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• 2D camera perspective projection from 3D coordinates -- HOW?

  - by Jack

  I am developing a camera for a 2D game with a top-down view that has depth. It's almost a 3D camera. Basically, every object has a Z even though it is in 2D, and similarly to parallax layers their position, scale and rotation speed vary based on their Z. I guess this would be a perspective projection. But I am having trouble converting the objects' 3D coordinates into the 2D space of the screen so that everything has correct perspective and scale. I never learned matrices though I did dig the topic a bit today. I tried without using matrices thanks to this article but every attempt gave awkward results. I'm using ActionScript 3 and Flash 11+ (Starling), where the screen coordinates work like this: Left-handed coordinates system illustration I can explain further what I did if you want to help me sort out what's wrong, or you can directly tell me how you would do it properly. In case you prefer the former, read on. These are images showing the formulas I used: upload.wikimedia.org/math/1/c/8/1c89722619b756d05adb4ea38ee6f62b.png upload.wikimedia.org/math/d/4/0/d4069770c68cb8f1aa4b5cfc57e81bc3.png (Sorry new users can't post images, but both are from the wikipedia article linked above, section "Perspective projection". That's where you'll find what all variables mean, too) The long formula is greatly simplified because I believe a normal top-down 2D camera has no X/Y/Z rotation values (correct ?). Then it becomes d = a - c. Still, I can't get it to work. Maybe you could explain what numbers I should put in a(xyz), c(xyz), theta(xyz), and particularly, e(xyz) ? I don't quite get how e is different than c in my case. c.z is also an issue to me. If the Z of the camera's target object is 0, should the camera's Z be something like -600 ? ( = focal length of 600) Whatever I do, it's wrong. I only got it to work when I used arbitrary calculations that "looked" right, like most cameras with parallax layers seem to do, but that's fake! ;) If I want objects to travel between Z layers I might as well do it right. :) Thanks a lot for your help!

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• Making retro games: Any good known game architectures?

  - by A.Quiroga

  I'm trying to do a remake of Snowbros . I'm doing it using libgdx but at each time i must try to thought how things got done . For example the physics of the jump and collisions . It seams to be time perfect , but i use the deltaTime to try to aproximate the value in game . I think in this case maybe its using some calcs with processor Hz , but i don't know. Then the simple question , is there any resources of how did they programm this games? Or any idea of the simple ideas repeated each game to game in the old style retro games.

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• Why does my ID3DXSprite appear to be incorrectly scaled?

  - by Bjoern

  I am using D3D9 for rendering some simple things (a movie) as the backmost layer, then on top of that some text messages, and now wanted to add some buttons to that. Before adding the buttons everything seemed to have worked fine, and I was using a ID3DXSprite for the text as well (ID3DXFont), now I am loading some graphics for the buttons, but they seem to be scaled to something like 1.2 times their original size. In my test window I centered the graphic, but it being too big it just doesnt fit well, for example the client area is 640x360, the graphic is 440, so I expect 100 pixel on left and right, left side is fine [I took screenshot and "counted" the pixels in photoshop], but on the right there is only about 20 pixels) My rendering code is very simple (I am omitting error checks, et cetera, for brevity) // initially viewport was set to width/height of client area // clear device m_d3dDevice->Clear( 0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET|D3DCLEAR_STENCIL|D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, D3DCOLOR_ARGB(0,0,0,0), 1.0f, 0 ); // begin scene m_d3dDevice->BeginScene(); // render movie surface (just two triangles to which the movie is rendered) m_d3dDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ALPHABLENDENABLE,false); m_d3dDevice->SetSamplerState( 0, D3DSAMP_MAGFILTER, D3DTEXF_LINEAR ); // bilinear filtering m_d3dDevice->SetSamplerState( 0, D3DSAMP_MINFILTER, D3DTEXF_LINEAR ); // bilinear filtering m_d3dDevice->SetTextureStageState( 0, D3DTSS_COLORARG1, D3DTA_TEXTURE ); m_d3dDevice->SetTextureStageState( 0, D3DTSS_COLORARG2, D3DTA_DIFFUSE ); //Ignored m_d3dDevice->SetTextureStageState( 0, D3DTSS_COLOROP, D3DTOP_SELECTARG1 ); m_d3dDevice->SetTexture( 0, m_movieTexture ); m_d3dDevice->SetStreamSource(0, m_displayPlaneVertexBuffer, 0, sizeof(Vertex)); m_d3dDevice->SetFVF(Vertex::FVF_Flags); m_d3dDevice->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLELIST, 0, 2); // render sprites m_sprite->Begin(D3DXSPRITE_ALPHABLEND | D3DXSPRITE_SORT_TEXTURE | D3DXSPRITE_DO_NOT_ADDREF_TEXTURE); // text drop shadow m_font->DrawText( m_playerSprite, m_currentMessage.c_str(), m_currentMessage.size(), &m_playerFontRectDropShadow, DT_RIGHT|DT_TOP|DT_NOCLIP, m_playerFontColorDropShadow ); // text m_font->DrawText( m_playerSprite, m_currentMessage.c_str(), m_currentMessage.size(), &m_playerFontRect, DT_RIGHT|DT_TOP|DT_NOCLIP, m_playerFontColorMessage ) ); // control object m_sprite->Draw( m_texture, 0, 0, &m_vecPos, 0xFFFFFFFF ); // draws a few objects like this m_sprite->End() // end scene m_d3dDevice->EndScene(); What did I forget to do here? Except for the control objects (play button, pause button etc which are placed on a "panel" which is about 440 pixels wide) everything seems fine, the objects are positioned where I expect them, but just too big. By the way I loaded the images using D3DXCreateTextureFromFileEx (resizing wnidow, and reacting to lost device, etc, works fine too). For experimenting, I added some code to take an identity matrix and scale is down on the x/y axis to 0.75f, which then gave me the expected result for the controls (but also made the text smaller and out of position), but I don't know why I would need to scale anything. My rendering code is so simple, I just wanted to draw my 2D objects 1;1 the size they came from the file... I am really very inexperienced in D3D, so the answer might be very simple...

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• Using "screenshots" in a game, is it allowed?

  - by DevilWithin

  Lets say I have a game that is some kind of a quiz, and its questions are themed around gaming. For it to be interesting, I would need to make references to well-known games and game-related stuff. In a copyright infrigement sense, could I have problems with this? Imagine a question such as, "What was the currency used in game X?", or "Which company made game Y?". Also, the same applied to screenshots of known games, and have a question near it, such as "What game is this image from?". Toughts? Thanks

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• Resolution Independent 2D Rendering in XNA

  - by AttackingHobo

  I am trying to figure out the best way to render a 2d game at any resolution. I am currently rendering the game at 1920x1200. I am trying scale the game to any user selected resolution without changing the way I am rendering, or game logic. What is the best way to scale a game to any arbitrary resolution? Edit: I am trying to achieve this: http://www.david-amador.com/2010/03/xna-2d-independent-resolution-rendering/ but I think the code he has is for a different version of XNA because I cannot find that method overload he uses.

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• How can I store all my level data in a single file instead of spread out over many files?

  - by Jon

  I am currently generating my level data, and saving to disk to ensure that any modifications done to the level are saved. I am storing "chunks" of 2048x2048 pixels into a file. Whenever the player moves over a section that doesn't have a file associated with the position, a new file is created. This works great, and is very fast. My issue, is that as you are playing the file count gets larger and larger. I'm wondering what are techniques that can be used to alleviate the file count, without taking a performance hit. I am interested in how you would store/seek/update this data in a single file instead of multiple files efficiently.

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• World of Warcraft like C++/C# server (highload)

  - by Edward83

  I know it is very big topic and maybe my question is very beaten, but I'm interesting of basics how to write highload server for UDP/TCP client-server communications in MMO-like game on C++/C#? I mean what logic of retrieving hundreds and thousands packages at the same time and sending updates to clients? Please advice me with architecture solutions, your experience, ready-to-use libraries. Maybe you know some interesting details how WoW servers work. Thank you! Edit: my question is about developing, not hardware/software tools;

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• How do I implement layers on a tile map?

  - by mitch

  I have a game where, based upon the visible tiles in the viewport, I need to retrieve data of items in the visible tiles. I am planning to use Javascript to AJAX request in a batch based upon the visible tiles which contain image tags like Google Maps. The layer will be in SVG or canvas. The item information will be in JSON format. What is the best approach, to fetch the data? I currently have complex class I wrote in Javascript which determines the visible columns/rows and offsets relative to the visible area shown. Each item is also user contributed and will be rendered in canvas or SVG layer.

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• How to perform simple collision detection?

  - by Rob

  Imagine two squares sitting side by side, both level with the ground like so: A simple way to detect if one is hitting the other is to compare the location of each side. They are touching if all of the following are false: The right square's left side is to the right of the left square's right side. The right square's right side is to the left of the left square's left side. The right square's bottom side is above the left square's top side. The right square's top side is below the left square's bottom side. If any of those are true, the squares are not touching. But consider a case like this, where one square is at a 45 degree angle: Is there an equally simple way to determine if those squares are touching?

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• How can I design good continuous (seamless) tiles?

  - by Mikalichov

  I have trouble designing tiles so that when assembled, they don't look like tiles, but look like a homogeneous thing. For example, see the image below: Even though the main part of the grass is only one tile, you don't "see" the grid; you know where it is if you look a bit carefully, but it is not obvious. Whereas when I design tiles, you can only see "oh, jeez, 64 times the same tile," like in this image: (I took this from another GDSE question, sorry; not be critical of the game, but it proves my point. And actually has better tile design that what I manage, anyway.) I think the main problem is that I design them so they are independent, there is no junction between two tiles if put closed to each other. I think having the tiles more "continuous" would have a smoother effect, but can't manage to do it, it seems overly complex to me. I think it is probably simpler than I think once you know how to do it, but couldn't find a tutorial on that specific point. Is there a known method to design continuous / homogeneous tiles? (My terminology might be totally wrong, don't hesitate to correct me.)

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• OpenGL quake 3 shader file for objects (for trees)

  - by mlodziaszka

  I decided to add to my game few trees, I already quake 3 model loader (md3) its for characters and method for texture drawing is store in *.ini file. I found a package of trees in MD3 and I have no problem with loading model alone, but there is a *.shader file and i have no idea how to load it to draw texture properly. Tree pack: http://www.custommapmakers.org/wiki/index.php/Models:GR_Trees_set I do not have to use exactly this format, I can write another loader, but trees in *.obj or .3ds look even harder

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• How to use OpenGL functions from multiples thread?

  - by Robert

  I'm writing a small game using OpenGL. I'm implementing basic networking in this game and I'm facing a problem. I have a thread in my client socket class that check for available data, when there are data I raise an event like this : immutable int len = this.m_socket.receive(data); if(len > 0) { this.m_onDataEvent(data); } Then on my game class, I have a function that handle and parse data like this : switch(msgId) { case ProtocolID.CharacterData: // Load terrain with opengl, character model.... Im not able to call opengl functions because my opengl context is created from a different thread. But I really don't know how I can solve this problem, I tried Google but it's really hard to find a solution. I'm using D programming language if it can help.

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• Strange behavior of RigidBody with gravity and impulse applied

  - by Heisenbug

  I'm doing some experiments trying to figure out how physics works in Unity. I created a cube mesh with a BoxCollider and a RigidBody. The cuve is laying on a mesh plane with a BoxCollider. I'm trying to update the object position applying a force on its RigidBody. Inside script FixedUpdate function I'm doing the following: public void FixedUpdate() { if (leftButtonPressed()) this.rigidbody.AddForce( this.transform.forward * this.forceStrength, ForceMode.Impulse); } Despite the object is aligned with the world axis and the force is applied along Z axis, it performs a quite big rotation movement around its y axis. Since I didn't modify the center of mass and the BoxCollider position and dimension, all values should be fine. Removing gravity and letting the object flying without touching the plane, the problem doesn't show. So I suppose it's related to the friction between objects, but I can't understand exactly which is the problem. Why this? What's my mistake? How can I fix this, or what's the right way to do such a moving an object on a plane through a force impulse?

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• Slerping rotation mirrors

  - by Esa

  I rotate my game character to watch at the target using the following code: transform.rotation = Quaternion.Slerp(startQuaternion, lookQuaternion, turningNormalizer*turningSpeed/10f) startQuaternion is the character's current rotation when a new target is given. lookQuaternion is the direction the character should look at and it's set like this: destinationVector = currentWaypoint.transform.position - transform.position; lookQuaternion = Quaternion.LookRotation(destinationVector, Vector3.up); turningNormalizer is just Time.deltaTime incremented and turningSpeed is a static value given in the editor. The problem is that while the character turns as it should most of the time, it has problems when it has to do close to 180 degrees. Then it at times jitters and mirrors the rotation: In this poorly drawn image the character(on the right) starts to turn towards the circle on the left. Instead of just turning either through left or right it starts this "mirror dance": It starts to rotate towards the new facing Then it suddenly snaps to the same angle but on other side and keeps rotating It does this "mirroring" so long until it looks at the target. Is this a thing with quaternions, slerping/lerping or something else?

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• View Frustum Alternative

  - by Kuros

  I am working on a simulation project that requires me to have entities walking around in a 3D world. I have all that working, matrix transformations, etc. I'm at the point where I need what is essentially a view frustum, so I can give each entity a visible area. However, when looking over the calculations required to do it, it seems like a perspective frustum is only required to be able to project it onto a 2D screen. Is there another, easier to code solution, that would function better, such as an orthogonal perspective? Could I just define a shape mathematically and test wether the coordinates of the objects are inside or out? I am not really a 3D coder (and I am doing this all from scratch, not using an engine or anything), so I would like the simplest solution possible for my needs. Thank you!

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• Creating my own kill cam

  - by DalexL

  I plan on creating my own kill cam system for a sandbox tool set. After thinking about the mechanics of the kill cam itself, however, I'm quite lost. I'm trying to recreate the ones commonly seen in call of duty games that show, from the view of the killer, the actual killing scene. My Thoughts: -I can't just keep in memory when people kill others because I wouldn't know when to start the 'recording process'. There is on way for me to accurately determine when somebody is 'about' to kill someone. -My only real idea so far is to have a complete duplicate of everything loaded off to the side copying all the movement from the original world but with a 10 second delay. That way, all the kill cams would be 10 seconds long and the persons camera would just be moved to the second world of their killer. My Questions: Is there already an accepted way to do this? Does anybody have any good ideas for something like this? Thanks if you can!

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• 2D XNA Game Engine with a Good Wiki [closed]

  - by gcx

  I'm a newbie game developer. I'm planning to develop a XBOX (with a Kinect to double the fun) game. I've researched some 2D game engines that i can use in my project. After some research I've found IceCream engine and it looks delicious with its Milkshake editor. But I can't seem to find "working" game source examples for that engine and its own website's tutorial is not very sufficent. (If you are familiar with this engine) do you know any community that has helpful resources for this particular engine? If not, which engines do you recommend (that has a great wiki) for a XNA based XBOX - Kinect game?

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• Rotation and translation like in GTA 1 OpenGL

  - by user1876377

  Okay, so I have a figure in XZ plain. I want to move it forward/backward and rotate at it's own Y axis, then move forward again in the rotation's direction, like the character in GTA 1. Code so far: Init: spaceship_position = glm::vec3(0,0,0); spaceship_rotation = glm::vec3(0,0,0); spaceship_scale = glm::vec3(1, 1, 1); Draw: glm::mat4 transform = glm::scale<float>(spaceship_scale) * glm::rotate<float>(spaceship_rotation.x, 1, 0, 0) * glm::rotate<float>(spaceship_rotation.y, 0, 1, 0) * glm::rotate<float>(spaceship_rotation.z, 0, 0, 1) * glm::translate<float>(spaceship_position); drawMesh(spaceship, texture, transform); Update: switch (key.keysym.sym) { case SDLK_UP: spaceship_position.z += 0.1; break; case SDLK_DOWN: spaceship_position.z -= 0.1; break; case SDLK_LEFT: spaceship_rotation.y += 1; break; case SDLK_RIGHT: spaceship_rotation.y -= 1; break; } So this only moves on the Z axis, but how can I move the object on both Z and X axis where the object is facing?

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• OpenGL 2D Rasterization Sub-Pixel Translations

  - by Armin Ronacher

  I have a tile based 2D engine where the projection matrix is an orthographic view of the world without any scaling applied. Thus: one pixel texture is drawn on the screen in the same size. That all works well and looks nice but if the camera makes a sub-pixel movement small lines appear between the tiles. I can tell you in advance what does not fix the problem: GL_NEAREST texture interpolation GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE What does “fix” the problem is anchoring the camera to the nearest pixel instead of doing a sub-pixel translation. I can live with that, but the camera movement becomes jerky. Any ideas how to fix that problem without resorting to the rounding trick I do currently?

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• How does a collision engine work?

  - by JXPheonix

  Original question: Click me How exactly does a collision engine work? This is an extremely broad question. What code keeps things bouncing against each other, what code makes the player walk into a wall instead of walk through the wall? How does the code constantly refresh the players position and objects position to keep gravity and collision working as it should? If you don't know what a collision engine is, basically it's generally used in platform games to make the player acutally hit walls and the like. There's the 2D type and the 3D type, but they all accomplish the same thing: collision. So, what keeps a collision engine ticking?

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• Bejeweled-like game, managing different gem/powerup behaviors?

  - by Wissam

  I thought I'd ask a question and look forward to some insight from this very compelling community. In a Bejeweled-like (Match 3) game, the standard behavior once a valid swap of two adjacent tiles is made is that the resulting matching tiles are destroyed, any tiles now sitting over empty spaces fall to the position above the next present-tile, and any void created above is filled with new tiles. In richer Match-3 games like Bejeweled, 4 in a row (as opposed to just 3) modifies this behavior such that the tile that was swapped is retained, turned into a "flaming" gem, it falls, and then the empty space above is filled. The next time that "flaming gem" is played it explodes and destroys the 8 perimeter tiles, triggers a different animation sequence (neighbors of those 8 tiles being destroyed look like they've been hit by a shockwave then they fall to their respective positions). Scoring is different, the triggered sounds are different, etc. There are even more elaborate behaviors for Match5, Match-cross-pattern, and many powerups that can be purchased, each which produces a more elaborate sequence of events, sounds, animations, scoring, etc... What is the best approach to developing all these different behaviors that respond to players' "move" and her current "performance" and that deviate from the standard sequence of events, scoring, animation, sounds etc, in such a way that we can always flexibly introduce a new "powerup" ? What we are doing now is hard-coding the events of each one, but the task is long and arduous and seems like the wrong approach especially since the game-designers and testers often offer (later) valuable insight on what works better in-game, which means that the code itself may have to be re-written even for minor changes in behavior (say, destroy only 7 neighboring tiles, instead of all 8 in an explosion). ANY pointers for good practices here would be highly appreciated.

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• [JOGL] my program is too slow, ho can i profile with Eclipse?

  - by nkint

  hi juys my simple opengl program is really toooo slow and not fluid i'm rendering 30 sphere with simple illumination and simple material. the only hard(?) computing stuffs i do is a collision detection between ray-mouse and spheres (that works ok and i do it only in mouseMoved) i have no thread only animator to move spheres how can i profile my jogl project? or mayebe (most probable..) i have some opengl instruction that i don't understand and make render particular accurate (or back face rendering that i don't need or whatever i don't know exctly i'm just entered in opengl world)

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• Point Light Soft Shadows

  - by notabene

  How to implement soft shadows for omni directional (point) light. We use typical shadow mapping technique. Depth is rendered to texture cube and addresing is pretty simple then. Just using vector from light to fragments world position. It works perfectly. Until you want soft shadows. In our engine we use PCSS technique for spot lights. But for point light there begins troubles. How to sample in 3D? I developed technique when orthonormal basis is created from a direction and upvector (0,1,0). And then multiply sampling vector (something like this (1.0,i/depthMapSize,j/depthMapSize) with this basis. But this (of course :)) looks pretty bad for vectors near (0,1,0) and (0,-1,0). I will appreciate any help on this.

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• Will we see a trend of stereoscopic 3D games coming up in the near future?

  - by Vish

  I've noticed that the trend of movies is diving into the world of movies with 3-dimensional camera.For me it provoked a thought as if it was the same feeling people got when they saw a colour movie for the first time, like in the transition from black and white to colour it is a whole new experience. For the first time we are experiencing the Z(depth) factor and I really mean when I said "experiencing". So my question is or maybe if not a question, but Is there a possibility of a genre of 3d camera games upcoming?

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• How can I clear explosions in my function?

  - by hustlerinc

  Hi I have a function to place bombs, and a for loop that places explosions on the tiles where possible. My problem is that I can't remove the explosions after a while. I've tried everything I can come up with so now I turn here as a last resort. The function looks like this: function Bomb(){ var placebomb = false; if(placeBomb && player.bombs != 0){ map[player.Y][player.X].object = 2; var bombX = player.X; var bombY = player.Y; placeBomb = false; player.bombs--; setTimeout(explode, 3000); } function explode(){ var explodeNorth = true; var explodeEast = true; var explodeSouth = true; var explodeWest = true; map[bombY][bombX].explosion = 1; delete map[bombY][bombX].object; for(i=0;i<=player.bombRadius;i++){ if(explodeNorth && map[bombY-i][bombX]){ if(!map[bombY-i][bombX].wall){ if(!map[bombY-i][bombX].object){ map[bombY-i][bombX].explosion = 1; } else var explodeNorth = false; delete map[bombY-i][bombX].object; map[bombY-i][bombX].explosion = 1; } else var explodeNorth = false; } if(explodeEast && map[bombY][bombX+i]){ if(!map[bombY][bombX+i].wall){ if(!map[bombY][bombX+i].object){ map[bombY][bombX+i].explosion = 1; } else var explodeEast = false; delete map[bombY][bombX+i].object; map[bombY][bombX+i].explosion = 1; } else var explodeEast = false; } if(explodeSouth && map[bombY+i][bombX]){ if(!map[bombY+i][bombX].wall){ if(!map[bombY+i][bombX].object){ map[bombY+i][bombX].explosion = 1; } else var explodeSouth = false; delete map[bombY+i][bombX].object; map[bombY+i][bombX].explosion = 1; } else var explodeSouth = false; } if(explodeWest && map[bombY][bombX-i]){ if(!map[bombY][bombX-i].wall){ if(!map[bombY][bombX-i].object){ map[bombY][bombX-i].explosion = 1; } else var explodeWest = false; delete map[bombY][bombX-i].object; map[bombY][bombX-i].explosion = 1; } else var explodeWest = false; } } player.bombs++; } } If anyone can think of a good way to remove the explosion after a delay please help.

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