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  • Premultiplying matrices with Perspective destroys them

    - by Shadows In Rain
    If I apply world_to_camera, perspective and camera_to_screen to my mesh, everything is okay. But if I premultiply given matrices (i.e. transform = world_to_camera * perpective * camera_to_screen) before applying, then it seems like only perspective has effect. If it is important... My 3d framework was written from scratch (test project for job interview). But it works flawlessly, or at least I think so. So, question. This is expected behaviour, or my implementation is wrong?

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  • Are there some methodologies to define a game's rules?

    - by bAN
    I would like to write some rules for a game I have in head but I don't know how to do that. So are there some methodologies or modeling tools (like UML) to do that? I'm thinking about a kind of tree of competencies or some kind of map to be sure that the game is well balanced. I always wonder how the team who imagines some powers in magic the gathering for example does it. Do they have some diagrams to be sure the powers or creatures they imagine are well balanced for the entire game? I'm pretty noob in the game creation so I'll be happy with some directions to seek.. Technical terms or basic principles to learn. Thanks for help.

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  • Sub-systems in game engines

    - by Hillel
    So here's the problem- I'm writing my own engine library, and it works fine with stuff like menus and the actual game screen. The thing is, I can't really figure out how to integrate something like an intro or dialogue preceding certain levels into this system. Let's look at another example- say I have a game-specific engine which gets a Level object and runs it. Engine would have its own collision and physics system, all hard coded. Now, what if at some point in a level, I want the player to enter a mini-game with different rules? How do I morph the Engine class to support these sub-systems without having to deal with their code all the time (as in: if(regular game) ... else if(mini game) ...)? And what if I want an intro animation at the start of a level, and I want the player to be able to assume control of his character once the animation ends, do I implement the animation into the Engine class itself? Or maybe I need to run another class, CutScene, and when it ends, it calls Engine and starts the level? What if I want to add a dialogue system, where at the start of each level there's a short dialogue and the player can't control his character, and once it ends, he can? Would I then run the dialogue code inside the Engine code? Maybe these sub-systems should all be scripted? I don't know anything about scripting, is it necessary for this kind of situation? Any help would be appreciated.

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  • How can state changes be batched while adhering to opaque-front-to-back/alpha-blended-back-to-front?

    - by Sion Sheevok
    This is a question I've never been able to find the answer to. Batching objects with similar states is a major performance gain when rendering many objects. However, I've been learned various rules when drawing objects in the game world. Draw all opaque objects, front-to-back. Draw all alpha-blended objects, back-to-front. Some of the major parameters to batch by, as I understand it, are textures, vertex buffers, and index buffers. It seems that, as long as you are adhering to the above two rules, there's little to be done in regards to batching. I see one possibility to batch, while still adhering to the above two rules. Opaque objects can still be drawn out of depth-order, because drawing them front-to-back is merely a fillrate optimization, meanwhile state changes may very well be far more expensive than the overdraw of drawing out of depth-order. However, non-opaque objects, those that require alpha-blending at least, must be drawn back-to-front in order to avoid rendering artifacts. Is the loss of the fillrate optimization for opaques worth the state batching optimization?

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  • Deforming surfaces

    - by Constantin
    I try to accomplish an deforming physic behaviour for levelsurfaces, but don't get an idea how to start with the implemenation so far. Regardless of the shape from the surface (planes, cubes, spheres…), I want to have small indentations at the positions from game-entitys (players, enemys, objects…). It's kind of complicated to explain, so I illustrated what I'm talking about (here is an example with an sphere): So, the surfaces should be able to deforming themselfs a little bit (to apear like an really soft bed or sofa). My surfaces need probably an high vertices count to get an smooth deforming, but my big problem is the math for calculating this deforming… I'm programming in C/C++ with OpenGL, but will be fine with any advices in the right direction. Any help would be highly appreciated,

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  • DirectX 10 Instancing Problem (objects cannot be seen)

    - by Riffraff
    Right now I'm trying to implement an area that is filled with vegetation. I have tried mesh version and right now I'm trying to implement instancing version but I cannot manage to make it work. I can't see any object. I search for any problem of buffers with FAILED() and D3D10_CREATE_DEVICE_DEBUG but they didn't help me either. Right now I don't even know which part of my code to share to explain my problem.

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  • Should I use float, double, or decimal for stats, position, etc?

    - by Ryan Peschel
    The problem with float and double is that they are not exact. If you are to do something like store replays, the values would have to be exact. The problems with decimal is that they are approximately 16x slower (confirmed by searching and personal testing) than floats and doubles. Couldn't Vector2s be another problem because they use floats internally for all the components? How do other games solve this problem? I'm sure they must use floats and doubles but aren't they not deterministic across platforms and different architecture? The replay files for games like SC2 run in a linear fashion so you cannot skip ahead so how do they solve the determinism issue with floating point numbers?

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  • Best approach to get clicked objects from a display list (2D)

    - by Ixx
    I'm implementing a display list to manage my visuals on screen. I want to know which object is clicked. My objects already have z-order variable. With my current knowledge (almost nothing) the only thing which comes to my mind is make a linear search and get all the objects which contains the clicked point. And then select the object with the highest z-order. But I know there are far better approaches. I think it's something with trees (binary search?). - container display objects and search recursively? just don't know where to start looking, for this concrete case. Any hint link or concrete solution is welcome.

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  • How should I choose quadtree depth?

    - by Evpok
    I'm using a quadtree to prune collision detection pairs in a 2d world. How should I choose to what depth said quadtree is calculated? The world is made mostly of moving objects1, so the cost of dispatching the objects between the quadtree cells matters. What is the relationship between the gain from less collision checking and the loss from more dispatching? How can I strike a balance that performs optimally? 1 To be completely explicit, they are autonomous self-replicating cells competing for food sources. This is an attempt to show my pupils predator-prey dynamics and genetic evolution at work.

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  • Bomb timer adventure game win32 c++ [on hold]

    - by user3491746
    I'm working on an adventure game in win32 and opengl for my 2nd year university project for class. I am pretty much finished my game but I'm stuck on the concept of how to program a timer which outputs hh : mm : ss -- but which countdown, not up. I've made a clock which counts up using vector matrices and the segxseg matrix algorithm but I cannot figure out how to make a clock (it can be simple even text using wsprintf) that counts down in that format. Can anyone possible give me an example or some literature that I can read on how to do this? Please dont suggest for me to use another environment, I've already been working here for 2 months on this game, and I'm pretty much done so i'm at no point to switch over. Can anyone show me how I can take a shot at this component of my project? Thanks a bunch! Anything that I can get is appreciated.

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  • how to organize rendering

    - by Irbis
    I use a deferred rendering. During g-buffer stage my rendering loop for a sponza model (obj format) looks like this: int i = 0; int sum = 0; map<string, mtlItem *>::const_iterator itrEnd = mtl.getIteratorEnd(); for(map<string, mtlItem *>::const_iterator itr = mtl.getIteratorBegin(); itr != itrEnd; ++itr) { glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + 0); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, itr->second->map_KdId); glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, indicesCount[i], GL_UNSIGNED_INT, (GLvoid*)(sum * 4)); sum += indicesCount[i]; ++i; glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0); } I sorted faces based on materials. I switch only a diffuse texture but I can place there more material properties. Is it a good approach ? I also wonder how to handle a different kind of materials, for example: some material use a normal map, other doesn't use. Should I have a different shaders for them ?

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  • Which code module should map physical keys to abstract keys?

    - by Paul Manta
    How do you bridge the gap between the library's low-level event system and your engine's high-level event system? (I'm not necessarily talking about key events, but also about quit events.) At the top level of my event system, I send out KeyPressedEvents, KeyRelesedEvents and others of this kind. These high-level events only contain the abstract values of the keys (they don't say that Space way pressed, but that the JumpKey was pressed, for example). Whose responsibility should it be to map the "JumpKey" to an actual key on the keyboard?

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  • Understanding the Microsoft Permissive License

    - by cable729
    I want to use certain parts of the Game State Management Example in a game I'm making, but I'm not sure how to do this legally. It says in the license that I'm supposed to include a copy of the license with it. So if I make a Visual Studio Solution, I just add the license.txt to the solution? Also, if I use a class and change it, do I have to keep the license info at the top or add that I changed it or what?

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  • How to design a game engine in an object-oriented language?

    - by chuzzum
    Whenever I try and write a game in any object-oriented language, the first problem I always face (after thinking about what kind of game to write) is how to design the engine. Even if I'm using existing libraries or frameworks like SDL, I still find myself having to make certain decisions for every game, like whether to use a state machine to manage menus, what kind of class to use for resource loading, etc. What is a good design and how would it be implemented? What are some tradeoffs that have to be made and their pros/cons?

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  • Difficulties with rotation of a sprite

    - by Andy
    I want to program a dolphin that jumps and rotates like a real dolphin. Jumping is not the problem, but I don't know how to make the rotation. My dolphin always rests in the same angle while it jumps. But I want that it changes the rotation during the jump, like a real dolphin does. How can I improve the rotation? public class Game1 : Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Game { GraphicsDeviceManager graphics; SpriteBatch spriteBatch; Texture2D image, water; float Gravity = 5.0F; float Acceleration = 20.0F; Vector2 Position = new Vector2(1200,720); Vector2 Velocity; float rotation = 0; SpriteEffects flip; Vector2 Speed = new Vector2(0, 0); public Game1() { graphics = new GraphicsDeviceManager(this); Content.RootDirectory = "Content"; graphics.PreferredBackBufferWidth = 1280; graphics.PreferredBackBufferHeight = 720; } protected override void Initialize() { base.Initialize(); } protected override void LoadContent() { spriteBatch = new SpriteBatch(GraphicsDevice); image = Content.Load<Texture2D>("cartoondolphin"); water = Content.Load<Texture2D>("background"); flip = SpriteEffects.None; } protected override void Update(GameTime gameTime) { float VelocityX = 0f; float VelocityY = 0f; float time = (float)gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalSeconds; KeyboardState kbState = Keyboard.GetState(); if(kbState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Left)) { rotation = 0; flip = SpriteEffects.None; VelocityX += -5f; } if(kbState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Right)) { rotation = 0; flip = SpriteEffects.FlipHorizontally; VelocityX += 5f; } // jump if the dolphin is under water if(Position.Y >= 670) { if (kbState.IsKeyDown(Keys.A)) { if (flip == SpriteEffects.None) { rotation = 45; VelocityY += 40f; } else { rotation = -45; VelocityY += 40f; } } } else { VelocityY += -10f; } float deltaY = 0; float deltaX = 0; deltaY = Gravity * (float)gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalSeconds; deltaX += VelocityX * (float)gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalSeconds * Acceleration; deltaY += -VelocityY * (float)gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalSeconds * Acceleration; Speed = new Vector2(Speed.X + deltaX, Speed.Y + deltaY); Position += Speed * (float)gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalSeconds; Velocity.X = 0; if (Position.Y + image.Height/2 > graphics.PreferredBackBufferHeight) Position.Y = graphics.PreferredBackBufferHeight - image.Height/2; base.Update(gameTime); } protected override void Draw(GameTime gameTime) { GraphicsDevice.Clear(Color.CornflowerBlue); spriteBatch.Begin(); spriteBatch.Draw(water, new Rectangle(0, graphics.PreferredBackBufferHeight -100, graphics.PreferredBackBufferWidth, 100), Color.White); spriteBatch.Draw(image, Position, null, Color.White, MathHelper.ToRadians(rotation), new Vector2(image.Width / 2, image.Height / 2), 1, flip, 1); spriteBatch.End(); base.Draw(gameTime); } }

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  • How does a collison engine work?

    - by JXPheonix
    Original question: Click me How exactly does a collision engine work? This is an extremely broad question. What code keeps things bouncing against each other, what code makes the player walk into a wall instead of walk through the wall? How does the code constantly refresh the players position and objects position to keep gravity and collision working as it should? If you don't know what a collision engine is, basically it's generally used in platformer games to make the player acutally hit walls and the like. There's the 2d type and the 3d type, but they all accomplish the same thing: collision. So, what keeps a collision engine ticking?

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  • Using allocators for different systems

    - by chadb
    I am going over the memory architecture for my game and even though I know my memory budgets may not be final, I at the point where I can start using them in a general sense. I know that I will need several allocators (for systems such as audio, rendering, etc) but I am unsure of how they will be accessed. I do not use singletons, so I can't just have something such as AudioManager::GetInstance().get_allocator(). Instead, I need to find a different method of usage but I am not sure of how. How can I store and call my allocators needed for several different systems over engine in an efficient manner?

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  • How do I detect if sprite should be going up or down?

    - by Geore Shg
    I use the following code to detect if a sprite should be going up or down: If (pos.Y + 100) >= Sprite.BottomY Then Going_up = True pos.Y = Sprite.BottomY - 130 End If If pos.Y <= Sprite.TopY Then Going_up = False pos.Y = Sprite.TopY - 1 Vel.Y = 3 End If Then my response code: If Going_up Then Vel.Y -= CSng(gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalMilliseconds / 40) pos.Y -= Vel.Y Else Vel.Y += CSng(gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalMilliseconds / 40) pos.Y += Vel.Y End If Sprite.velocity = Vel Sprite.position = pos But it's pretty terrible. It only works when the sprite starts at the top, and when I want to change the BottomY and TopY, it just starts glitching. What is a better to detect if the sprite should be going up or down?

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  • View space lighting in deferred shading

    - by kochol
    I implemented a simple deferred shading renderer. I use 3 G-Buffer for storing position (R32F), normal (G16R16F) and albedo (ARGB8). I use sphere map algorithm to store normals in world space. Currently I use inverse of view * projection matrix to calculate the position of each pixel from stored depth value. First I want to avoid per pixel matrix multiplication for calculating the position. Is there another way to store and calculate position in G-Buffer without the need of matrix multiplication Store the normal in view space Every lighting in my engine is in world space and I want do the lighting in view space to speed up my lighting pass. I want an optimized lighting pass for my deferred engine.

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  • Adding a small slide when player releases left/right key

    - by Dave
    the aim is for the player object to slow down and stop instead of just stopping dead. The following codes works ok when the player is not jumping, but gets stuck in an object if the player is in the air when they do it. Left Key released event: if hsp = 0 exit; hspeed = -3; friction = 0.20; if obj_Player.hspeed = 0 { hspeed = 0; } Right key released event: if hsp = 0 exit; hspeed = +3; friction = 0.20; if obj_Player.hspeed = 0 { hspeed = 0; } and here's the horizontal collision code for interest: if (place_meeting(x+hsp,y,obj_bound)) { while(!place_meeting(x+sign(hsp),y,obj_bound)) { x += sign(hsp); } hsp = 0; } x += hsp; Any help would be much appreciated. Thanks.

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  • Unity: Render 2D textures on a 3D object's face

    - by www.Sillitoy.com
    I am not familiar with 3D graphics and I'd like to know what is the right way to render some 2D figures on different points of a wider face of a 3D object. My 3D object is just a cube representing a poker table. I have 2D png for players placeholders and I'd like to render these figures on the 3D object where needed. An alternative solution would be to render the whole face with a big picture containing all the placeholders figures. However it would be a waste of memory and thus less efficient. What do you suggest me?

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  • C++ Framework for iOS [closed]

    - by myrkos
    I am looking for a simple and easy C++ framework for iOS. Specifically, what I want it to wrap in a C++ API: Simple GUI system 2D Graphics User touch input and accelerometer Networking (UDP sockets) What I'm trying to do is port a multiplayer game to the iOS. I've seen cocos2d-x, but I don't know how stable it is and I don't think it supports networking. Oh, and I want it to be free and open source if possible. Android support is a plus but definitely not required.

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  • "LNK2001: unresolved external symbol" when trying to build my program

    - by random
    I get the following error(s) on my program that captures the mouse and then draws a line. Errors: 1>------ Build started: Project: Capture_Mouse_Line, Configuration: Debug Win32 ------ 1> main.cpp 1>main.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static long * Line::yc2" (?yc2@Line@@2PAJA) 1>main.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static long * Line::xc2" (?xc2@Line@@2PAJA) 1>main.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static long * Line::yc1" (?yc1@Line@@2PAJA) 1>main.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static long * Line::xc1" (?xc1@Line@@2PAJA) 1>MSVCRTD.lib(crtexe.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol _main referenced in function ___tmainCRTStartup 1>D:\Visual C++ Projects\Capture_Mouse_Line\Debug\Capture_Mouse_Line.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 5 unresolved externals ========== Build: 0 succeeded, 1 failed, 0 up-to-date, 0 skipped ========== Here is my code: #include<allegro5\allegro.h> #include<allegro5\allegro_native_dialog.h> #include<allegro5\allegro_primitives.h> #include<Windows.h> #include<allegro5\allegro_windows.h> #ifndef WIDTH #define WIDTH 1440 #endif #ifndef HEIGHT #define HEIGHT 900 #endif class Line { public: static void ErasePreviousLine(); static void DrawLine(long* x, long* y,long* x2,long* y2); static bool Erasable(); static long* xc1; static long* yc1; static long* xc2; static long* yc2; }; void Line::ErasePreviousLine() { delete xc1; xc1 = NULL; delete yc1; yc1 = NULL; delete xc2; xc2 = NULL; delete yc2; yc2 = NULL; } bool Line::Erasable() { if(xc1 && yc1 && xc2 && yc2 == NULL) { return false; } else { return true; } } void Line::DrawLine(long* x,long* y,long* x2,long* y2) { if(!al_init_primitives_addon()) { al_show_native_message_box(NULL,NULL,NULL,"failed to initialize allegro", NULL,NULL); } xc1 = x; yc1 = y; xc2 = x2; yc2 = y2; al_draw_line((float)*xc1, (float)*yc1, (float)*xc2, (float)*yc2,al_map_rgb(255,0,255), 1); delete x; delete y; delete x2; delete y2; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam); int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) { MSG msg; ALLEGRO_DISPLAY* display = NULL; if(!al_init()) { al_show_native_message_box(NULL,NULL,NULL,"failed to initialize allegro", NULL,NULL); return -1; } display = al_create_display(WIDTH,HEIGHT); if(!display) { al_show_native_message_box(NULL,NULL,NULL,"failed to initialize display", NULL,NULL); return -1; } HWND hwnd = al_get_win_window_handle(display); if(hwnd == NULL) { MessageBox(NULL, "Window Creation Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONEXCLAMATION | MB_OK); return 0; } ShowWindow(hwnd, nCmdShow); UpdateWindow(hwnd); while(GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0) > 0) { TranslateMessage(&msg); DispatchMessage(&msg); } return msg.wParam; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { static bool bIsCaptured; static POINTS ptsBegin; static POINTS ptsEnd; switch(msg) { case WM_LBUTTONDOWN: SetCapture(hwnd); bIsCaptured = true; ptsBegin = MAKEPOINTS(lParam); return 0; case WM_MOUSEMOVE: if(wParam & MK_LBUTTON) { if(!Line::Erasable()) { return 0; } Line::ErasePreviousLine(); ptsEnd = MAKEPOINTS(lParam); Line::DrawLine(new long(ptsBegin.x),new long(ptsBegin.y),new long(ptsEnd.x),new long(ptsEnd.y)); } break; case WM_LBUTTONUP: bIsCaptured = false; ReleaseCapture(); break; case WM_ACTIVATEAPP: { if(wParam == TRUE) { if(bIsCaptured){ SetCapture(hwnd);} } } break; } return 0; }

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  • libgdx loading textures fails [duplicate]

    - by Chris
    This question already has an answer here: Why do I get this file loading exception when trying to draw sprites with libgdx? 4 answers I'm trying to load my texture with playerTex = new Texture(Gdx.files.internal("player.jpg")); player.jpg is located under my-gdx-game-android/assets/data/player.jpg I get an exception like this: Full Code: @Override public void create() { camera = new OrthographicCamera(); camera.setToOrtho(false, Gdx.graphics.getWidth(), Gdx.graphics.getHeight()); batch = new SpriteBatch(); FileHandle file = Gdx.files.internal("player.jpg"); playerTex = new Texture(file); player = new Rectangle(); player.x = 800-20; player.y = 250; player.width = 20; player.height = 80; } @Override public void dispose() { // dispose of all the native resources playerTex.dispose(); batch.dispose(); } @Override public void render() { Gdx.gl.glClearColor(1, 1, 1, 1); Gdx.gl.glClear(GL10.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); camera.update(); batch.setProjectionMatrix(camera.combined); batch.begin(); batch.draw(playerTex, player.x, player.y); batch.end(); if(Gdx.input.isKeyPressed(Keys.DOWN)) player.y -= 50 * Gdx.graphics.getDeltaTime(); if(Gdx.input.isKeyPressed(Keys.UP)) player.y += 50 * Gdx.graphics.getDeltaTime(); }

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  • Tiled perlin/value noise texture with (2^n)+1 size

    - by tobi
    Actually what I have in mind is value noise I think, but what I am going to ask applies to both of them. It is known that if you want to produce tiled texture by using the perlin/value noise, the size of the texture should be specified as the power of 2 (2^n). Without any modifications to the algorithm when you use the size of (2^n)+1 the texture cannot be tiled anymore, so I am wondering whether it is possible (by modifying the algorithm somehow) to generate such tiling texture with the size of (2^n)+1. The article (from which I have my implementation) is here: http://devmag.org.za/2009/04/25/perlin-noise/ I am aware that I can produce texture with 2^n size and just copy twice the last column/row from the ends to make it (2^n)+1, but I don't want to, because such repetitions are visible too much.

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