passes) { pass.Apply(); //TODO: ?????????? ??????????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? VertexBuffer ? IndexBuffer foreach (Chunk chunk in _world.Chunks.Values) { if (chunk == null || chunk.IsDisposed) { continue; } if (chunk.BoundingBox.Intersects(viewFrustum) && chunk.GetBlockIndexBuffer(textureAtlas.Key) != null) { lock (chunk) { if (chunk.GetBlockIndexBuffer(textureAtlas.Key).IndexCount > 0) { VertexBuffer vertexBuffer = chunk.GetBlockVertexBuffer(textureAtlas.Key); IndexBuffer indexBuffer = chunk.GetBlockIndexBuffer(textureAtlas.Key); //if (chunk.DrawIndex == new Vector3i(0, 0, 0)) //{ //if (textureAtlas.Key == -1) //{ //var varray = new [] //{ //new VertexPositionTextureLight(new Vector3(0,68,0), new Vector2(0,1),1,new Vector3(0,0,0), new Vector3(1,1,1)), //new VertexPositionTextureLight(new Vector3(0,68,1), new Vector2(0,1),1,new Vector3(0,0,0), new Vector3(1,1,1)), //new VertexPositionTextureLight(new Vector3(1,68,0), new Vector2(0,1),1,new Vector3(0,0,0), new Vector3(1,1,1)) //}; //var iarray = new short[] {0, 1, 2}; //vertexBuffer = new VertexBuffer(_graphicsDevice, typeof(VertexPositionTextureLight), varray.Length, BufferUsage.WriteOnly); //indexBuffer = new IndexBuffer(_graphicsDevice, IndexElementSize.SixteenBits, iarray.Length, BufferUsage.WriteOnly); //vertexBuffer.SetData(varray); //indexBuffer.SetData(iarray); } } _graphicsDevice.SetVertexBuffer(vertexBuffer); _graphicsDevice.Indices = indexBuffer; _graphicsDevice.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, vertexBuffer.VertexCount, 0, indexBuffer.IndexCount / 3); } } } } } } } Noteworthy things about the code: XNA version is 4.0. I've commented the debugging code in the loop, but left it for it may bring some insight. I try not only to change vertices/indices in the loop, but textureAtlas also. Code in the shader about textureAtlas: Texture TextureAtlas; sampler TextureAtlasSampler = sampler_state { texture = <TextureAtlas>; magfilter = POINT; minfilter = POINT; mipfilter = POINT; AddressU = WRAP; AddressV = WRAP; }; struct VSInput { float4 Position : POSITION0; float2 TexCoords1 : TEXCOORD0; float SunLight : COLOR0; float3 LocalLight : COLOR1; float3 Normal : NORMAL0; }; VertexPositionTextureLight is my own realization of IVertexType. So, do anybody know about this problem, or see the wrongness in my code (that's far more likely)?

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  • What's the difference between Canvas and WebGL?

    - by gadr90
    I'm thinking about using CAAT as a part of a HTML5 game engine. One of it's features is the ability to render to Canvas and WebGL without changing anything in the client code. That is a good thing, but I haven't found precisely: what are the differences between those two technologies? I would specially like to know the differences of Canvas and WebGL in the following regards: Framerate Desktop browser support Mobile browser support Futureproofability (TM)

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  • Queries regarding Geometry Shaders

    - by maverick9888
    I am dealing with geometry shaders using GL_ARB_geometry_shader4 extension. My code goes like : GLfloat vertices[] = { 0.5,0.25,1.0, 0.5,0.75,1.0, -0.5,0.75,1.0, -0.5,0.25,1.0, 0.6,0.35,1.0, 0.6,0.85,1.0, -0.6,0.85,1.0, -0.6,0.35,1.0 }; glProgramParameteriEXT(psId, GL_GEOMETRY_INPUT_TYPE_EXT, GL_TRIANGLES); glProgramParameteriEXT(psId, GL_GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_TYPE_EXT, GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP); glLinkProgram(psId); glBindAttribLocation(psId,0,"Position"); glEnableVertexAttribArray (0); glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, 0, 0, vertices); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP,0,4); My vertex shader is : #version 150 in vec3 Position; void main() { gl_Position = vec4(Position,1.0); } Geometry shader is : #version 150 #extension GL_EXT_geometry_shader4 : enable in vec4 pos[3]; void main() { int i; vec4 vertex; gl_Position = pos[0]; EmitVertex(); gl_Position = pos[1]; EmitVertex(); gl_Position = pos[2]; EmitVertex(); gl_Position = pos[0] + vec4(0.3,0.0,0.0,0.0); EmitVertex(); EndPrimitive(); } Nothing is rendered with this code. What exactly should be the mode in glDrawArrays() ? How does the GL_GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_TYPE_EXT parameter will affect glDrawArrays() ? What I expect is 3 vertices will be passed on to Geometry Shader and using those we construct a primitive of size 4 (assuming GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP requires 4 vertices). Can somebody please throw some light on this ?

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  • How do I prevent other dynamic bodies from affecting the player's velocity with Box2D?

    - by Milo
    I'm working on my player object for my game. PhysicsBodyDef def; def.fixedRotation = true; def.density = 1.0f; def.position = Vec2(200.0f, 200.0f); def.isDynamic = true; def.size = Vec2(50.0f,200.0f); m_player.init(def,&m_physicsEngine.getWorld()); This is how he moves: b2Vec2 vel = getBody()->GetLinearVelocity(); float desiredVel = 0; if (m_keys[ALLEGRO_KEY_A] || m_keys[ALLEGRO_KEY_LEFT]) { desiredVel = -5; } else if (m_keys[ALLEGRO_KEY_D] || m_keys[ALLEGRO_KEY_RIGHT]) { desiredVel = 5; } else { desiredVel = 0; } float velChange = desiredVel - vel.x; float impulse = getBody()->GetMass() * velChange; //disregard time factor getBody()->ApplyLinearImpulse( b2Vec2(impulse,0), getBody()->GetWorldCenter(),true); This creates a few problems. First, to move the player at a constant speed he must be given a high velocity. The problem with this is if he just comes in contact with a small box, he makes it move a lot. Now, I can fix this by lowering his density, but then comes my main issue: I need other objects to be able to run into him, but when they do, he should be like a static wall and not move. I'm not sure how to do that without high density. I cannot use collision groups since I still need him to be solid toward other dynamic things. How can this be done? Essentially, how do I prevent other dynamic bodies from affecting the player's velocity?

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  • Tips for communication between JS browser game and node.js server?

    - by Petteri Hietavirta
    I am tinkering around with some simple Canvas based cave flyer game and I would like to make it multiplayer eventually. The plan is to use Node.js on the server side. The data sent over would consists of position of each player, direction, velocity and such. The player movements are simple force physics, so I should be able to extrapolate movements before next update from server. Any tips or best practices on the communications side? I guess web sockets are the way to go. Should I send information in every pass of the game loop or with specified intervals? Also, I don't mind if it doesn't work with older browsers.

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  • OpenGL fovx question

    - by Nick
    To boil my question down to the simplest form, I fear I am oversimplifying how mat4 perspective works. I am using mat4.perspective(45, 2, 0.1, 1000.0) (the binding is WebGL fwiw). With a fovy of 45, and an aspect ratio of 2, I expect to have a fovx of 90. Thus, if I position my camera at (0, 0, 50), looking towards the origin, I expect to see a cube positioned at (50, 0, 0) (45 degrees) right at the very periphery of my screen, half on, half off,. Instead, a cube at (50, 0, 0) is totally off screen, and my actually periphery occurs at about (41.1, 0, 0). What am I missing here? Thanks, nick

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  • Deformation of Sphere using Transformations

    - by Mert Toka
    I have a graphic related question. I need to have a transformation matrix that I have no idea about what it is. The problem is to create right image from the right sphere. I created those images in Maya, but I need some matrices for the graphics course. Here is the image: Our professor told us to use some sine and cosine in our transformations, but I have no idea what he meant. I thought of intersecting a plane from the grid(that is xz plane) and sphere, and then scaling down the resulting circle. Would that work? I also checked this paper, however it looks like a bit advanced for me. Another thing is I guess that paper is not about the same type of information I was looking for. It would be great if you could help me.

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  • Not getting desired results with SSAO implementation

    - by user1294203
    After having implemented deferred rendering, I tried my luck with a SSAO implementation using this Tutorial. Unfortunately, I'm not getting anything that looks like SSAO, you can see my result below. You can see there is some weird pattern forming and there is no occlusion shading where there needs to be (i.e. in between the objects and on the ground). The shaders I implemented follow: #VS #version 330 core uniform mat4 invProjMatrix; layout(location = 0) in vec3 in_Position; layout(location = 2) in vec2 in_TexCoord; noperspective out vec2 pass_TexCoord; smooth out vec3 viewRay; void main(void){ pass_TexCoord = in_TexCoord; viewRay = (invProjMatrix * vec4(in_Position, 1.0)).xyz; gl_Position = vec4(in_Position, 1.0); } #FS #version 330 core uniform sampler2D DepthMap; uniform sampler2D NormalMap; uniform sampler2D noise; uniform vec2 projAB; uniform ivec3 noiseScale_kernelSize; uniform vec3 kernel[16]; uniform float RADIUS; uniform mat4 projectionMatrix; noperspective in vec2 pass_TexCoord; smooth in vec3 viewRay; layout(location = 0) out float out_AO; vec3 CalcPosition(void){ float depth = texture(DepthMap, pass_TexCoord).r; float linearDepth = projAB.y / (depth - projAB.x); vec3 ray = normalize(viewRay); ray = ray / ray.z; return linearDepth * ray; } mat3 CalcRMatrix(vec3 normal, vec2 texcoord){ ivec2 noiseScale = noiseScale_kernelSize.xy; vec3 rvec = texture(noise, texcoord * noiseScale).xyz; vec3 tangent = normalize(rvec - normal * dot(rvec, normal)); vec3 bitangent = cross(normal, tangent); return mat3(tangent, bitangent, normal); } void main(void){ vec2 TexCoord = pass_TexCoord; vec3 Position = CalcPosition(); vec3 Normal = normalize(texture(NormalMap, TexCoord).xyz); mat3 RotationMatrix = CalcRMatrix(Normal, TexCoord); int kernelSize = noiseScale_kernelSize.z; float occlusion = 0.0; for(int i = 0; i < kernelSize; i++){ // Get sample position vec3 sample = RotationMatrix * kernel[i]; sample = sample * RADIUS + Position; // Project and bias sample position to get its texture coordinates vec4 offset = projectionMatrix * vec4(sample, 1.0); offset.xy /= offset.w; offset.xy = offset.xy * 0.5 + 0.5; // Get sample depth float sample_depth = texture(DepthMap, offset.xy).r; float linearDepth = projAB.y / (sample_depth - projAB.x); if(abs(Position.z - linearDepth ) < RADIUS){ occlusion += (linearDepth <= sample.z) ? 1.0 : 0.0; } } out_AO = 1.0 - (occlusion / kernelSize); } I draw a full screen quad and pass Depth and Normal textures. Normals are in RGBA16F with the alpha channel reserved for the AO factor in the blur pass. I store depth in a non linear Depth buffer (32F) and recover the linear depth using: float linearDepth = projAB.y / (depth - projAB.x); where projAB.y is calculated as: and projAB.x as: These are derived from the glm::perspective(gluperspective) matrix. z_n and z_f are the near and far clip distance. As described in the link I posted on the top, the method creates samples in a hemisphere with higher distribution close to the center. It then uses random vectors from a texture to rotate the hemisphere randomly around the Z direction and finally orients it along the normal at the given pixel. Since the result is noisy, a blur pass follows the SSAO pass. Anyway, my position reconstruction doesn't seem to be wrong since I also tried doing the same but with the position passed from a texture instead of being reconstructed. I also tried playing with the Radius, noise texture size and number of samples and with different kinds of texture formats, with no luck. For some reason when changing the Radius, nothing changes. Does anyone have any suggestions? What could be going wrong?

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  • Speed up lighting in deferred shading

    - by kochol
    I implemented a simple deferred shading renderer. I use 3 G-Buffer for storing position (R32F), normal (G16R16F) and albedo (ARGB8). I use sphere map algorithm to store normals in world space. Currently I use inverse of view * projection matrix to calculate the position of each pixel from stored depth value. First I want to avoid per pixel matrix multiplication for calculating the position. Is there another way to store and calculate position in G-Buffer without the need of matrix multiplication Store the normal in view space Every lighting in my engine is in world space and I want do the lighting in view space to speed up my lighting pass. I want an optimized lighting pass for my deferred engine.

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  • Customize Colors for Sprites in Web Game

    - by NateDSaint
    So I'm working on an html5/javascript/css3-based game. Without going into too much detail, I'm thinking of having the characters be simple 8 or 16-bit style sprites, but I'd like to allow the user to customize the colors of their character. Here are some examples of what I'm talking about : http://jsfiddle.net/simurai/CGmCe/light/ http://www.splashnology.com/article/sprite-animation-in-css3/1485/ So the problem I'm having is two-fold: 1) Should I use something other than a sprite map for my characters, like actually draw them as shapes and animate them in a canvas element? That way I can fill the sprite with colors of the user's choosing? My fear there is that this would be inefficient as far as resources and also waste a lot of time hand-drawing everything, but could allow other customization (like height/width etc). 2) Are there potentially some web apis that would allow you to alter colors inside of a sprite? I suppose I could do it on the back-end with GD, but I'm trying to make it entirely in-browser (including local storage). It's not a definitive one-answer only question, but I'm hoping someone can suggest something they've seen that approaches the same problem from another angle or gives us a way to customize the sprites or manipulate them in some manner. Or avoid them altogether, and use a different method.

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  • Understanding how OpenGL blending works

    - by yuumei
    I am attempting to understand how OpenGL (ES) blending works. I am finding it difficult to understand the documentation and how the results of glBlendFunc and glBlendEquation effect the final pixel that is written. Do the source and destination out of glBlendFunc get added together with GL_FUNC_ADD by default? This seems wrong because "basic" blending of GL_ONE, GL_ONE would output 2,2,2,2 then (Source giving 1,1,1,1 and dest giving 1,1,1,1). I have written the following pseudo-code, what have I got wrong? struct colour { float r, g, b, a; }; colour blend_factor( GLenum factor, colour source, colour destination, colour blend_colour ) { colour colour_factor; float i = min( source.a, 1 - destination.a ); // From http://www.khronos.org/opengles/sdk/docs/man/xhtml/glBlendFunc.xml switch( factor ) { case GL_ZERO: colour_factor = { 0, 0, 0, 0 }; break; case GL_ONE: colour_factor = { 1, 1, 1, 1 }; break; case GL_SRC_COLOR: colour_factor = source; break; case GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_COLOR: colour_factor = { 1 - source.r, 1 - source.g, 1 - source.b, 1 - source.a }; break; // ... } return colour_factor; } colour blend( colour & source, colour destination, GLenum source_factor, // from glBlendFunc GLenum destination_factor, // from glBlendFunc colour blend_colour, // from glBlendColor GLenum blend_equation // from glBlendEquation ) { colour source_colour = blend_factor( source_factor, source, destination, blend_colour ); colour destination_colour = blend_factor( destination_factor, source, destination, blend_colour ); colour output; // From http://www.khronos.org/opengles/sdk/docs/man/xhtml/glBlendEquation.xml switch( blend_equation ) { case GL_FUNC_ADD: output = add( source_colour, destination_colour ); case GL_FUNC_SUBTRACT: output = sub( source_colour, destination_colour ); case GL_FUNC_REVERSE_SUBTRACT: output = sub( destination_colour, source_colour ); } return output; } void do_pixel() { colour final_colour; // Blending if( enable_blending ) { final_colour = blend( current_colour_output, framebuffer[ pixel ], ... ); } else { final_colour = current_colour_output; } } Thanks!

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  • How do I draw a single Triangle with XNA and fill it with a Texture?

    - by Deukalion
    I'm trying to wrap my head around: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb196409.aspx I'm trying to create a method in XNA that renders a single Triangle, then later make a method that takes a list of Triangles and renders them also. But it isn't working. I'm not understanding what all the things does and there's not enough information. My methods: // Triangle is a struct with A, B, C (didn't include) A, B, C = Vector3 public static void Render(GraphicsDevice device, List<Triangle> triangles, Texture2D texture) { foreach (Triangle triangle in triangles) { Render(device, triangle, texture); } } public static void Render(GraphicsDevice device, Triangle triangle, Texture2D texture) { BasicEffect _effect = new BasicEffect(device); _effect.Texture = texture; _effect.VertexColorEnabled = true; VertexPositionColor[] _vertices = new VertexPositionColor[3]; _vertices[0].Position = triangle.A; _vertices[1].Position = triangle.B; _vertices[2].Position = triangle.B; foreach (var pass in _effect.CurrentTechnique.Passes) { pass.Apply(); device.DrawUserIndexedPrimitives<VertexPositionColor> ( PrimitiveType.TriangleList, _vertices, 0, _vertices.Length, new int[] { 0, 1, 2 }, // example has something similiar, no idea what this is 0, 3 // 3 = gives me an error, 1 = works but no results ); } }

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  • Pygame: Save a list of objects/classes/surfaces

    - by Sam Tubb
    I am working on a game, in which you can create mazes. You place blocks on a 16x16 grid, while choosing from a variety of block to make the level with. Whenever you create a block, it adds this class: class Block(object): def __init__(self,x,y,spr): self.x=x self.y=y self.sprite=spr self.rect=self.sprite.get_rect(x=self.x,y=self.y) to a list called instances. I tried shelving it to a .bin file, but it returns some error dealing with surfaces. How can I go about saving and loading levels? Any help is appreciated! :) Here is the whole code for reference: import pygame from pygame.locals import * #initstuff pygame.init() screen=pygame.display.set_mode((640,480)) pygame.display.set_caption('PiMaze') instances=[] #loadsprites menuspr=pygame.image.load('images/menu.png').convert() b1spr=pygame.image.load('images/b1.png').convert() b2spr=pygame.image.load('images/b2.png').convert() currentbspr=b1spr curspr=pygame.image.load('images/curs.png').convert() curspr.set_colorkey((0,255,0)) #menu menuspr.set_alpha(185) menurect=menuspr.get_rect(x=-260,y=4) class MenuItem(object): def __init__(self,pos,spr): self.x=pos[0] self.y=pos[1] self.sprite=spr self.pos=(self.x,self.y) self.rect=self.sprite.get_rect(x=self.x,y=self.y) class Block(object): def __init__(self,x,y,spr): self.x=x self.y=y self.sprite=spr self.rect=self.sprite.get_rect(x=self.x,y=self.y) while True: #menu items b1menu=b1spr.get_rect(x=menurect.left+32,y=48) b2menu=b2spr.get_rect(x=menurect.left+64,y=48) menuitems=[MenuItem(b1menu,b1spr),MenuItem(b2menu,b2spr)] screen.fill((20,30,85)) mse=pygame.mouse.get_pos() key=pygame.key.get_pressed() placepos=((mse[0]/16)*16,(mse[1]/16)*16) if key[K_q]: if mse[0]<260: if menurect.right<255: menurect.right+=1 else: if menurect.left>-260: menurect.left-=1 else: if menurect.left>-260: menurect.left-=1 for e in pygame.event.get(): if e.type==QUIT: exit() if menurect.right<100: if e.type==MOUSEBUTTONUP: if e.button==1: to_remove = [i for i in instances if i.rect.collidepoint(placepos)] for i in to_remove: instances.remove(i) if not to_remove: instances.append(Block(placepos[0],placepos[1],currentbspr)) for i in instances: screen.blit(i.sprite,i.rect) if not key[K_q]: screen.blit(curspr,placepos) screen.blit(menuspr,menurect) for item in menuitems: screen.blit(item.sprite,item.pos) if item.rect.collidepoint(mse): if pygame.mouse.get_pressed()==(1,0,0): currentbspr=item.sprite pygame.draw.rect(screen, ((255,0,0)), item, 1) pygame.display.flip()

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  • How to update entity states and animations in a component-based game

    - by mivic
    I'm trying to design a component-based entity system for learning purposes (and later use on some games) and I'm having some troubles when it comes to updating entity states. I don't want to have an update() method inside the Component to prevent dependencies between Components. What I currently have in mind is that components hold data and systems update components. So, if I have a simple 2D game with some entities (e.g. player, enemy1, enemy 2) that have Transform, Movement, State, Animation and Rendering components I think I should have: A MovementSystem that moves all the Movement components and updates the State components And a RenderSystem that updates the Animation components (the animation component should have one animation (i.e. a set of frames/textures) for each state and updating it means selecting the animation corresponding to the current state (e.g. jumping, moving_left, etc), and updating the frame index). Then, the RenderSystem updates the Render components with the texture corresponding to the current frame of each entity's Animation and renders everything on screen. I've seen some implementations like Artemis framework, but I don't know how to solve this situation: Let's say that my game has the following entities. Each entity have a set of states and one animation for each state: player: "idle", "moving_right", "jumping" enemy1: "moving_up", "moving_down" enemy2: "moving_left", "moving_right" What are the most accepted approaches in order to update the current state of each entity? The only thing that I can think of is having separate systems for each group of entities and separate State and Animation components so I would have PlayerState, PlayerAnimation, Enemy1State, Enemy1Animation... PlayerMovementSystem, PlayerRenderingSystem... but I think this is a bad solution and breaks the purpose of having a component-based system. As you can see, I'm quite lost here, so I'd very much appreciate any help.

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  • How should I generate and store the boundries of a cave?

    - by Bob Roberts
    I am making a small cave copter game (seriously, where did this type of game come from anyway) and I am trying to figure out how to make and store the procedural generated walls. I am thinking about creating the walls by randomly picking two points away from the center of the screen. They will be no closer than the height of helicopter and no further than the edge of the screen, weighted to prefer to go in the same direction as the point prior so I end up with stalactites and stalagmites and not just noise, at set intervals of distance. To store, perhaps parallel arrays/lists, one for distance from center to top screen and one for distance from center to bottom. Am I way off base with my thinking? I just want the cave to be varied and challenging, I just have never worked with generating data like this. Edit: Woah, I just realized that my idea would lead to a player being able to stay in the middle of the screen and win. That isn't right at all. So the very basis of how I was going to generate is wrong. Edit 2: I also realized I left out a very crucial point. Part of the mechanics of the game will let the player go backwards therefor the data structure should be continuous.

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  • Game engines and monetization of indie games

    - by Extrakun
    Does the game engine you use affect monetization of indie games? Of course, targeting difficult platforms is one of the issues. Besides that, how would the game engine used impact monetization of games, assuming cases where the developers is going through a portal and handling the online distribution themselves? As an example, if I make a game in DarkBASIC, will it be harder to sell it than one made with Popcaps Framework or ClanLib etc.?

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  • Map and fill texture using PBO (OpenGL 3.3)

    - by NtscCobalt
    I'm learning OpenGL 3.3 trying to do the following (as it is done in D3D)... Create Texture of Width, Height, Pixel Format Map texture memory Loop write pixels Unmap texture memory Set Texture Render Right now though it renders as if the entire texture is black. I can't find a reliable source for information on how to do this though. Almost every tutorial I've found just uses glTexSubImage2D and passes a pointer to memory. Here is basically what my code does... (In this case it is generating an 1-byte Alpha Only texture but it is rendering it as the red channel for debugging) GLuint pixelBufferID; glGenBuffers(1, &pixelBufferID); glBindBuffer(GL_PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER, pixelBufferID); glBufferData(GL_PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER, 512 * 512 * 1, nullptr, GL_STREAM_DRAW); glBindBuffer(GL_PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER, 0); GLuint textureID; glGenTextures(1, &textureID); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_R8, 512, 512, 0, GL_RED, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, nullptr); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID); glBindBuffer(GL_PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER, pixelBufferID); void *Memory = glMapBuffer(GL_PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER, GL_WRITE_ONLY); // Memory copied here, I know this is valid because it is the same loop as in my working D3D version glUnmapBuffer(GL_PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER); glBindBuffer(GL_PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER, 0); And then here is the render loop. // This chunk left in for completeness glUseProgram(glProgramId); glBindVertexArray(glVertexArrayId); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, glVertexBufferId); glEnableVertexAttribArray(0); glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 20, 0); glVertexAttribPointer(0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 20, 12); GLuint transformLocationID = glGetUniformLocation(3, 'transform'); glUniformMatrix4fv(transformLocationID , 1, true, somematrix) // Not sure if this is all I need to do glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, pTex->glTextureId); GLuint textureLocationID = glGetUniformLocation(glProgramId, "texture"); glUniform1i(textureLocationID, 0); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, Offset*3, Triangles*3); Vertex Shader #version 330 core in vec3 Position; in vec2 TexCoords; out vec2 TexOut; uniform mat4 transform; void main() { TexOut = TexCoords; gl_Position = vec4(Position, 1.0) * transform; } Pixel Shader #version 330 core uniform sampler2D texture; in vec2 TexCoords; out vec4 fragColor; void main() { // Output color fragColor.r = texture2D(texture, TexCoords).r; fragColor.g = 0.0f; fragColor.b = 0.0f; fragColor.a = 1.0; }

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  • How to highlight non-rectangular hotspots?

    - by HuseyinUslu
    So my question is highly related to Creating non-rectangular hotspots and detecting clicks. Yet again, I've irregular hot-spots (think the game Risk). So basically, we can detect clicks on these hot-spots easily using color key mapping as discussed in above question which I don't have any problems implementing (which is also covered here in details). The problem is about highlighting these irreguar hotspots. So let me explain the question a bit more - the above color key mapping guide uses this as a world map: Then the author color-maps the imaginary countries: Now we can now detect the country the pointer is over. In the same article author mentions outlining countries on mouse-over. Though to get the effect, he creates unique border assets for each country - like: For the game I'm working on I'm using the same color-key mapping idea to detect hot-spots, but I didn't like the way of highlighting hot-spots. Coloring all the hot-spots is already a time-consuming job for me - as I have 25+ hot-spots for each map. Further, the need to have 25 unique border/highlight asset per hot-spot doesn't sound right. Anyone have a better idea/suggestion on highlighting these hot-spots?

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  • How to play many sounds at once in OpenAL

    - by Krom
    Hello, I'm developing an RTS game and I would like to add sounds to it. My choice has landed on OpenAL. I have plenty of units which from time to time make sounds: fSound.Play(sfx_shoot, location). Sounds often repeat, e.g. when squad of archers shoots arrows, but they are not synced with each other. My questions are: What is the common design pattern to play multiple sounds in OpenAL, when some of them are duplicate? What are the hardware limitations on sounds count and tricks to overcome them?

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  • 360 snake movement

    - by Darius Janavicius
    I'm trying to do 360 degree snake game in actionscript 3. Here is my movement code: //head movement head.x += snake_speed*Math.cos((head.rotation) * (Math.PI /180)); head.y += snake_speed*Math.sin((head.rotation) * (Math.PI /180)); if (dir == "left") head.rotation -= snake_speed*2; if (dir == "right") head.rotation +=snake_speed*2; //Body part movement for(var i:int = body_parts.length-1; i>0; i--) { var angle = (body_parts[i-1].rotation)*(Math.PI/180); body_parts[i].y = body_parts[i-1].y - (25 * Math.sin(angle)); body_parts[i].x = body_parts[i-1].x - (25 * Math.cos(angle)); body_parts[i].rotation = body_parts[i-1].rotation; } With this code head moves just like I want it to move, but body parts have the same angle as head and it looks wrong. What I want to achieve is to make body parts to move like in game "Ultimate snake". Here is a link to that game: http://armorgames.com/play/387/ultimate-snake P.S. I saw similar question here "How to approach 360 degree snake" but didnt understand the answer :/

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