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• What version of Java should I target for applets?

  - by Christopher Horenstein

  I recently deployed an applet that seems to require Java 6 Update 24. I assume the reason for this requirement is the matching JDK version I used to create the applet (I am new to Java). The fact that my applet requires a Java download/update for users who already have some version of Java installed is a big concern for me; the applets I'm creating slip into a web comic, so it's very disruptive. Having used the most recent version of Java, it seems as though I am able to assume that most of the readers I get will have to update Java to continue reading/playing. Is there a best practice concerning which version of Java to use to make the process of using an applet easy for end-users? Any reading material on this would be very helpful. Should I be using an older version of Java if I don't require new features? I am using Slick for 2D games.

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• Rendering large and high poly meshes

  - by Aurus

  Consider an huge terrain that has a lot polygons, to render this terrain I thought of following techniques: Using height-map instead of raw meshes: Yes, but I want to create a lot of caves and stuff that simply wont work with height-maps. Using voxels: Yes, but I think that this would be to much since I don't even want to support changing terrain.. Split into multiple chunks and do some sort of LOD with the mesh: Yes, but how would I do that? Tessellation usually creates more detail not less. Precompute the same mesh in lower poly version (like Mudbox does) and depending on the distance it renders one of these meshes: Graphic memory is limited and uploading only the chunks won't solve that problem since the traffic would be too high. IMO the last one sounds really good, but imagine the following process: Upload and render the chunks depending on the current player position. [No problem] Player will walk straight forward Now we maybe have to change on of the low poly chunk with the high poly one So, Remove the low poly chunk and load the high poly chunk [Already to much traffic here, I think] I am not very experienced in graphic programming and maybe the upper process is totally okay but somehow I think it is too much. And how about the disk space it would require.. I think 3 kind of levels would be fine but isn't that also too much? (I am using OpenGL but I don't think that this is important)

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• What is the best Broadphase Interface for moving spheres?

  - by Molmasepic

  As of now I am working on optimizing the performance of the physics and collision, and as of now I am having some slowdowns on my other computers from my main. I have well over 3000 btSphereShape Rigidbodies and 2/3 of them do not move at all, but I am noticing(by the profile below) that collision is taking a bit of time to maneuver. Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds. % cumulative self self total time seconds seconds calls ms/call ms/call name 10.09 0.65 0.65 SphereTriangleDetector::collide(btVector3 const&, btVector3&, btVector3&, float&, float&, float) 7.61 1.14 0.49 btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm::processCollision(btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, btDispatcherInfo const&, btManifoldResult*) 5.59 1.50 0.36 btConvexTriangleCallback::processTriangle(btVector3*, int, int) 5.43 1.85 0.35 btQuantizedBvh::reportAabbOverlappingNodex(btNodeOverlapCallback*, btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&) const 4.97 2.17 0.32 btBvhTriangleMeshShape::processAllTriangles(btTriangleCallback*, btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&) const::MyNodeOverlapCallback::processNode(int, int) 4.19 2.44 0.27 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::resolveSingleConstraintRowGeneric(btRigidBody&, btRigidBody&, btSolverConstraint const&) 4.04 2.70 0.26 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::resolveSingleConstraintRowLowerLimit(btRigidBody&, btRigidBody&, btSolverConstraint const&) 3.73 2.94 0.24 Ogre::OctreeSceneManager::walkOctree(Ogre::OctreeCamera*, Ogre::RenderQueue*, Ogre::Octree*, Ogre::VisibleObjectsBoundsInfo*, bool, bool) 3.42 3.16 0.22 btTriangleShape::getVertex(int, btVector3&) const 2.48 3.32 0.16 Ogre::Frustum::isVisible(Ogre::AxisAlignedBox const&, Ogre::FrustumPlane*) const 2.33 3.47 0.15 1246357 0.00 0.00 Gorilla::Layer::setVisible(bool) 2.33 3.62 0.15 SphereTriangleDetector::getClosestPoints(btDiscreteCollisionDetectorInterface::ClosestPointInput const&, btDiscreteCollisionDetectorInterface::Result&, btIDebugDraw*, bool) 1.86 3.74 0.12 btCollisionDispatcher::findAlgorithm(btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, btPersistentManifold*) 1.86 3.86 0.12 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::setupContactConstraint(btSolverConstraint&, btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, btManifoldPoint&, btContactSolverInfo const&, btVector3&, float&, float&, btVector3&, btVector3&) 1.71 3.97 0.11 btTriangleShape::getEdge(int, btVector3&, btVector3&) const 1.55 4.07 0.10 _Unwind_SjLj_Register 1.55 4.17 0.10 _Unwind_SjLj_Unregister 1.55 4.27 0.10 Ogre::D3D9HardwareVertexBuffer::updateBufferResources(char const*, Ogre::D3D9HardwareVertexBuffer::BufferResources*) 1.40 4.36 0.09 btManifoldResult::addContactPoint(btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&, float) 1.40 4.45 0.09 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::setupFrictionConstraint(btSolverConstraint&, btVector3 const&, btRigidBody*, btRigidBody*, btManifoldPoint&, btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&, btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, float, float, float) 1.24 4.53 0.08 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::convertContact(btPersistentManifold*, btContactSolverInfo const&) 1.09 4.60 0.07 408760 0.00 0.00 Living::MapHide() 1.09 4.67 0.07 btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm::~btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm() 1.09 4.74 0.07 inflate_fast EDIT: Updated to show current Profile. I have only listed the functions using over 1% time from the many functions that are being used. Another thing is that each monster has a certain area that they stay in and are only active when a player is in said area. I was wondering if maybe there is a way to deactivate the non-active monsters from bullet(reactivating once in the area again) or maybe theres a different broadphase interface that I should use. The current BPI is btDbvtBroadphase. EDIT: Here is the Profile on the other computer(the top one is my main) Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds. % cumulative self self total time seconds seconds calls ms/call ms/call name 12.18 1.19 1.19 SphereTriangleDetector::collide(btVector3 const&, btVector3&, btVector3&, float&, float&, float) 6.76 1.85 0.66 btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm::processCollision(btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, btDispatcherInfo const&, btManifoldResult*) 5.83 2.42 0.57 btQuantizedBvh::reportAabbOverlappingNodex(btNodeOverlapCallback*, btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&) const 5.12 2.92 0.50 btConvexTriangleCallback::processTriangle(btVector3*, int, int) 4.61 3.37 0.45 btTriangleShape::getVertex(int, btVector3&) const 4.09 3.77 0.40 _Unwind_SjLj_Register 3.48 4.11 0.34 btBvhTriangleMeshShape::processAllTriangles(btTriangleCallback*, btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&) const::MyNodeOverlapCallback::processNode(int, int) 2.46 4.35 0.24 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::resolveSingleConstraintRowLowerLimit(btRigidBody&, btRigidBody&, btSolverConstraint const&) 2.15 4.56 0.21 _Unwind_SjLj_Unregister 2.15 4.77 0.21 SphereTriangleDetector::getClosestPoints(btDiscreteCollisionDetectorInterface::ClosestPointInput const&, btDiscreteCollisionDetectorInterface::Result&, btIDebugDraw*, bool) 1.84 4.95 0.18 btTriangleShape::getEdge(int, btVector3&, btVector3&) const 1.64 5.11 0.16 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::resolveSingleConstraintRowGeneric(btRigidBody&, btRigidBody&, btSolverConstraint const&) 1.54 5.26 0.15 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::setupContactConstraint(btSolverConstraint&, btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, btManifoldPoint&, btContactSolverInfo const&, btVector3&, float&, float&, btVector3&, btVector3&) 1.43 5.40 0.14 Ogre::D3D9HardwareVertexBuffer::updateBufferResources(char const*, Ogre::D3D9HardwareVertexBuffer::BufferResources*) 1.33 5.53 0.13 btManifoldResult::addContactPoint(btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&, float) 1.13 5.64 0.11 btRigidBody::predictIntegratedTransform(float, btTransform&) 1.13 5.75 0.11 btTriangleIndexVertexArray::getLockedReadOnlyVertexIndexBase(unsigned char const**, int&, PHY_ScalarType&, int&, unsigned char const**, int&, int&, PHY_ScalarType&, int) const 1.02 5.85 0.10 btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm::CreateFunc::CreateCollisionAlgorithm(btCollisionAlgorithmConstructionInfo&, btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*) 1.02 5.95 0.10 btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm::btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm(btPersistentManifold*, btCollisionAlgorithmConstructionInfo const&, btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, bool) Edited same as other Profile.

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• Electronic circuit simulator four-way flood-filling issues

  - by AJ Weeks

  I've made an electronic circuit board simulator which has simply 3 types of tiles: wires, power sources, and inverters. Wires connect to anything they touch, other than the sides of inverters; inverters have one input side and one output side; and finally power tiles connect in a similar manner as wires. In the case of an infinite loop, caused by the output of the inverter feeding into its input, I want inverters to oscillate (quickly turn on/off). I've attempted to implement a FloodFill algorithm to spread the power throughout the grid, but seem to have gotten something wrong, as only the tiles above the power source get powered (as seen below) I've attempted to debug the program, but have had no luck thus far. My code concerning the updating of power can be seen here.

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• Convenience of mySQL over xml

  - by Bonechilla

  Currently I use XML to store specific information to correctly load a few things such as a list of specfied characters, scenes and music, Once more I use JAXB in combination with standard compression/decompression(ZIP) functionality to store a list of extrenous data. This data is called to add functionality to the character, somewhat like Skills in an RPG. Each skill is seperated into its own XML file with a grandlist which contains the names of each file with their extensions omitted and zipped in folder that gets encrypted. At first using xml was working fine however as the skill list grow i worry about its stability. I was wondering if I should begin storing the data in mySQL. Originally I planned to simply convert everything to JSON over xml but i think possibly mySQL would be a better move. Can anyone inform me of the key difference and pros and cons of each I guess i'm looking for the best way to store the data more conviently and would be easier to operate on. The data is mostly primatives and strings and the only arraylist of values i have i can just concat into a single field and parse later Edit: If I am going in the right direction with XML would it make sense to convert it to JSON and use maybe Kyro or EclipseLink JAXB (MOXy)

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• Drawing lines in 3D space

  - by DeadMG

  When attempting to draw a line in 3D space with D3DPT_LINELIST, then Direct3D gives me an error about an invalid vertex declaration, saying that it cannot be converted to an FVF. I am using the same vertex declaration and shader/stream setup as for my D3DPT_TRIANGLELIST rendering which works absolutely correctly. How can I use D3DPT_LINELIST to render some lines in 3D space? Edit: Oopsie, forgot my codeses. Here's my raw Draw call. D3DCALL(device->SetStreamSource(1, PerBoneBuffer.get(), 0, sizeof(PerInstanceData))); D3DCALL(device->SetStreamSourceFreq(1, D3DSTREAMSOURCE_INSTANCEDATA | 1)); D3DCALL(device->SetStreamSource(0, LineVerts, 0, sizeof(D3DXVECTOR3))); D3DCALL(device->SetStreamSourceFreq(0, D3DSTREAMSOURCE_INDEXEDDATA | lines.size())); D3DCALL(device->SetIndices(LineIndices)); PerInstanceData* data; std::vector<Wide::Render::Line*> lines_vec(lines.begin(), lines.end()); D3DCALL(PerBoneBuffer->Lock(0, lines.size() * sizeof(PerInstanceData), reinterpret_cast<void**>(&data), D3DLOCK_DISCARD)); std::for_each(lines.begin(), lines.end(), [&](Wide::Render::Line* ptr) { data->Color = D3DXColor(ptr->Colour); D3DXMATRIXA16 Translate, Scale, Rotate; D3DXMatrixTranslation(&Translate, ptr->Start.x, ptr->Start.y, ptr->Start.z); D3DXMatrixScaling(&Scale, ptr->Scale, 1, 1); D3DXMatrixRotationQuaternion(&Rotate, &D3DQuaternion(ptr->Rotation)); data->World = Scale * Rotate * Translate; }); D3DCALL(PerBoneBuffer->Unlock()); D3DCALL(device->DrawIndexedPrimitive(D3DPRIMITIVETYPE::D3DPT_LINELIST, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1)); Here's my vertex declaration: D3DVERTEXELEMENT9 BasicMeshVertices[] = { {0, 0, D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT3, D3DDECLMETHOD_DEFAULT, D3DDECLUSAGE_POSITION, 0}, {1, 0, D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT4, D3DDECLMETHOD_DEFAULT, D3DDECLUSAGE_TEXCOORD, 0}, {1, 16, D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT4, D3DDECLMETHOD_DEFAULT, D3DDECLUSAGE_TEXCOORD, 1}, {1, 32, D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT4, D3DDECLMETHOD_DEFAULT, D3DDECLUSAGE_TEXCOORD, 2}, {1, 48, D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT4, D3DDECLMETHOD_DEFAULT, D3DDECLUSAGE_TEXCOORD, 3}, {1, 64, D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT4, D3DDECLMETHOD_DEFAULT, D3DDECLUSAGE_COLOR, 0}, D3DDECL_END() }; The LineIndices are just 0, 1 and the LineVerts are just {0,0,0} and {1,0,0}, to represent a unit 3D line along the X axis.

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• Applying effects to an existing program that uses BasicEffect

  - by Fibericon

  Using the finished product from the tutorial here. Is it possible to apply the grayscale effect from here: Making entire scene fade to grayscale Or would you basically have to rewrite everything? EDIT: It's doing something now, but the whole grayscale seems extremely blue. It's like I'm looking at it through dark blue sunglasses. Here's my draw function: protected override void Draw(GameTime gameTime) { device.SetRenderTarget(renderTarget); graphics.GraphicsDevice.Clear(Color.CornflowerBlue); //Drawing models, bullets, etc. device.SetRenderTarget(null); spriteBatch.Begin(0, BlendState.Additive, SamplerState.PointWrap, DepthStencilState.Default, RasterizerState.CullNone, grayScale); Texture2D temp = (Texture2D)renderTarget; grayScale.Parameters["coloredTexture"].SetValue(temp); grayScale.CurrentTechnique = grayScale.Techniques["Grayscale"]; foreach (EffectPass pass in grayScale.CurrentTechnique.Passes) { pass.Apply(); } spriteBatch.Draw(temp, new Vector2(GraphicsDevice.PresentationParameters.BackBufferWidth/2, GraphicsDevice.PresentationParameters.BackBufferHeight/2), null, Color.White, 0f, new Vector2(renderTarget.Width/2, renderTarget.Height/2), 1.0f, SpriteEffects.None, 0f); spriteBatch.End(); base.Draw(gameTime); } Another edit: figured out what I was doing wrong. I have Blendstate.Additive in the spriteBatch.Draw() call. It should be Blendstate.Opaque, or it literally tries to add the blank blue image to the grayscale image.

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• Making XNA Play Nice With 3DS Max, Boundiing Spheres

  - by Jason R. Mick

  I'm using 3DS Max 2010 with the KW x-porter plugin, which outputs a .X file (just downloaded the very latest version). Been getting some odd results: http://www.picvalley.net/u/2930/2265240220441812321333990933PAStFeSONWQslOrMQC5q.PNG Looks like the culling is screwed up. Note, that models I make in Milkshape don't seem to be having these problems. I've also tried to export an FBX file from 3DS Max 2010 and have been getting similar results. What are your suggestions in terms of exporting *.3DS models to a workable XNA form? What tools do you use?. To be clear, the model in question has none of these defects when viewed from similar angles in 3DS Max 2010. http://www.picvalley.net/u/2563/151728957814855401111333991302mSvEJ03Zv22GwHFgIhiV.PNG Any ideas on this oddity would also be appreciated! Edit 1 -- Add'l issue Forgot to mention, that the model otherwise seems alright, but that rotation seems to double -- in other words, when I scroll my camera view left to right, the model (whose draw I give the camera for the view and perspective matrices w/ BasicEffect seems to rotate twice as much as models I draw natively in XNA

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• Resources for 2D rendering using OpenGL?

  - by nightcracker

  I noticed that there is quite some difference between 3D and 2D rendering using OpenGL, the techniques are different - pixel-perfect placing is a lot more desirable, among other things. Are there any good (complete) references on using OpenGL for rendering 2D graphics? There are quite a few "tutorials" around on the net that help you open a window, set up a half-decent environment and draw a sprite, but no real good information on rotation, blending, lightning, drawing order, using the z-buffer, particles, "complex" primitives (circles, stars, cross symbols), ensuring pixel-perfect rendering, instancing and many other staple 2D effects/techniques. Any books, great blogs, anything? Any particular awesome libraries to read?

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• Fog shader camera problem

  - by MaT

  I have some difficulties with my vertex-fragment fog shader in Unity. I have a good visual result but the problem is that the gradient is based on the camera's position, it moves as the camera moves. I don't know how to fix it. Here is the shader code. struct v2f { float4 pos : SV_POSITION; float4 grabUV : TEXCOORD0; float2 uv_depth : TEXCOORD1; float4 interpolatedRay : TEXCOORD2; float4 screenPos : TEXCOORD3; }; v2f vert(appdata_base v) { v2f o; o.pos = mul(UNITY_MATRIX_MVP, v.vertex); o.uv_depth = v.texcoord.xy; o.grabUV = ComputeGrabScreenPos(o.pos); half index = v.vertex.z; o.screenPos = ComputeScreenPos(o.pos); o.interpolatedRay = mul(UNITY_MATRIX_MV, v.vertex); return o; } sampler2D _GrabTexture; float4 frag(v2f IN) : COLOR { float3 uv = UNITY_PROJ_COORD(IN.grabUV); float dpth = UNITY_SAMPLE_DEPTH(tex2Dproj(_CameraDepthTexture, uv)); dpth = LinearEyeDepth(dpth); float4 wsPos = (IN.screenPos + dpth * IN.interpolatedRay); // Here is the problem but how to fix it float fogVert = max(0.0, (wsPos.y - _Depth) * (_DepthScale * 0.1f)); fogVert *= fogVert; fogVert = (exp (-fogVert)); return fogVert; } Thanks a lot !

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• Xna Equivalent of Viewport.Unproject in a draw call as a matrix transformation

  - by Nick Crowther

  I am making a 2D sidescroller and I would like to draw my sprite to world space instead of client space so I do not have to lock it to the center of the screen and when the camera stops the sprite will walk off screen instead of being stuck at the center. In order to do this I wanted to make a transformation matrix that goes in my draw call. I have seen something like this: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3570192/xna-viewport-projection-and-spritebatch I have seen Matrix.CreateOrthographic() used to go from Worldspace to client space but, how would I go about using it to go from clientspace to worldspace? I was going to try putting my returns from the viewport.unproject method I have into a scale matrix such as: blah = Matrix.CreateScale(unproject.X,unproject.Y,0); however, that doesn't seem to work correctly. Here is what I'm calling in my draw method(where X is the coordinate my camera should follow): Vector3 test = screentoworld(X, graphics); var clienttoworld = Matrix.CreateScale(test.X,test.Y, 0); animationPlayer.Draw(theSpriteBatch, new Vector2(X.X,X.Y),false,false,0,Color.White,new Vector2(1,1),clienttoworld); Here is my code in my unproject method: Vector3 screentoworld(Vector2 some, GraphicsDevice graphics): Vector2 Position =(some.X,some.Y); var project = Matrix.CreateOrthographic(5*graphicsdevice.Viewport.Width, graphicsdevice.Viewport.Height, 0, 1); var viewMatrix = Matrix.CreateLookAt( new Vector3(0, 0, -4.3f), new Vector3(X.X,X.Y,0), Vector3.Up); //I have also tried substituting (cam.Position.X,cam.Position.Y,0) in for the (0,0,-4.3f) Vector3 nearSource = new Vector3(Position, 0f); Vector3 nearPoint = graphicsdevice.Viewport.Unproject(nearSource, project, viewMatrix, Matrix.Identity); return nearPoint;

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• Rotate around the centre of the screen

  - by Dan Scott

  I want my camera to rotate around the centre of screen and I'm not sure how to achieve that. I have a rotation in the camera but I'm not sure what its rotating around. (I think it might be rotating around the position.X of camera, not sure) If you look at these two images: http://imgur.com/E9qoAM7,5qzyhGD#0 http://imgur.com/E9qoAM7,5qzyhGD#1 The first one shows how the camera is normally, and the second shows how I want the level to look when I would rotate the camera 90 degrees left or right. My camera: public class Camera { private Matrix transform; public Matrix Transform { get { return transform; } } private Vector2 position; public Vector2 Position { get { return position; } set { position = value; } } private float rotation; public float Rotation { get { return rotation; } set { rotation = value; } } private Viewport viewPort; public Camera(Viewport newView) { viewPort = newView; } public void Update(Player player) { position.X = player.PlayerPos.X + (player.PlayerRect.Width / 2) - viewPort.Width / 4; if (position.X < 0) position.X = 0; transform = Matrix.CreateTranslation(new Vector3(-position, 0)) * Matrix.CreateRotationZ(Rotation); if (Keyboard.GetState().IsKeyDown(Keys.D)) { rotation += 0.01f; } if (Keyboard.GetState().IsKeyDown(Keys.A)) { rotation -= 0.01f; } } } (I'm assuming you would need to rotate around the centre of the screen to achieve this)

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• CSM shadow errors when models are split

  - by KaiserJohaan

  I'm getting closer to fixing CSM, but there seems to be one more issue at hand. At certain angles, the models will be caught/split between two shadow map cascades, like below. first depth split second depth split - here you can see the model is caught between the splits How does one fix this? Increase the overlapping boundaries between the splits? Or is the frustrum erronous? CameraFrustrum CalculateCameraFrustrum(const float fovDegrees, const float aspectRatio, const float minDist, const float maxDist, const Mat4& cameraViewMatrix, Mat4& outFrustrumMat) { CameraFrustrum ret = { Vec4(1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(-1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(-1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), }; const Mat4 perspectiveMatrix = PerspectiveMatrixFov(fovDegrees, aspectRatio, minDist, maxDist); const Mat4 invMVP = glm::inverse(perspectiveMatrix * cameraViewMatrix); outFrustrumMat = invMVP; for (Vec4& corner : ret) { corner = invMVP * corner; corner /= corner.w; } return ret; } Mat4 CreateDirLightVPMatrix(const CameraFrustrum& cameraFrustrum, const Vec3& lightDir) { Mat4 lightViewMatrix = glm::lookAt(Vec3(0.0f), -glm::normalize(lightDir), Vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f)); Vec4 transf = lightViewMatrix * cameraFrustrum[0]; float maxZ = transf.z, minZ = transf.z; float maxX = transf.x, minX = transf.x; float maxY = transf.y, minY = transf.y; for (uint32_t i = 1; i < 8; i++) { transf = lightViewMatrix * cameraFrustrum[i]; if (transf.z > maxZ) maxZ = transf.z; if (transf.z < minZ) minZ = transf.z; if (transf.x > maxX) maxX = transf.x; if (transf.x < minX) minX = transf.x; if (transf.y > maxY) maxY = transf.y; if (transf.y < minY) minY = transf.y; } Mat4 viewMatrix(lightViewMatrix); viewMatrix[3][0] = -(minX + maxX) * 0.5f; viewMatrix[3][1] = -(minY + maxY) * 0.5f; viewMatrix[3][2] = -(minZ + maxZ) * 0.5f; viewMatrix[0][3] = 0.0f; viewMatrix[1][3] = 0.0f; viewMatrix[2][3] = 0.0f; viewMatrix[3][3] = 1.0f; Vec3 halfExtents((maxX - minX) * 0.5, (maxY - minY) * 0.5, (maxZ - minZ) * 0.5); return OrthographicMatrix(-halfExtents.x, halfExtents.x, halfExtents.y, -halfExtents.y, halfExtents.z, -halfExtents.z) * viewMatrix; }

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• LWJGL Determining whether or not a polygon is on-screen.

  - by Brandon oubiub

  Not sure whether this is an LWJGL or math question. I want to check whether a shape is on-screen, so that I don't have to render it if it isn't. First of all, is there any simple way to do this that I am overlooking? Like some method or something that I haven't found? I'm going to assume there isn't. I tried using my trigonometry skills, but it is hard to do this because of how glRotate also distorts the image a little for perspective and realism. Or, is there any way to easily determine if a ray starting from the camera, and going outward in a straight line intersects a shape? (I can probably do it with my math skillz, but is there an easier way?) By the way, I can easily determine the angle at which the camera is facing around the x and y axis. EDIT: Or, possibly, I could get the angles of a vector from the camera to the object, and compare those angles to my camera angles. But I have a feeling that the distorts from glRotate and glTranslate would be an issue. I'll try it though.

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• Retrieving model position after applying modeltransforms in XNA

  - by Glen Dekker

  For this method that the goingBeyond XNA tutorial provides, it would be really convenient if I could retrieve the new position of the model after I apply all the transforms to the mesh. I have edited the method a little for what I need. Does anyone know a way I can do this? public void DrawModel( Camera camera ) { Matrix scaleY = Matrix.CreateScale(new Vector3(1, 2, 1)); Matrix temp = Matrix.CreateScale(100f) * scaleY * rotationMatrix * translationMatrix * Matrix.CreateRotationY(MathHelper.Pi / 6) * translationMatrix2; Matrix[] modelTransforms = new Matrix[model.Bones.Count]; model.CopyAbsoluteBoneTransformsTo(modelTransforms); if (camera.getDistanceFromPlayer(position+position1) > 3000) return; foreach (ModelMesh mesh in model.Meshes) { foreach (BasicEffect effect in mesh.Effects) { effect.EnableDefaultLighting(); effect.World = modelTransforms[mesh.ParentBone.Index] * temp * worldMatrix; effect.View = camera.viewMatrix; effect.Projection = camera.projectionMatrix; } mesh.Draw(); } }

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• Cannot compute wNear and wFar from projection matrix

  - by DeadMG

  I've got the following error from Direct3D when attempting to render in 3D: Direct3D9: (WARN) :Cannot compute WNear and WFar from the supplied projection matrix Direct3D9: (WARN) :Setting wNear to 0.0 and wFar to 1.0 My projection matrix is as follows: D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH( &Projection, D3DXToRadian(90), (float)GetDimensions().x / (float)GetDimensions().y, NearPlane, FarPlane ); D3DCALL(device->SetTransform( D3DTS_PROJECTION, &Projection )); The NearPlane is 0.1f, the FarPlane is 40.0f, and the dimensions are 1920x1018. This code was working earlier but I appear to have broken it, and I'm not sure where the fault is. Previously I've only encountered it if NearPlane was 0, and Google hasn't suggested any other causes either. Any suggestions?

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• Why aren't tangent space normal maps completely blue?

  - by seahorse

  Why aren't normal maps just blue? I would think that normal maps should be predominantly blue in color because the Z component of the normal is represented by blue. Normals point out of the surface in the Z direction so we should see blue as the predominant colour since the Z component is dominant. By definition tangent space is perpendicular to the surface. At any point we should have the normal always pointing in the Z (blue direction) with no X (red direction) or Y (green direction). Thus the normal map (since it is a "normal map") should have the colour of the normals which is just blue (R = x = 0, G = y = 0, B = z = 1) with no shades in between. But normal maps are not so, and they have gradients of shades in them. Why is this so?

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• Java - 2d Array Tile Map Collision

  - by Corey

  How would I go about making certain tiles in my array collide with my player? Like say I want every number 2 in the array to collide. I am reading my array from a txt file if that matters and I am using the slick2d library. Here is my code if needed. public class Tiles { Image[] tiles = new Image[3]; int[][] map = new int[500][500]; Image grass, dirt, mound; SpriteSheet tileSheet; int tileWidth = 32; int tileHeight = 32; public void init() throws IOException, SlickException { tileSheet = new SpriteSheet("assets/tiles.png", tileWidth, tileHeight); grass = tileSheet.getSprite(0, 0); dirt = tileSheet.getSprite(7, 7); mound = tileSheet.getSprite(2, 6); tiles[0] = grass; tiles[1] = dirt; tiles[2] = mound; int x=0, y=0; BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("assets/map.txt")); String line; while ((line = in.readLine()) != null) { String[] values = line.split(","); for (String str : values) { int str_int = Integer.parseInt(str); map[x][y]=str_int; //System.out.print(map[x][y] + " "); y=y+1; } //System.out.println(""); x=x+1; y = 0; } in.close(); } public void update() { } public void render(GameContainer gc) { for(int x = 0; x < 50; x++) { for(int y = 0; y < 50; y ++) { int textureIndex = map[y][x]; Image texture = tiles[textureIndex]; texture.draw(x*tileWidth,y*tileHeight); } } } } I tried something like this, but I it doesn't ever "collide". X and y are my player position. if (tiles.map[(int)x/32][(int)y/32] == 2) { System.out.println("Collided"); }

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• Dynamic Environment Creation

  - by Jack

  I was wondering, I'm thinking on a more small-scale, abstracted level, but how does one create a dynamic environment a la Minecraft? In specific, I'm thinking of the world as a 3 dimensional array of block objects, how is it made so that large features such as oceans are created? The language isn't important, I'm thinking on a conceptual level, but if it helps, I use C# or C++. Thanks for any help!

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• HLSL Pixel Shader that does palette swap

  - by derrace

  I have implemented a simple pixel shader which can replace a particular colour in a sprite with another colour. It looks something like this: sampler input : register(s0); float4 PixelShaderFunction(float2 coords: TEXCOORD0) : COLOR0 { float4 colour = tex2D(input, coords); if(colour.r == sourceColours[0].r && colour.g == sourceColours[0].g && colour.b == sourceColours[0].b) return targetColours[0]; return colour; } What I would like to do is have the function take in 2 textures, a default table, and a lookup table (both same dimensions). Grab the current pixel, and find the location XY (coords) of the matching RGB in the default table, and then substitute it with the colour found in the lookup table at XY. I have figured how to pass the Textures from C# into the function, but I am not sure how to find the coords in the default table by matching the colour. Could someone kindly assist? Thanks in advance.

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• Randomly placing items script not working - sometimes items spawn in walls, sometimes items spawn in weird locations

  - by Timothy Williams

  I'm trying to figure out a way to randomly spawn items throughout my level, however I need to make sure they won't spawn inside another object (walls, etc.) Here's the code I'm currently using, it's based on the Physics.CheckSphere(); function. This runs OnLevelWasLoaded(); It spawns the items perfectly fine, but sometimes items spawn partway in walls. And sometimes items will spawn outside of the SpawnBox range (no clue why it does that.) //This is what randomly generates all the items. void SpawnItems () { if (Application.loadedLevelName == "Menu" || Application.loadedLevelName == "End Demo") return; //The bottom corner of the box we want to spawn items in. Vector3 spawnBoxBot = Vector3.zero; //Top corner. Vector3 spawnBoxTop = Vector3.zero; //If we're in the dungeon, set the box to the dungeon box and tell the items we want to spawn. if (Application.loadedLevelName == "dungeonScene") { spawnBoxBot = new Vector3 (8.857f, 0, 9.06f); spawnBoxTop = new Vector3 (-27.98f, 2.4f, -15); itemSpawn = dungeonSpawn; } //Spawn all the items. for (i = 0; i != itemSpawn.Length; i ++) { spawnedItem = null; //Zeroes out our random location Vector3 randomLocation = Vector3.zero; //Gets the meshfilter of the item we'll be spawning MeshFilter mf = itemSpawn[i].GetComponent<MeshFilter>(); //Gets it's bounds (see how big it is) Bounds bounds = mf.sharedMesh.bounds; //Get it's radius float maxRadius = new Vector3 (bounds.extents.x + 10f, bounds.extents.y + 10f, bounds.extents.z + 10f).magnitude * 5f; //Set which layer is the no walls layer var NoWallsLayer = 1 << LayerMask.NameToLayer("NoWallsLayer"); //Use that layer as your layermask. LayerMask layerMask = ~(1 << NoWallsLayer); //If we're in the dungeon, certain items need to spawn on certain halves. if (Application.loadedLevelName == "dungeonScene") { if (itemSpawn[i].name == "key2" || itemSpawn[i].name == "teddyBearLW" || itemSpawn[i].name == "teddyBearLW_Admiration" || itemSpawn[i].name == "radio") randomLocation = new Vector3(Random.Range(spawnBoxBot.x, -26.96f), Random.Range(spawnBoxBot.y, spawnBoxTop.y), Random.Range(spawnBoxBot.z, -2.141f)); else randomLocation = new Vector3(Random.Range(spawnBoxBot.x, spawnBoxTop.x), Random.Range(spawnBoxBot.y, spawnBoxTop.y), Random.Range(-2.374f, spawnBoxTop.z)); } //Otherwise just spawn them in the box. else randomLocation = new Vector3(Random.Range(spawnBoxBot.x, spawnBoxTop.x), Random.Range(spawnBoxBot.y, spawnBoxTop.y), Random.Range(spawnBoxBot.z, spawnBoxTop.z)); //This is what actually spawns the item. It checks to see if the spot where we want to instantiate it is clear, and if so it instatiates it. Otherwise we have to repeat the whole process again. if (Physics.CheckSphere(randomLocation, maxRadius, layerMask)) spawnedItem = Instantiate(itemSpawn[i], randomLocation, Random.rotation); else i --; //If we spawned something, set it's name to what it's supposed to be. Removes the (clone) addon. if (spawnedItem != null) spawnedItem.name = itemSpawn[i].name; } } What I'm asking for is if you know what's going wrong with this code that it would spawn stuff in walls. Or, if you could provide me with links/code/ideas of a better way to check if an item will spawn in a wall (some other function than Physics.CheckSphere). I've been working on this for a long time, and nothing I try seems to work. Any help is appreciated.

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• Early Z culling - Ogre

  - by teodron

  This question is concerned with how one can enable this "pixel filter" to work within an Ogre based app. Simply put, one can write two passes, the first without writing any colour values to the frame buffer lighting off colour_write off shading flat The second pass is the one that employs heavy pixel shader computations, hence it would be really nice to get rid of those hidden surface patches and not process them pixel-wise. This approach works, except for one thing: objects with alpha, such as billboard trees suffer in a peculiar way - from one side, they seem to capture the sky/background within their alpha region and ignore other trees/houses behind them, while viewed from the other side, they exhibit the desired behavior. To tackle the issue, I thought I could write a custom vertex shader in the first pass and offset the projected Z component of the vertex a little further away from its actual position, so that in the second pass there is a need to recompute correctly the pixels of the objects closest to the camera. This doesn't work at all, all surfaces are processed in the pixel shader and there is no performance gain. So, if anyone has done a similar trick with Ogre and alpha objects, kindly please help.

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• Normals vs Normal maps

  - by KaiserJohaan

  I am using Assimp asset importer (http://assimp.sourceforge.net/lib_html/index.html) to parse 3d models. So far, I've simply pulled out the normal vectors which are defined for each vertex in my meshes. Yet I have also found various tutorials on normal maps... As I understand it for normal maps, the normal vectors are stored in each texel of a normal map, and you pull these out of the normal texture in the shader. Why is there two ways to get the normals, which one is considered best-practice and why?

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• Shadows shimmer when camera moves

  - by Chad Layton

  I've implemented shadow maps in my simple block engine as an exercise. I'm using one directional light and using the view volume to create the shadow matrices. I'm experiencing some problems with the shadows shimmering when the camera moves and I'd like to know if it's an issue with my implementation or just an issue with basic/naive shadow mapping itself. Here's a video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vyprATt5BBg&feature=youtu.be Here's the code I use to create the shadow matrices. The commented out code is my original attempt to perfectly fit the view frustum. You can also see my attempt to try clamping movement to texels in the shadow map which didn't seem to make any difference. Then I tried using a bounding sphere instead, also to no apparent effect. public void CreateViewProjectionTransformsToFit(Camera camera, out Matrix viewTransform, out Matrix projectionTransform, out Vector3 position) { BoundingSphere cameraViewFrustumBoundingSphere = BoundingSphere.CreateFromFrustum(camera.ViewFrustum); float lightNearPlaneDistance = 1.0f; Vector3 lookAt = cameraViewFrustumBoundingSphere.Center; float distanceFromLookAt = cameraViewFrustumBoundingSphere.Radius + lightNearPlaneDistance; Vector3 directionFromLookAt = -Direction * distanceFromLookAt; position = lookAt + directionFromLookAt; viewTransform = Matrix.CreateLookAt(position, lookAt, Vector3.Up); float lightFarPlaneDistance = distanceFromLookAt + cameraViewFrustumBoundingSphere.Radius; float diameter = cameraViewFrustumBoundingSphere.Radius * 2.0f; Matrix.CreateOrthographic(diameter, diameter, lightNearPlaneDistance, lightFarPlaneDistance, out projectionTransform); //Vector3 cameraViewFrustumCentroid = camera.ViewFrustum.GetCentroid(); //position = cameraViewFrustumCentroid - (Direction * (camera.FarPlaneDistance - camera.NearPlaneDistance)); //viewTransform = Matrix.CreateLookAt(position, cameraViewFrustumCentroid, Up); //Vector3[] cameraViewFrustumCornersWS = camera.ViewFrustum.GetCorners(); //Vector3[] cameraViewFrustumCornersLS = new Vector3[8]; //Vector3.Transform(cameraViewFrustumCornersWS, ref viewTransform, cameraViewFrustumCornersLS); //Vector3 min = cameraViewFrustumCornersLS[0]; //Vector3 max = cameraViewFrustumCornersLS[0]; //for (int i = 1; i < 8; i++) //{ // min = Vector3.Min(min, cameraViewFrustumCornersLS[i]); // max = Vector3.Max(max, cameraViewFrustumCornersLS[i]); //} //// Clamp to nearest texel //float texelSize = 1.0f / Renderer.ShadowMapSize; //min.X -= min.X % texelSize; //min.Y -= min.Y % texelSize; //min.Z -= min.Z % texelSize; //max.X -= max.X % texelSize; //max.Y -= max.Y % texelSize; //max.Z -= max.Z % texelSize; //// We just use an orthographic projection matrix. The sun is so far away that it's rays are essentially parallel. //Matrix.CreateOrthographicOffCenter(min.X, max.X, min.Y, max.Y, -max.Z, -min.Z, out projectionTransform); } And here's the relevant part of the shader: if (CastShadows) { float4 positionLightCS = mul(float4(position, 1.0f), LightViewProj); float2 texCoord = clipSpaceToScreen(positionLightCS) + 0.5f / ShadowMapSize; float shadowMapDepth = tex2D(ShadowMapSampler, texCoord).r; float distanceToLight = length(LightPosition - position); float bias = 0.2f; if (shadowMapDepth < (distanceToLight - bias)) { return float4(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); } } The shimmer is slightly better if I drastically reduce the view volume but I think that's mostly just because the texels become smaller and it's harder to notice them flickering back and forth. I'd appreciate any insight, I'd very much like to understand what's going on before I try other techniques.

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• Missing z-axis rotation for transforming between two vectors

  - by Steve Baughman

  I'm trying to rotate a cube so that it's facing up, but am getting hung up on the final implementation details. It now reliably will rotate the x,y axis to the correct side, but the z-axis is never rotating (See photos of before and after rotation). When I'm using the code below I always get '0' for my rotationVector.z. What am I missing here? // Define lookAt vector lookAtVector = GLKVector3Make(0,0,1); // Define axes vectors axes[0] = GLKVector3Make(0,0,1); axes[1] = GLKVector3Make(-1,0,0); axes[2] = GLKVector3Make(0,1,0); axes[3] = GLKVector3Make(1,0,0); axes[4] = GLKVector3Make(0,-1,0); axes[5] = GLKVector3Make(0,0,-1); CGFloat highest_dot = -1.0; GLKVector3 closest_axis; for(int i = 0; i < 6; i++) { // multiply cube's axes by existing matrix GLKVector3 axis = GLKMatrix4MultiplyVector3(matrix, axes[i]); CGFloat dot = GLKVector3DotProduct(axis, lookAtVector); if(dot > highest_dot) { closest_axis = axis; highest_dot = dot; } } GLKVector3 rotationVector = GLKVector3CrossProduct(closest_axis, lookAtVector); // Get angle between vectors CGFloat angle = atan2(GLKVector3Length(rotationVector), GLKVector3DotProduct(closest_axis, lookAtVector)); // normalize the rotation vector rotationVector = GLKVector3Normalize(rotationVector); // Create transform CATransform3D rotationTransform = CATransform3DMakeRotation(angle, rotationVector.x, rotationVector.y, rotationVector.z); // add rotation transform to existing transformation baseTransform = CATransform3DConcat(baseTransform, rotationTransform); return baseTransform; Before 3d Rotation After 3d Rotation Implementation based on this post

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