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• Optimized algorithm for line-sphere intersection in GLSL

  - by fernacolo

  Well, hello then! I need to find intersection between line and sphere in GLSL. Right now my solution is based on Paul Bourke's page and was ported to GLSL this way: // The line passes through p1 and p2: vec3 p1 = (...); vec3 p2 = (...); // Sphere center is p3, radius is r: vec3 p3 = (...); float r = ...; float x1 = p1.x; float y1 = p1.y; float z1 = p1.z; float x2 = p2.x; float y2 = p2.y; float z2 = p2.z; float x3 = p3.x; float y3 = p3.y; float z3 = p3.z; float dx = x2 - x1; float dy = y2 - y1; float dz = z2 - z1; float a = dx*dx + dy*dy + dz*dz; float b = 2.0 * (dx * (x1 - x3) + dy * (y1 - y3) + dz * (z1 - z3)); float c = x3*x3 + y3*y3 + z3*z3 + x1*x1 + y1*y1 + z1*z1 - 2.0 * (x3*x1 + y3*y1 + z3*z1) - r*r; float test = b*b - 4.0*a*c; if (test >= 0.0) { // Hit (according to Treebeard, "a fine hit"). float u = (-b - sqrt(test)) / (2.0 * a); vec3 hitp = p1 + u * (p2 - p1); // Now use hitp. } It works perfectly! But it seems slow... I'm new at GLSL. You can answer this questions in two ways: Tell me there is no solution, showing some proof or strong evidence. Tell me about GLSL features (vector APIs, primitive operations) that makes the above algorithm faster, showing some example. Thanks a lot!

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• Modeling player mechanics with a finite state machine

  - by K..

  I have three states standing walking jumping When I press D standing transitions to walking. The velocity will be set to a defined value and the player moves. When I release D walking transitions back to standing, which sets the velocity back to 0. When I press W and the state is walking it transitions to jumping, but when the player hits the ground, it goes back to standing. jumping has a transition land that always leads to standing because a state doesn't know about its previous states. Since standing sets a velocity of 0 the player stops walking, when he hits the ground. How do I prevent this?

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• The purpose of using invert and transpose

  - by user699215

  In openGl ES and the World of 3D - why use the invers matrix? The thing is that I dont have any intuition to, why it is used, therefore please correct me: As fare as I understand, it is used in shaders - and can help you to figure out the opposite direction of the normals? Invers in ordinary numbers is like; The product of a number and its multiplicative inverse is 1. Observe that 3/5 * 5/3 = 1. In a matrix this will give you the Identity Matrix, which is the base coordinate system or the orion of the World space - right. But the invers is - some other coordinate system? You can use the transpose(Row-major order to Column-major order) of a square matrix to find the inverted matrix, as calculating the invers is process heavy - and the transpose is giving you the inverted matrix as a bi product? Again, I am looking for getting some intuition of this - and therefore be able to use it as intended. Thank you for any reply that will guide me in the right direction. Regards

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• Use PathModifier of MoveModifier for Tower of Defense Game

  - by Siddharth

  In my game I want to move enemy on the fixed path so that I have establish manual grid structure for that purpose not used tile map. Game contain multiple level and the path will be different for each level and also multiple fixed path exist for each level. So my question is, What I have to use MoveModifier or PathModifier for my game ? Also mention I have to use WayPoint or not. Further detail you all are free to ask. Please help me to decide what to do.

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• How do I implement SkyBox in xna 4.0 Reach Profile (for Windows Phone 7)?

  - by Biny

  I'm trying to Implement SkyBox in my phone game. Most of the samples in the web are for HiDef profile, and they are using custom effects (that not supported on Windows Phone). I've tried to follow this guide. But for some reason my SkyBox is not rendered. This is my SkyBox class: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics; using Rocuna.Core; using Rocuna.GameEngine.Graphics; using Rocuna.GameEngine.Graphics.Components; namespace Rocuna.GameEngine.Extension.WP7.Graphics { /// <summary> /// Sky box element for phone games. /// </summary> public class SkyBox : SkyBoxBase { /// <summary> /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="SkyBoxBase"/> class. /// </summary> /// <param name="game">The Game that the game component should be attached to.</param> public SkyBox(TextureCube cube, Game game) : base(game) { Cube = cube; CubeFaces = new Texture2D[6]; PositionOffset = new Vector3(20, 20, 20); CreateGraphic(512); StripTexturesFromCube(); InitializeData(Game.GraphicsDevice); } #region Properties /// <summary> /// Gets or sets the position offset. /// </summary> /// <value> /// The position offset. /// </value> public Vector3 PositionOffset { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Gets or sets the position. /// </summary> /// <value> /// The position. /// </value> public Vector3 Position { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Gets or sets the cube. /// </summary> /// <value> /// The cube. /// </value> public TextureCube Cube { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Gets or sets the pixel array. /// </summary> /// <value> /// The pixel array. /// </value> public Color[] PixelArray { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Gets or sets the cube faces. /// </summary> /// <value> /// The cube faces. /// </value> public Texture2D[] CubeFaces { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Gets or sets the vertex buffer. /// </summary> /// <value> /// The vertex buffer. /// </value> public VertexBuffer VertexBuffer { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Gets or sets the index buffer. /// </summary> /// <value> /// The index buffer. /// </value> public IndexBuffer IndexBuffer { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Gets or sets the effect. /// </summary> /// <value> /// The effect. /// </value> public BasicEffect Effect { get; set; } #endregion protected override void LoadContent() { } public override void Update(GameTime gameTime) { var camera = Game.GetService<GraphicManager>().CurrentCamera; this.Position = camera.Position + PositionOffset; base.Update(gameTime); } public override void Draw(GameTime gameTime) { DrawOrder = int.MaxValue; var graphics = Effect.GraphicsDevice; graphics.DepthStencilState = new DepthStencilState() { DepthBufferEnable = false }; graphics.RasterizerState = new RasterizerState() { CullMode = CullMode.None }; graphics.BlendState = new BlendState(); graphics.SamplerStates[0] = SamplerState.AnisotropicClamp; graphics.SetVertexBuffer(VertexBuffer); graphics.Indices = IndexBuffer; Effect.Texture = CubeFaces[0]; Effect.CurrentTechnique.Passes[0].Apply(); graphics.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, _vertices.Count, 0, 2); Effect.Texture = CubeFaces[1]; Effect.CurrentTechnique.Passes[0].Apply(); graphics.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, _vertices.Count, 6, 2); Effect.Texture = CubeFaces[2]; Effect.CurrentTechnique.Passes[0].Apply(); graphics.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, _vertices.Count, 12, 2); Effect.Texture = CubeFaces[3]; Effect.CurrentTechnique.Passes[0].Apply(); graphics.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, _vertices.Count, 18, 2); Effect.Texture = CubeFaces[4]; Effect.CurrentTechnique.Passes[0].Apply(); graphics.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, _vertices.Count, 24, 2); Effect.Texture = CubeFaces[5]; Effect.CurrentTechnique.Passes[0].Apply(); graphics.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, _vertices.Count, 30, 2); base.Draw(gameTime); } #region Fields private List<VertexPositionNormalTexture> _vertices = new List<VertexPositionNormalTexture>(); private List<ushort> _indices = new List<ushort>(); #endregion #region Private methods private void InitializeData(GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice) { VertexBuffer = new VertexBuffer(graphicsDevice, typeof(VertexPositionNormalTexture), _vertices.Count, BufferUsage.None); VertexBuffer.SetData<VertexPositionNormalTexture>(_vertices.ToArray()); // Create an index buffer, and copy our index data into it. IndexBuffer = new IndexBuffer(graphicsDevice, typeof(ushort), _indices.Count, BufferUsage.None); IndexBuffer.SetData<ushort>(_indices.ToArray()); // Create a BasicEffect, which will be used to render the primitive. Effect = new BasicEffect(graphicsDevice); Effect.TextureEnabled = true; Effect.EnableDefaultLighting(); } private void CreateGraphic(float size) { Vector3[] normals = { Vector3.Right, Vector3.Left, Vector3.Up, Vector3.Down, Vector3.Backward, Vector3.Forward, }; Vector2[] textureCoordinates = { Vector2.One, Vector2.UnitY, Vector2.Zero, Vector2.UnitX, Vector2.Zero, Vector2.UnitX, Vector2.One, Vector2.UnitY, Vector2.Zero, Vector2.UnitX, Vector2.One, Vector2.UnitY, Vector2.Zero, Vector2.UnitX, Vector2.One, Vector2.UnitY, Vector2.UnitY, Vector2.Zero, Vector2.UnitX, Vector2.One, Vector2.UnitY, Vector2.Zero, Vector2.UnitX, Vector2.One, }; var index = 0; foreach (var normal in normals) { var side1 = new Vector3(normal.Z, normal.X, normal.Y); var side2 = Vector3.Cross(normal, side1); AddIndex(CurrentVertex + 0); AddIndex(CurrentVertex + 1); AddIndex(CurrentVertex + 2); AddIndex(CurrentVertex + 0); AddIndex(CurrentVertex + 2); AddIndex(CurrentVertex + 3); AddVertex((normal - side1 - side2) * size / 2, normal, textureCoordinates[index++]); AddVertex((normal - side1 + side2) * size / 2, normal, textureCoordinates[index++]); AddVertex((normal + side1 + side2) * size / 2, normal, textureCoordinates[index++]); AddVertex((normal + side1 - side2) * size / 2, normal, textureCoordinates[index++]); } } protected void StripTexturesFromCube() { PixelArray = new Color[Cube.Size * Cube.Size]; for (int s = 0; s < CubeFaces.Length; s++) { CubeFaces[s] = new Texture2D(Game.GraphicsDevice, Cube.Size, Cube.Size, false, SurfaceFormat.Color); switch (s) { case 0: Cube.GetData<Color>(CubeMapFace.PositiveX, PixelArray); CubeFaces[s].SetData<Color>(PixelArray); break; case 1: Cube.GetData(CubeMapFace.NegativeX, PixelArray); CubeFaces[s].SetData(PixelArray); break; case 2: Cube.GetData(CubeMapFace.PositiveY, PixelArray); CubeFaces[s].SetData(PixelArray); break; case 3: Cube.GetData(CubeMapFace.NegativeY, PixelArray); CubeFaces[s].SetData(PixelArray); break; case 4: Cube.GetData(CubeMapFace.PositiveZ, PixelArray); CubeFaces[s].SetData(PixelArray); break; case 5: Cube.GetData(CubeMapFace.NegativeZ, PixelArray); CubeFaces[s].SetData(PixelArray); break; } } } protected void AddVertex(Vector3 position, Vector3 normal, Vector2 textureCoordinates) { _vertices.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(position, normal, textureCoordinates)); } protected void AddIndex(int index) { if (index > ushort.MaxValue) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index"); _indices.Add((ushort)index); } protected int CurrentVertex { get { return _vertices.Count; } } #endregion } }

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• Random/Procedural vs. Previously Made Level Generation

  - by PythonInProgress

  I am making a game (called "Glory") that is a top-down explorer game, and am wondering what the advantages/disadvantages of using random/procedural generation vs. pre-made levels are. There seems to be few that i can think of, other than the fact that items may be a problem to distribute in randomly generated terrain, and that the generated terrain may look weird. The downside to previously made levels is that I would need to make a level editor, though. I cannot decide what is better to use.

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• GLSL: Strange light reflections

  - by Tom

  According to this tutorial I'm trying to make a normal mapping using GLSL, but something is wrong and I can't find the solution. The output render is in this image: Image1 in this image is a plane with two triangles and each of it is different illuminated (that is bad). The plane has 6 vertices. In the upper left side of this plane are 2 identical vertices (same in the lower right). Here are some vectors same for each vertice: normal vector = 0, 1, 0 (red lines on image) tangent vector = 0, 0,-1 (green lines on image) bitangent vector = -1, 0, 0 (blue lines on image) here I have one question: The two identical vertices does need to have the same tangent and bitangent? I have tried to make other values to the tangents but the effect was still similar. Here are my shaders Vertex shader: #version 130 // Input vertex data, different for all executions of this shader. in vec3 vertexPosition_modelspace; in vec2 vertexUV; in vec3 vertexNormal_modelspace; in vec3 vertexTangent_modelspace; in vec3 vertexBitangent_modelspace; // Output data ; will be interpolated for each fragment. out vec2 UV; out vec3 Position_worldspace; out vec3 EyeDirection_cameraspace; out vec3 LightDirection_cameraspace; out vec3 LightDirection_tangentspace; out vec3 EyeDirection_tangentspace; // Values that stay constant for the whole mesh. uniform mat4 MVP; uniform mat4 V; uniform mat4 M; uniform mat3 MV3x3; uniform vec3 LightPosition_worldspace; void main(){ // Output position of the vertex, in clip space : MVP * position gl_Position = MVP * vec4(vertexPosition_modelspace,1); // Position of the vertex, in worldspace : M * position Position_worldspace = (M * vec4(vertexPosition_modelspace,1)).xyz; // Vector that goes from the vertex to the camera, in camera space. // In camera space, the camera is at the origin (0,0,0). vec3 vertexPosition_cameraspace = ( V * M * vec4(vertexPosition_modelspace,1)).xyz; EyeDirection_cameraspace = vec3(0,0,0) - vertexPosition_cameraspace; // Vector that goes from the vertex to the light, in camera space. M is ommited because it's identity. vec3 LightPosition_cameraspace = ( V * vec4(LightPosition_worldspace,1)).xyz; LightDirection_cameraspace = LightPosition_cameraspace + EyeDirection_cameraspace; // UV of the vertex. No special space for this one. UV = vertexUV; // model to camera = ModelView vec3 vertexTangent_cameraspace = MV3x3 * vertexTangent_modelspace; vec3 vertexBitangent_cameraspace = MV3x3 * vertexBitangent_modelspace; vec3 vertexNormal_cameraspace = MV3x3 * vertexNormal_modelspace; mat3 TBN = transpose(mat3( vertexTangent_cameraspace, vertexBitangent_cameraspace, vertexNormal_cameraspace )); // You can use dot products instead of building this matrix and transposing it. See References for details. LightDirection_tangentspace = TBN * LightDirection_cameraspace; EyeDirection_tangentspace = TBN * EyeDirection_cameraspace; } Fragment shader: #version 130 // Interpolated values from the vertex shaders in vec2 UV; in vec3 Position_worldspace; in vec3 EyeDirection_cameraspace; in vec3 LightDirection_cameraspace; in vec3 LightDirection_tangentspace; in vec3 EyeDirection_tangentspace; // Ouput data out vec3 color; // Values that stay constant for the whole mesh. uniform sampler2D DiffuseTextureSampler; uniform sampler2D NormalTextureSampler; uniform sampler2D SpecularTextureSampler; uniform mat4 V; uniform mat4 M; uniform mat3 MV3x3; uniform vec3 LightPosition_worldspace; void main(){ // Light emission properties // You probably want to put them as uniforms vec3 LightColor = vec3(1,1,1); float LightPower = 40.0; // Material properties vec3 MaterialDiffuseColor = texture2D( DiffuseTextureSampler, vec2(UV.x,-UV.y) ).rgb; vec3 MaterialAmbientColor = vec3(0.1,0.1,0.1) * MaterialDiffuseColor; //vec3 MaterialSpecularColor = texture2D( SpecularTextureSampler, UV ).rgb * 0.3; vec3 MaterialSpecularColor = vec3(0.5,0.5,0.5); // Local normal, in tangent space. V tex coordinate is inverted because normal map is in TGA (not in DDS) for better quality vec3 TextureNormal_tangentspace = normalize(texture2D( NormalTextureSampler, vec2(UV.x,-UV.y) ).rgb*2.0 - 1.0); // Distance to the light float distance = length( LightPosition_worldspace - Position_worldspace ); // Normal of the computed fragment, in camera space vec3 n = TextureNormal_tangentspace; // Direction of the light (from the fragment to the light) vec3 l = normalize(LightDirection_tangentspace); // Cosine of the angle between the normal and the light direction, // clamped above 0 // - light is at the vertical of the triangle -> 1 // - light is perpendicular to the triangle -> 0 // - light is behind the triangle -> 0 float cosTheta = clamp( dot( n,l ), 0,1 ); // Eye vector (towards the camera) vec3 E = normalize(EyeDirection_tangentspace); // Direction in which the triangle reflects the light vec3 R = reflect(-l,n); // Cosine of the angle between the Eye vector and the Reflect vector, // clamped to 0 // - Looking into the reflection -> 1 // - Looking elsewhere -> < 1 float cosAlpha = clamp( dot( E,R ), 0,1 ); color = // Ambient : simulates indirect lighting MaterialAmbientColor + // Diffuse : "color" of the object MaterialDiffuseColor * LightColor * LightPower * cosTheta / (distance*distance) + // Specular : reflective highlight, like a mirror MaterialSpecularColor * LightColor * LightPower * pow(cosAlpha,5) / (distance*distance); //color.xyz = E; //color.xyz = LightDirection_tangentspace; //color.xyz = EyeDirection_tangentspace; } I have replaced the original color value by EyeDirection_tangentspace vector and then I got other strange effect but I can not link the image (not eunogh reputation) Is it possible that with this shaders is something wrong, or maybe in other place in my code e.g with my matrices? SOLVED Solved... 3 days needed for changing one letter from this: glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo); glVertexAttribPointer ( 4, // attribute 3, // size GL_FLOAT, // type GL_FALSE, // normalized? sizeof(VboVertex), // stride (void*)(12*sizeof(float)) // array buffer offset ); to this: glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo); glVertexAttribPointer ( 4, // attribute 3, // size GL_FLOAT, // type GL_FALSE, // normalized? sizeof(VboVertex), // stride (void*)(11*sizeof(float)) // array buffer offset ); see difference? :)

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• Defining the track in a 2D racing game

  - by Ivan

  I am designing a top-down racing game using canvas (html5) which takes a lot of inspiration from Micro Machines. In MM, cars can move off the track, but they are reset/destroyed if they go too far. My maths knowledge isn't great, so I'm finding it hard to separate 3D/complex concepts from those which are directly relevant to my situation. For example, I have seen "splines" mentioned, is this something I should read up on or is that overkill for a 2D game? Could I use a single path which defines the centre of the track and check a car's distance from this line? A second path might be required as a "racing line" for AI. Any advice on methods/techniques/terms to read up on would be greatly appreciated.

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• Lighting with VBO

  - by nkint

  I'm using a Java JOGL wrapper called processing.org. I have coded some enviroment on it and I'm quite proud of it even if it has some ready stuffs that I didn't know anything about it (==LIGHTS). Then, for some geometry, I've decided to use a VBO. I had to pass in the hard way and recode all lights. But I can't achieve the same result. This is the original light system: And this with VBO: With this code: Vec3D l; gl.glEnable(GL.GL_LIGHTING); gl.glEnable(GL.GL_LIGHT0); gl.glEnable(GL.GL_COLOR_MATERIAL); gl.glMaterialfv(GL.GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL.GL_AMBIENT, new float[]{0.8f,0f,0f}, 0); l = new Vec3D(0,0,-10); gl.glColor3f(0.8f,0f,0f); gl.glLightfv(GL.GL_LIGHT0, GL.GL_POSITION, new float[] { l.x, l.y, l.z, 0 }, 0); gl.glLightfv(GL.GL_LIGHT0, GL.GL_SPOT_DIRECTION, new float[] { 1, 1, 1, 1 }, 0); I can't achive the same light, the same color material, and the same wireframe stuffs. If needed I can also post the code I use for VBO, but it is quite standard vertex array grabbed on the net that uses glDrawArrays

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• How to utilize miniMax algorrithm in Checkers game

  - by engineer

  I am sorry...as there are too many articles about it.But I can't simple get this. I am confused in the implementation of AI. I have generated all possible moves of computer's type pieces. Now I can't decide the flow. Whether I need to start a loop for the possible moves of each piece and assign score to it.... or something else is to be done. Kindly tell me the proper flow/algorithm for this. Thanks

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• Physics from other games

  - by Carlosrdz1

  I'm making a platform engine with XNA Game Studio, and I've solved almost everything about colliding stuff. But now, I'm searching for good physics for the player, I'm trying to emulate characters from other games like Mario from Super Mario World, or MegaMan X... do you know a website or something, where the physics from that games are revealed? I remember seen a page with something like that. Or what's the process you think is the best to emulate physics from other games? Just trial and error? Thank you.

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• Undeclared Scope in Rock Paper Scissors Simple Game

  - by Rianelle

  #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <cstdlib> #include <ctime> using namespace std; bool win; int winnings; int draws; int loses; string comChoice; string playerChoice; void winGame () { cout << "You won! Play again?" <<endl; cout << "Type y/n" <<endl; char x; cin >> x; if (x == 'y') { beginGame(); } else if ('n'){ cout << "Game Stopped." <<endl; cout << "Number of Draws: " <<draws << endl; cout << "Number of Loses: " <<loses << endl; cout << "Number of Wins: " << winnings << endl; win = true; } } void drawGame (){ ++draws; cout << "Draw! Try again" << endl; return; } void lose () { cout << "You lose! Try again?" <<endl; cout << "Type y/n" <<endl; char feedback; cin >> feedback; if (feedback == 'y') { beginGame(); } else if ('n'){ cout << "Game Stopped." <<endl; cout << "Number of Draws: " <<draws << endl; cout << "Number of Loses: " <<loses << endl; cout << "Number of Wins: " << winnings << endl; } } void beginGame() { cout << "Welcome to the Rock, Paper and Scissors Game!" <<endl; cout << "Let's begin. Type <rock, paper, scissors> for your choice!" <<endl; cin >> playerChoice; srand(time(0)); int randomizer = 1+(rand()%3); if (randomizer == 1) comChoice = "rock"; if (randomizer == 2) comChoice = "paper"; if (randomizer == 3) comChoice = "scissors"; do { if (playerChoice == comChoice) { drawGame(); } if (playerChoice == "rock" && comChoice == "paper") ++loses; lose(); if (playerChoice == "rock" && comChoice == "scissors") ++winnings; winGame(); if (playerChoice == "paper" && comChoice == "rock") ++winnings; winGame(); if (playerChoice == "paper" && comChoice == "scissors") ++loses; lose(); if (playerChoice == "scissors" && comChoice == "rock") ++loses; lose(); if (playerChoice == "scissors" && comChoice == "paper") ++winnings; winGame(); }while (win != true); } int main () { beginGame(); return 0; }

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• Moving while doing loop animation in RPGMaker

  - by AzDesign

  I made a custom class to display character portrait in RPGMaker XP Here is the class : class Poser attr_accessor :images def initialize @images = Sprite.new @images.bitmap = RPG::Cache.picture('Character.png') #100x300 @images.x = 540 #place it on the bottom right corner of the screen @images.y = 180 end end Create an event on the map to create an instance as global variable, tada! image popped out. Ok nice. But Im not satisfied, Now I want it to have bobbing-head animation-like (just like when we breathe, sometimes bob our head up and down) so I added another method : def move(x,y) @images.x += x @images.y += y end def animate(x,y,step,delay) forward = true 2.times { step.times { wait(delay) if forward move(x/step,y/step) else move(-x/step,-y/step) end } wait(delay*3) forward = false } end def wait(time) while time > 0 time -= 1 Graphics.update end end I called the method to run the animation and it works, so far so good, but the problem is, WHILE the portrait goes up and down, I cannot move my character until the animation is finished. So that's it, I'm stuck in the loop block, what I want is to watch the portrait moving up and down while I walk around village, talk to npc, etc. Anyone can solve my problem ? Or better solution ? Thanks in advance

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• Game has noticeable frame drops but when through a profiler it always runs smooth

  - by felipedrl

  I'm trying to optimize my PC game but I can find the bottleneck since every time I run it through a profiler (gDEBugger) it runs smooths. When running outside gDEBugger I get these annoying hiccups. It's not just the graphics, the sound also gets choppy. The drops are inconsistent across runs, i.e, sometimes I run the same scenario and get no drops at all, sometimes I get a few drops, and others the game is consistently slow. The only constant is: when running through gDEBugger I ALWAYS get a smooth run. I'm suspecting something outside my game is interfering and causing these drops, but what in the hell does gDEBugger do that nullifies these drops? A higher process priority? Any ideas? Thanks in advance.

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• Moving objects colliding when using unalligned collision avoidance (steering)

  - by James Bedford

  I'm having trouble with unaligned collision avoidance for what I think is a rare case. I have set two objects to move towards each other but with a slight offset, so one of the objects is moving slightly upwards, and one of the objects is moving slightly downwards. In my unaligned collision avoidance steering algorithm I'm finding the points on the object's forward line and the other object's forward line where these two lines are the closest. If these closest points are within a collision avoidance distance, and if the distance between them is smaller than the two radii of the two object's bounding spheres, then the objects should steer away in the appropriate direction. The problem is that for my case, the closest points on the lines are calculated to be really far away from the actual collision point. This is because the two forward lines for each object are moving away from each other as the objects pass. The problem is that because of this, no steering takes place, and the two objects partially collide. Does anyone have any suggestions as to how I can correctly calculate the point of collision? Perhaps by somehow taking into account the size of the two objects?

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• Avoid double compression of resources

  - by user1095108

  I am using .pngs for my textures and am using a virtual file system in a .zip file for my game project. This means my textures are compressed and decompressed twice. What are the solutions to this double compression problem? One solution I've heard about is to use .tgas for textures, but it seems ages ago, since I've heard that. Another solution is to implement decompression on the GPU and, since that is fast, forget about the overhead.

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• How was collision detection handled in The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past?

  - by Restart

  I would like to know how the collision detection was done in The Legend of Zelda: A Link To The Past. The game is 16x16 tile based, so how did they do the tiles where only a quarter or half of the tile is occupied? Did they use a smaller grid for collision detection like 8x8 tiles, so four of them make one 16x16 tile of the texture grid? But then, they also have true half tiles which are diagonally cut and the corners of the tiles seem to be round or something. If Link walks into tiles corner he can keep on walking and automatically moves around it's corner. How is that done? I hope someone can help me out here.

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• In concept how is Animation done?

  - by sharethis

  The first approaches in animation for my game relied mostly on sine and cosine functions with the time as parameter. As a jump a perfect sine function is acceptable but for motions of arms, weapons or face it would look quite unnatural. Moreover patching every animation out of sine and cosine is stretched to its limits soon. I head of skeletons and rigging already. Although I could not implement skeletal animations I can't imagine that quite natural animations in major games are made of static predefined motion states. So how in general is animation done today?

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• Camera doesn't move

  - by hugo

  Here is my code, as my subject indicates i have implemented a camera but I couldn't make it move. #define PI_OVER_180 0.0174532925f #define GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE 0x812F #include "metinalifeyyaz.h" #include <GL/glu.h> #include <GL/glut.h> #include <QTimer> #include <cmath> #include <QKeyEvent> #include <QWidget> #include <QDebug> metinalifeyyaz::metinalifeyyaz(QWidget *parent) : QGLWidget(parent) { this->setFocusPolicy(Qt:: StrongFocus); time = QTime::currentTime(); timer = new QTimer(this); timer->setSingleShot(true); connect(timer, SIGNAL(timeout()), this, SLOT(updateGL())); xpos = yrot = zpos = 0; walkbias = walkbiasangle = lookupdown = 0.0f; keyUp = keyDown = keyLeft = keyRight = keyPageUp = keyPageDown = false; } void metinalifeyyaz::drawBall() { //glTranslatef(6,0,4); glutSolidSphere(0.10005,300,30); } metinalifeyyaz:: ~metinalifeyyaz(){ glDeleteTextures(1,texture); } void metinalifeyyaz::initializeGL(){ glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH); glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,0.5); glClearDepth(1.0f); glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL); glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0); glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH); GLfloat mat_specular[]={1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0}; GLfloat mat_shininess []={30.0}; GLfloat light_position[]={1.0,1.0,1.0}; glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, mat_specular); glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS,mat_shininess); glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, light_position); glEnable(GL_LIGHT0); glEnable(GL_LIGHTING); QImage img1 = convertToGLFormat(QImage(":/new/prefix1/halisaha2.bmp")); QImage img2 = convertToGLFormat(QImage(":/new/prefix1/white.bmp")); glGenTextures(2,texture); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[0]); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, img1.width(), img1.height(), 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, img1.bits()); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[1]); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, img2.width(), img2.height(), 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, img2.bits()); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glHint(GL_PERSPECTIVE_CORRECTION_HINT, GL_NICEST); // Really nice perspective calculations } void metinalifeyyaz::resizeGL(int w, int h){ if(h==0) h=1; glViewport(0,0,w,h); glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); gluPerspective(45.0f, static_cast<GLfloat>(w)/h,0.1f,100.0f); glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glLoadIdentity(); } void metinalifeyyaz::paintGL(){ movePlayer(); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); glLoadIdentity(); GLfloat xtrans = -xpos; GLfloat ytrans = -walkbias - 0.50f; GLfloat ztrans = -zpos; GLfloat sceneroty = 360.0f - yrot; glLoadIdentity(); glRotatef(lookupdown, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); glRotatef(sceneroty, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); glTranslatef(xtrans, ytrans+50, ztrans-130); glLoadIdentity(); glTranslatef(1.0f,0.0f,-18.0f); glRotatef(45,1,0,0); drawScene(); int delay = time.msecsTo(QTime::currentTime()); if (delay == 0) delay = 1; time = QTime::currentTime(); timer->start(qMax(0,10 - delay)); } void metinalifeyyaz::movePlayer() { if (keyUp) { xpos -= sin(yrot * PI_OVER_180) * 0.5f; zpos -= cos(yrot * PI_OVER_180) * 0.5f; if (walkbiasangle >= 360.0f) walkbiasangle = 0.0f; else walkbiasangle += 7.0f; walkbias = sin(walkbiasangle * PI_OVER_180) / 10.0f; } else if (keyDown) { xpos += sin(yrot * PI_OVER_180)*0.5f; zpos += cos(yrot * PI_OVER_180)*0.5f ; if (walkbiasangle <= 7.0f) walkbiasangle = 360.0f; else walkbiasangle -= 7.0f; walkbias = sin(walkbiasangle * PI_OVER_180) / 10.0f; } if (keyLeft) yrot += 0.5f; else if (keyRight) yrot -= 0.5f; if (keyPageUp) lookupdown -= 0.5; else if (keyPageDown) lookupdown += 0.5; } void metinalifeyyaz::keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *event) { switch (event->key()) { case Qt::Key_Escape: close(); break; case Qt::Key_F1: setWindowState(windowState() ^ Qt::WindowFullScreen); break; default: QGLWidget::keyPressEvent(event); case Qt::Key_PageUp: keyPageUp = true; break; case Qt::Key_PageDown: keyPageDown = true; break; case Qt::Key_Left: keyLeft = true; break; case Qt::Key_Right: keyRight = true; break; case Qt::Key_Up: keyUp = true; break; case Qt::Key_Down: keyDown = true; break; } } void metinalifeyyaz::changeEvent(QEvent *event) { switch (event->type()) { case QEvent::WindowStateChange: if (windowState() == Qt::WindowFullScreen) setCursor(Qt::BlankCursor); else unsetCursor(); break; default: break; } } void metinalifeyyaz::keyReleaseEvent(QKeyEvent *event) { switch (event->key()) { case Qt::Key_PageUp: keyPageUp = false; break; case Qt::Key_PageDown: keyPageDown = false; break; case Qt::Key_Left: keyLeft = false; break; case Qt::Key_Right: keyRight = false; break; case Qt::Key_Up: keyUp = false; break; case Qt::Key_Down: keyDown = false; break; default: QGLWidget::keyReleaseEvent(event); } } void metinalifeyyaz::drawScene(){ glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f); // glColor3f(0,0,1); //back glVertex3f(-6,0,-4); glVertex3f(-6,-0.5,-4); glVertex3f(6,-0.5,-4); glVertex3f(6,0,-4); glEnd(); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(0.0f,0.0f,-1.0f); //front glVertex3f(6,0,4); glVertex3f(6,-0.5,4); glVertex3f(-6,-0.5,4); glVertex3f(-6,0,4); glEnd(); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(-1.0f,0.0f,0.0f); // glColor3f(0,0,1); //left glVertex3f(-6,0,4); glVertex3f(-6,-0.5,4); glVertex3f(-6,-0.5,-4); glVertex3f(-6,0,-4); glEnd(); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f); // glColor3f(0,0,1); //right glVertex3f(6,0,-4); glVertex3f(6,-0.5,-4); glVertex3f(6,-0.5,4); glVertex3f(6,0,4); glEnd(); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[0]); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(0.0f,1.0f,0.0f);//top glTexCoord2f(1.0f,0.0f); glVertex3f(6,0,-4); glTexCoord2f(1.0f,1.0f); glVertex3f(6,0,4); glTexCoord2f(0.0f,1.0f); glVertex3f(-6,0,4); glTexCoord2f(0.0f,0.0f); glVertex3f(-6,0,-4); glEnd(); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(0.0f,-1.0f,0.0f); //glColor3f(0,0,1); //bottom glVertex3f(6,-0.5,-4); glVertex3f(6,-0.5,4); glVertex3f(-6,-0.5,4); glVertex3f(-6,-0.5,-4); glEnd(); // glPushMatrix(); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture[1]); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glNormal3f(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f); glTexCoord2f(1.0f,0.0f); //right far goal post front face glVertex3f(5,0.5,-0.95); glTexCoord2f(1.0f,1.0f); glVertex3f(5,0,-0.95); glTexCoord2f(0.0f,1.0f); glVertex3f(5,0,-1); glTexCoord2f(0.0f,0.0f); glVertex3f(5, 0.5, -1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right far goal post back face glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,-0.95); glVertex3f(5.05,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(5.05,0,-1); glVertex3f(5.05, 0.5, -1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right far goal post left face glVertex3f(5,0.5,-1); glVertex3f(5,0,-1); glVertex3f(5.05,0,-1); glVertex3f(5.05, 0.5, -1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right far goal post right face glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,-0.95); glVertex3f(5.05,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(5,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(5, 0.5, -0.95); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post front face glVertex3f(5,0.5,0.95); glVertex3f(5,0,0.95); glVertex3f(5,0,1); glVertex3f(5,0.5, 1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post back face glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,0.95); glVertex3f(5.05,0,0.95); glVertex3f(5.05,0,1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.5, 1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post left face glVertex3f(5,0.5,1); glVertex3f(5,0,1); glVertex3f(5.05,0,1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.5, 1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post right face glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,0.95); glVertex3f(5.05,0,0.95); glVertex3f(5,0,0.95); glVertex3f(5,0.5, 0.95); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar front face glVertex3f(5,0.55,-1); glVertex3f(5,0.55,1); glVertex3f(5,0.5,1); glVertex3f(5,0.5,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar back face glVertex3f(5.05,0.55,-1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.55,1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar bottom face glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,-1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.5,1); glVertex3f(5,0.5,1); glVertex3f(5,0.5,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar top face glVertex3f(5.05,0.55,-1); glVertex3f(5.05,0.55,1); glVertex3f(5,0.55,1); glVertex3f(5,0.55,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //left far goal post front face glVertex3f(-5,0.5,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0,-1); glVertex3f(-5, 0.5, -1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right far goal post back face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,-1); glVertex3f(-5.05, 0.5, -1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right far goal post left face glVertex3f(-5,0.5,-1); glVertex3f(-5,0,-1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,-1); glVertex3f(-5.05, 0.5, -1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right far goal post right face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0,-0.95); glVertex3f(-5, 0.5, -0.95); glColor3f(1,1,1); //left near goal post front face glVertex3f(-5,0.5,0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0,0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.5, 1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post back face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,0.95); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,0.95); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5, 1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post left face glVertex3f(-5,0.5,1); glVertex3f(-5,0,1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5, 1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right near goal post right face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,0.95); glVertex3f(-5.05,0,0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0,0.95); glVertex3f(-5,0.5, 0.95); glColor3f(1,1,1); //left crossbar front face glVertex3f(-5,0.55,-1); glVertex3f(-5,0.55,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.5,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.5,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar back face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.55,-1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.55,1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar bottom face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,-1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.5,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.5,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.5,-1); glColor3f(1,1,1); //right crossbar top face glVertex3f(-5.05,0.55,-1); glVertex3f(-5.05,0.55,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.55,1); glVertex3f(-5,0.55,-1); glEnd(); // glPopMatrix(); // glPushMatrix(); // glTranslatef(0,0,0); // glutSolidSphere(0.10005,500,30); // glPopMatrix(); }

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• Using SVN post-commit hook to update only files that have been commited

  - by fondie

  I am using an SVN repository for my web development work. I have a development site set up which holds a checkout of the repository. I have set up an SVN post-commit hook so that whenever a commit is made to the repository the development site is updated: cd /home/www/dev_ssl /usr/bin/svn up This works fine but due to the size of the repository the updates take a long time (approx. 3 minutes) which is rather frustrating when making regular commits. What I'd like is to change the post-commit hook to only update those files/directories that have been committed but I don't know how to go about doing this. Updating the "lowest common directory" would probably be the best solution, e.g. If committing the follow files: /branches/feature_x/images/logo.jpg /branches/feature_x/css/screen.css It would update the directory: /branches/feature_x/ Can anyone help me create a solution that achieves this please? Thanks! Update: The repository and development site are located on the same server so network issues shouldn't be involved. CPU usage is very low, and I/O should be ok (it's running on hi-spec dedicated server) The development site is approx. 7.5GB in size and contains approx. 600,000 items, this is mainly due to having multiple branches/tags

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• Kinect Click counter function

  - by Sweta Dwivedi

  So i have the following kinect click function which will check if the hand is within the bounds then it will click with a counter . . however there is a slight problem . .the first few button clicks work fine.. but after it clicks one of the buttons it changes the game state and immediately clicks the other button without the counter reaching 200. . . Kinect click is a method in the button class. . .and each button inside a list can access the Kinect click method. . . public bool KinectClick(int x,int y) { if ((x >= position.X && x <= position.X + position.Width) && (y >= position.Y && y <= position.Y + position.Height)) { counter++; if (counter > 200) { counter = 0; return true; } } else { counter = 0; } return false; } I call to check if this property is true in the Game update method to act as a button click. . foreach(Button g_t in Game_theme) { if ((g_t.KinectClick(x_c, y_c) == true || g_t.ButtonClicked() == true) && g_t.name == "animoe") { Selected_anim = true; currentGameState = GameState.InGame; } if ((g_t.KinectClick(x_c, y_c) == true || g_t.ButtonClicked() == true) && g_t.name == "planet") { Selected_planet = true; currentGameState = GameState.InGame; }

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• Behaviour Trees with irregular updates

  - by Robominister

  I'm interested in behaviour trees that aren't iterated every game tick, but every so often. (Edit: the tree could specify how many frames within the main game loop to wait before running its tick function again). Every theoretical implementation I have seen of behaviour trees talks of the tree search being carried out every game update - which seems necessary, because a leaf node (eg a behaviour, like 'return to base') needs to be constantly checked to see if is still running, failed or completed. Can anyone suggest how I might start implementing a tree that isnt run every tick, or point me in the direction of good material specific to this case (I am struggling to find anything)? My thoughts so far: action leaf nodes (when they start) must only push some kind of action object onto a list for an entity, rather than directly calling any code that makes the entity do something. The list of actions for the entity would be run every frame (update any that need to run, pop any that have completed from the list). the return state from a given action must be fed back into the tree, so that when we run the tree iteration again (and reach the same action leaf node - so the tree has so far determined that we ought to still be trying this action) - that the action has completed, or is still running etc. If my actual action code is running from an action list on an entity, then I possibly need to cancel previously running actions in the list - i am thinking that I can just delete the entire stack of queued up actions. I've seen the idea of ActionLists which block lower priority actions when a higher priority one is added, but this seems like very close logic to behaviour trees, and I dont want to be duplicating behaviour. This leaves me with some questions 1) How would I feed the action return state back into the tree? Its obvious I need to store some information relating to 'currently executing actions' on the entity, and check that in the tree tick, but I can't imagine how. 2) Does having a seperate behaviour tree (for deciding behaviour) and action list (for carrying out actual queued up actions) sound like a reasonable approach? 3) Is the approach of updating a behaviour tree irregularly actually used by anyone? It seems like a nice idea for budgeting ai search time when you have a lot of ai entities to process. (Edit) - I am also thinking about storing a single instance of a given behaviour tree in memory, and providing it by reference to any entity that uses it. So any information about what action was last selected for execution on an entity must be stored in a data context relative to the entity (which the tree can check). (I am probably answering my own questions as i go!) I hope I have expressed my questions adequately! Thanks in advance for any help :)

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• Import FBX with multiple meshes into UDK

  - by Tom

  I used this script to generate a few buildings that I was hoping to import into UDK. Each building is made of about 1000 separate objects. When I export a building as FBX and import the file into UDK it breaks it up into its individual objects again, so I was wondering how I would avoid this. Whether there was a tool to combine all of the objects into one mesh automatically before exporting or if I could prevent UDK from breaking them upon import.

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• Implementing `fling` logic without pan gesture recognizers

  - by KDiTraglia

  So I am trying to port over a simple game that I originally wrote to iphone into cocos2d-x. I've hit a minor bump however in implementing simple 'fling' logic I had in the iphone version that is difficult to port over to the c++. In iOS I could get the velocity of a pan gesture very easily: CGPoint velocity = [recognizer velocityInView:recognizer.view]; However now I basically only know where the touch began, where the touch ended, and all the touches that are logged in between. For now I logged all the pts onto a stack then pulled the last point and the 6th to last point (seemed to work the best), find the difference between those pts multiply by a constant and use that as the velocity. It works relatively well, but I'm wondering if anyone else has any better algorithms, when given a bunch of touch pts, to figure out a new speed upon releasing an object that feels natural (Note speed in my game is just a constant x and y, there's no drag or spin or anything tricky like that). Bonus points if anyone has figured out how to get pan gestures into the newest version (3.0 alpha) of cocos2d-x without losing ability to build cross platform.

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• Circle-Line Collision Detection Problem

  - by jazzdawg

  I am currently developing a breakout clone and I have hit a roadblock in getting collision detection between a ball (circle) and a brick (convex polygon) working correctly. I am using a Circle-Line collision detection test where each line represents and edge on the convex polygon brick. For the majority of the time the Circle-Line test works properly and the points of collision are resolved correctly. Collision detection working correctly. However, occasionally my collision detection code returns false due to a negative discriminant when the ball is actually intersecting the brick. Collision detection failing. I am aware of the inefficiency with this method and I am using axis aligned bounding boxes to cut down on the number of bricks tested. My main concern is if there are any mathematical bugs in my code below. /* * from and to are points at the start and end of the convex polygons edge. * This function is called for every edge in the convex polygon until a * collision is detected. */ bool circleLineCollision(Vec2f from, Vec2f to) { Vec2f lFrom, lTo, lLine; Vec2f line, normal; Vec2f intersectPt1, intersectPt2; float a, b, c, disc, sqrt_disc, u, v, nn, vn; bool one = false, two = false; // set line vectors lFrom = from - ball.circle.centre; // localised lTo = to - ball.circle.centre; // localised lLine = lFrom - lTo; // localised line = from - to; // calculate a, b & c values a = lLine.dot(lLine); b = 2 * (lLine.dot(lFrom)); c = (lFrom.dot(lFrom)) - (ball.circle.radius * ball.circle.radius); // discriminant disc = (b * b) - (4 * a * c); if (disc < 0.0f) { // no intersections return false; } else if (disc == 0.0f) { // one intersection u = -b / (2 * a); intersectPt1 = from + (lLine.scale(u)); one = pointOnLine(intersectPt1, from, to); if (!one) return false; return true; } else { // two intersections sqrt_disc = sqrt(disc); u = (-b + sqrt_disc) / (2 * a); v = (-b - sqrt_disc) / (2 * a); intersectPt1 = from + (lLine.scale(u)); intersectPt2 = from + (lLine.scale(v)); one = pointOnLine(intersectPt1, from, to); two = pointOnLine(intersectPt2, from, to); if (!one && !two) return false; return true; } } bool pointOnLine(Vec2f p, Vec2f from, Vec2f to) { if (p.x >= min(from.x, to.x) && p.x <= max(from.x, to.x) && p.y >= min(from.y, to.y) && p.y <= max(from.y, to.y)) return true; return false; }

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