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• What are some ways to separate game logic from animations and the draw loop?

  - by TMV

  I have only previously made flash games, using MovieClips and such to separate out my animations from my game logic. Now I am getting into trying my hand at making a game for Android, but the game programming theory around separating these things still confuses me. I come from a background of developing non game web applications so I am versed in more MVC like patterns and am stuck in that mindset as I approach game programming. I want to do things like abstract my game by having, for example, a game board class that contains the data for a grid of tiles with instances of a tile class that each contain properties. I can give my draw loop access to this and have it draw the game board based on the properties of each tile on the game board, but I don't understand where exactly animation should go. As far as I can tell, animation sort of sits between the abstracted game logic (model) and the draw loop (view). With my MVC mindset, it's frustrating trying to decide where animation is actually supposed to go. It would have quite a bit of data associated with it like a model, but seemingly needs to be very closely coupled with the draw loop in order to have things like frame independent animation. How can I break out of this mindset and start thinking about patterns that make more sense for games?

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• Open Source Analysis

  - by BluFire

  There are a lot of code in open source projects, looking at all of the code is time consuming and can be confusing to a novice like me. Are there any sections of open-source projects that should be focused on? What should I focus on when I look at code? I'm asking this in general because if I ask this specifically, the question will only apply in one or two projects rather than an entire group of projects ranging in different types of games and difficulty.

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• Nifty popup fails to register

  - by Snailer

  I'm new to Nifty GUI, so I'm following a tutorial here for making popups. For now, I'm just trying to get a very basic "test" popup to show, but I get multiple errors and none of them make much sense. To show a popup, I believe it is necessary to first have a Nifty Screen already showing, which I do. So here is the ScreenController for the working Nifty Screen: public class WorkingScreen extends AbstractAppState implements ScreenController { //Main is my jme SimpleApplication private Main app; private Nifty nifty; private Screen screen; public WorkingScreen() {} public void equip(String slotstr) { int slot = Integer.valueOf(slotstr); System.out.println("Equipping item in slot "+slot); //Here's where it STOPS working. app.getPlayer().registerPopupScreen(nifty); System.out.println("Registered new popup"); Element ele = nifty.createPopup(app.getPlayer().POPUP); System.out.println("popup is " +ele); nifty.showPopup(nifty.getCurrentScreen(), ele.getId(), null); } @Override public void initialize(AppStateManager stateManager, Application app) { super.initialize(stateManager, app); this.app = (Main)app; } @Override public void update(float tpf) { /** jME update loop! */ } public void bind(Nifty nifty, Screen screen) { this.nifty = nifty; this.screen = screen; } When I call equip(0) the system prints Equipping item in slot 0, then a lot of errors and none of the subsequent println()'s. Clearly it botches somewhere in Player.registerPopupScreen(Nifty nifty). Here's the method: public final String POPUP = "Test Popup"; public void registerPopupScreen(Nifty nifty) { System.out.println("Attempting new popup"); PopupBuilder b = new PopupBuilder(POPUP) {{ childLayoutCenter(); backgroundColor("#000a"); panel(new PanelBuilder() {{ id("List"); childLayoutCenter(); height(percentage(75)); width(percentage(50)); control(new ButtonBuilder("TestButton") {{ label("TestButton"); width("120px"); height("40px"); align(Align.Center); }}); }}); }}; System.out.println("PopupBuilder success."); b.registerPopup(nifty); System.out.println("Registerpopup success."); } Because that first println() doesn't show, it looks like this method isn't even called at all! Edit After removing all calls on the Player object, the popup works. It seems I'm not "allowed" to access the player from the ScreenController. Unfortunate, since I need information on the player for the popup. Is there a workaround?

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• How to design a game engine in an object-oriented language?

  - by chuzzum

  Whenever I try and write a game in any object-oriented language, the first problem I always face (after thinking about what kind of game to write) is how to design the engine. Even if I'm using existing libraries or frameworks like SDL, I still find myself having to make certain decisions for every game, like whether to use a state machine to manage menus, what kind of class to use for resource loading, etc. What is a good design and how would it be implemented? What are some tradeoffs that have to be made and their pros/cons?

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• Material tiling and offset in unity

  - by Simran kaur

  Ambiguity: What exactly is the difference between Tiling the material and Offset of material? Need to do: I need the material to be repeated n times on the object where I need to set the value of n via script.How do I do it? It seems to happen through Tiling(tried via inspector) but again what is difference between mainTextureOffset and setTextureOffset? Tried: Following is the line of code that I tried to repeat the texture n number of times on an object(repeat across the width of object), but it does nothing significant that I can see.

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• Low CPU/Memory/Memory-bandwith Pathfinding (maybe like in Warcraft 1)

  - by Valmond

  Dijkstra and A* are all nice and popular but what kind of algorithm was used in Warcraft 1 for pathfinding? I remember that the enemy could get trapped in bowl-like caverns which means there were (most probably) no full-path calculations from "start to end". If I recall correctly, the algorithm could be something like this: A) Move towards enemy until success or hitting a wall B) If blocked by a wall, follow the wall until you can move towards the enemy without being blocked and then do A) But I'd like to know, if someone knows :-) [edit] As explained to Byte56, I'm searching for a low cpu/mem/mem-bandwidth algo and wanted to know if Warcraft had some special secrets to deliver (never seen that kind of pathfinding elsewhere), I hope that that is more concordant with the stackexchange rules.

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• Can I name a team with the name of their city to avoid trademark issues?

  - by Paul

  I was wondering, if you want to make a NBA game on smartphones, without the license held by EA, the first solution seems to name your teams with a different name, such as "Chicragro Brulls" (this is just for the example), but would it be possible to just call your team with the name of the city, such as "Chicago vs. Dallas" ? I know the first solution was chosen by Pro Evolution Soccer, would you know any other game that don't use a license?

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• Adapting Javascript game for mobile

  - by Cardin

  I'm currently developing a Javascript web game for desktop users. It is a sort of tower-defense game that relies on mouse input only, developed on canvas using EaselJS. In the future, or perhaps simultaneously, I would like to adapt the game for mobile devices. I can see at least 3 potential areas in shifting from desktop to mobile: 1. resolution size and UI rearrangement, 2. converting mouse events to touch events, 3. distribution as native app wrapper or mobile Web. What would be the best strategy to facilitate this desktop to mobile conversion? For example, should I try to code the game for both platforms, or port the game UI over to mobile by branching the code base. Should I just publish on the mobile Web or wrap the game in a native app framework? And if I were to code for both platforms using the same codebase, should I register both click and touch events, or remap click events to touch using dispatchEvent?

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• Handling game logic events by behavior components

  - by chehob

  My question continues on topic discussed here I have tried implementing attribute/behavior design and here is a quick example demonstrating the issue. class HealthAttribute : public ActorAttribute { public: HealthAttribute( float val ) : mValue( val ) { } float Get( void ) const { return mValue; } void Set( float val ) { mValue = val; } private: float mValue; }; class HealthBehavior : public ActorBehavior { public: HealthBehavior( shared_ptr< HealthAttribute > health ) : pHealth( health ) { // Set OnDamage() to listen for game logic event "DamageEvent" } void OnDamage( IEventDataPtr pEventData ) { // Check DamageEvent target entity // ( compare my entity ID with event's target entity ID ) // If not my entity, do nothing // Else, modify health attribute with received DamageEvent data } protected: shared_ptr< HealthAttribute > pHealth; }; My question - is it possible to get rid of this annoying check for game logic events? In the current implementation when some entity must receive damage, game logic just fires off event that contains damage value and the entity id which should receive that damage. And all HealthBehaviors are subscribed to the DamageEvent type, which leads to any entity possesing HealthBehavior call OnDamage() even if he is not the addressee.

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• Estimating costs in a GOAP system

  - by fullwall

  I'm currently developing a GOAP system in Java. An explanation of GOAP can be found at http://web.media.mit.edu/~jorkin/goap.html. Essentially, it's using A* to plot between Actions that mutate the world state. To provide a fair chance for all Actions and Goals to execute, I'm using a heuristic function to estimate the cost of doing something. What is the best way to estimate this cost so that it is comparable to all the other costs? As an example, estimating the cost of running away from an enemy versus attacking it - how should the cost be calculated to be comparable?

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• How do I create weapon attachments?

  - by Tron86

  My question is; I am developing a game for XNA and I am trying to create a weapon attachment for my player model. My player model loads the .md3 format and reads tags for attachment points. I am able to get the tag of my model's hand. And I am also able to get the tag of my weapon's handle. Each tag I am able to get the rotation and position of and this is how I am calculating it: Model.worldMatrix = Matrix.CreateScale(Model.scale) * Matrix.CreateRotationX(-MathHelper.PiOver2) * Matrix.CreateRotationY(MathHelper.PiOver2); Pretty simple, the player model has a scale and its orientation(it loads on its side so I just use a 90 degree X axis rotation, and a Y axis rotation to face away from the camera). I then calculate the torso tag on the lower body, which gives me a local coordinate at the waist. Then I take that matrix and calculate the tag_weapon in the upper body. This gives me the hand position in local space. I also get the rotation matrix from that tag that I store for later use. All this seems to work fine. Now I move onto my weapon: Matrix weaponWorld = Matrix.CreateScale(CurrentWeapon.scale) * Matrix.CreateRotationX(-MathHelper.PiOver2) * TagRotationMatrix * Matrix.CreateTranslation(HandTag.Position) * Matrix.CreateRotationY(PlayerRotation) * Matrix.CreateTranslation(CollisionBody.Position) * You may notice the weapon matrix gets rotated by 90 degress on the X axis as well. This is because they load in on their sides. Once again this seems pretty simple and follows the SRT order I keep reading about. My TagRotation matrix is the hand's rotation. HandTag.Position is its position in local space. CreateRotationY(PlayerRotation) is the player's rotation in world space, and the CollisionBody.Position is the player's world location. Everything seems to be in order, and almost works in game. However when the gun spawns and follows the player's hand it seems to be flipped on an axis every couple frames. Almost like the X or Y axis is being inversed then put right back. Its hard to explain and I am totally stumped. Even removing all my X axis fixes does nothing to solve the problem. Hopefully I explained everything enough as I am a bit new to this! Thanks!

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• Data for animation

  - by saadtaame

  Say you are using C/SDL for a 2D game project. It's often the case that people use a structure to represent a frame in an animation. The struct consists of an image and how much time the frame is supposed to be visible. Is this data sufficient to represent somewhat complex animatio? Is it a good idea to separate animation management code and animation data? Can somebody provide a link to animations tutorials that store animations in a file and retrieve them when needed. I read this in a book (AI game programming wisdom) but would like to see a real implementation.

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• Android loading screens blocking, good practice?

  - by Oren

  I've noticed many (if not all) android games don't support the "back" button functionality during their loading screens. Which leads to some frustrating moments when a user accidentally starts up the game and has to wait for the long loading stage to end in order to close it. So my questions are: 1) Why is that ? Is there a good reason to avoid something like asynchronous loading (or some other solution to this problem) in android games ? 2) If there is no good reason not to support this functionality, what would be the best way to accomplish it ?

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• Portal View/Projection Matrix near plane

  - by melak47

  For RenderToTexture/Camera based portal rendering, the basics seems simple enough. However, with a free camera, most of the time it is going to be looking at such portals at an angle: Now a regular near clipping plane will not always work here, it will either intersect with the wall the portal is sitting on, or possibly with objects in front of the wall. The desired near clipping plane would be aligned like the portal, producing a view volume more like this: or this in 3D: So here is my question: How does one construct or "truncate" a view/projection matrix to achieve such an off-camera-normal (near) clipping plane?

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• Rotating wheel with touch (adding momentum and slowing down the initial rate it can be moved

  - by Lewis

  I have a wheel control in a game which is setup like so: - (void)ccTouchesMoved:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event { UITouch *touch = [touches anyObject]; CGPoint location = [touch locationInView:[touch view]]; location = [[CCDirector sharedDirector] convertToGL:location]; if (CGRectContainsPoint(wheel.boundingBox, location)) { CGPoint firstLocation = [touch previousLocationInView:[touch view]]; CGPoint location = [touch locationInView:[touch view]]; CGPoint touchingPoint = [[CCDirector sharedDirector] convertToGL:location]; CGPoint firstTouchingPoint = [[CCDirector sharedDirector] convertToGL:firstLocation]; CGPoint firstVector = ccpSub(firstTouchingPoint, wheel.position); CGFloat firstRotateAngle = -ccpToAngle(firstVector); CGFloat previousTouch = CC_RADIANS_TO_DEGREES(firstRotateAngle); CGPoint vector = ccpSub(touchingPoint, wheel.position); CGFloat rotateAngle = -ccpToAngle(vector); CGFloat currentTouch = CC_RADIANS_TO_DEGREES(rotateAngle); wheelRotation += (currentTouch - previousTouch) * 0.6; //limit speed 0.6 } } Now once the user lets go of the wheel I want it to rotate back to where it was before but not without taking into account the momentum of the swipe the user has done. This is the bit I really can't get my head around. So if the swipe generates a lot of momentum then the wheel will carry on moving slightly in that direction until the overall force which pulls the wheel back to the starting position kicks in. Any ideas/code snippets?

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• Collision detection between a sprite and rectangle in canvas

  - by Andy

  I'm building a Javascript + canvas game which is essentially a platformer. I have the player all set up and he's running, jumping and falling, but I'm having trouble with the collision detection between the player and blocks (the blocks will essentially be the platforms that the player moves on). The blocks are stored in an array like this: var blockList = [[50, 400, 100, 100]]; And drawn to the canvas using this: this.draw = function() { c.fillRect(blockList[0][0], blockList[0][1], 100, 100); } I'm checking for collisions using something along these lines in the player object: this.update = function() { // Check for collitions with blocks for(var i = 0; i < blockList.length; i++) { if((player.xpos + 34) > blockList[i][0] && player.ypos > blockList[i][1]) { player.xpos = blockList[i][0] - 28; return false; } } // Other code to move the player based on keyboard input etc } The idea is if the player will collide with a block in the next game update (the game uses a main loop running at 60Htz), the function will return false and exit, thus meaning the player won't move. Unfortunately, that only works when the player hits the left side of the block, and I can't work out how to make it so the player stops if it hits any side of the block. I have the properties player.xpos and player.ypos to help here.

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• Rotating a Quad around it center

  - by Trixmix

  How can you rotate a quad around its center? This is what im trying to do but it aint working: GL11.glTranslatef(x-getWidth()/2, y-getHeight()/2, 0); GL11.glRotatef(30, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); GL11.glTranslatef(x+getWidth()/2, y+getHeight()/2, 0); DRAW my main problem is that it renders it off the screen.. draw code: GL11.glBegin(GL11.GL_QUADS); { GL11.glTexCoord2f(0, 0); GL11.glVertex2f(0, 0); GL11.glTexCoord2f(0, getTexture().getHeight()); GL11.glVertex2f(0, height); GL11.glTexCoord2f(getTexture().getWidth(), getTexture().getHeight()); GL11.glVertex2f(width,height); GL11.glTexCoord2f(getTexture().getWidth(), 0); GL11.glVertex2f(width,0); } GL11.glEnd();

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• In what kind of variable type is the player position stored on a MMORPG such as WoW?

  - by jokoon

  I even heard J. Carmack quickly talk about it... How a software can track a player's position so accurately, being on a such huge world, without loading between zones, and on a multiplayer scale ? How is the data formatted when it passes through the netcode ? I can understand how vertices are stored into the graphic card's memory, but when it comes to synchronize the multiplayer, I can't imagine what is best.

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• What should I do if my text exceeds my text render target boundaries?

  - by user1423893

  I have a method for drawing strings in 3D that does the following: Set a render target Draw each character as a quadrangle using a orthographic projection to the render target Unset the render target Draw the render target texture using a perspective projection and a world transform My problem is how to deal with strings whose characters length exceeds that of the render target dimensions? For example if I have string "This is a reallllllllllly long string" and the render target can't accommodate it, it will only capture "This is a realllll". The render target (and its size) could be set each frame but wouldn't that be far too costly?

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• Transparent parts of texture are opaque black instead

  - by Aaron

  I render a sprite twice, one on top of the other. The sprites have transparent parts, so I should be able to see the bottom sprite under the top sprite. The transparent parts are black (the clear colour) and opaque instead though and the topmost sprite blocks the bottom sprite. My fragment shader is trivial: uniform sampler2D texture; varying vec2 f_texcoord; void main() { gl_FragColor = texture2D(texture, f_texcoord); } I have glEnable(GL_BLEND) and glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA) in my initialization code. My texture comes from a PNG file that I load with libpng. I'm sure to use GL_RGBA when initializing the texture with glTexImage2D (otherwise the sprites look like noise).

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• how does HDR work?

  - by dotminic

  I'm trying to understand what HDR is and how it works. I understand the basic concepts and have an slight idea of how it is implemented with D3D/hlsl. However it's still pretty foggy. Say I'm rendering a sphere with a texture of the earth and a small point list of vertices to act as stars, how would I render this in HDR ? Here are a few things I'm confused about: I'm guessing, I can't use just any basic image format for the texture as the values would be limited to [0, 255] and clamped to [0, 1] in a shader. Same goes for the back buffer, I take it the format needs to be a float point format ? What are the other steps involved ? Surely there has to be more than just using floating point formats to render to a render target and then apply some bloom as a post process ? (considering the output will be 8bpp anyway) Basically, what are the steps for HDR ? How does it work ? I can't seem to find any good papers / articles that describe the process, other than this one, but it seems to skim over the basics a little, so it's confusing.

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• port opengl2.x to opengl 3.x

  - by user46759

  I'm trying to port opencloth example to OpenGL 3.x. I've mostly done it to the shaders but I'm not sure of this part : glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboID); glVertexPointer(4, GL_FLOAT, 0,0); glEnableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboTexID); glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_FLOAT,0, 0); glEnableClientState(GL_NORMAL_ARRAY); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboNormID); glNormalPointer(GL_FLOAT,sizeof(float)*4, 0); maybe glEnableVertexAttriArray somewhere ? any clue ? thanx edit : maybe something like that ? glEnableVertexAttribArray (2) ; // Ou glEnableVertexAttribArray (positionIndex) ; glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboTexID); glVertexAttribPointer (2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0) ; glEnableVertexAttribArray (3) ; // Ou glEnableVertexAttribArray (positionIndex) ; glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboNormID); glVertexAttribPointer (3, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof (float) * 4, 0) ;

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• Drawing a texture line between two vectors in XNA WP7

  - by Krav

  I want to create a simple graph maker in WP7. The goal is to draw a texture line between two vectors what the user defines with touch. I already made the rotation, and it is working, but not correctly, because it doesn't calculate the line's texture height, and because of that, there are too many overlapping textures. So it does draw the line, but too many of them. How could I calculate it correctly? Here is the code: public void DrawLine(Vector2 st,Vector2 dest,NodeUnit EdgeParent,NodeUnit EdgeChild) { float d = Vector2.Distance(st, dest); float rotate = (float)(Math.Atan2(st.Y - dest.Y, st.X - dest.X)); direction = new Vector2(((dest.X - st.X) / (float)d), (dest.Y - st.Y) / (float)d); Vector2 _pos = st; World.TheHive.Add(new LineHiveMind(linetexture, _pos, rotate, EdgeParent, EdgeChild,new List<LineUnit>())); for (int i = 0; i < d; i++) { World.TheHive.Last()._lines.Add(new LineUnit(linetexture, _pos, rotate, EdgeParent, EdgeChild)); _pos += direction; } } d is for the Distance of the st (Starting node) and dest (Destination node) rotate is for rotation direction calculates the direction between the starting and the destination node _pos is for starting position changing Thanks for any suggestions/help!

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• Implementing my Entity System. Questions about some problems I have found.

  - by Notbad

  Hi!, Well during this week I have deciding about implementation of my entity system. It is a big topic so it has been difficult to take one option from the whole. This has been my decision: 1) I don't have an entity class it is just an id. 2) I have systems that contain a list of components (the list is homegenous, I mean, RenderSystem will just have RenderComponents). 3) Compones will be just data. 4) There would be some kind of "entity prototypes" in a manager or something from we will create entity instances.Ideally they will define the type of components it has and initialization data. 5) Prototype code to create an entity (this is from the top of my head): int id=World::getInstance()->createEntity("entity template"); 6) This will notify all systems that a new entity has been created, and if the entity needs a component that the system handles it will add it to the entity. Ok, this are the ideas. Let's see if some can help with the problems: 1) The main problem is this templates that are sent to the systems in creation process to populate the entity with needed components. What would you use, an OR(ed) int?, a list of strings?. 2) How to do initialization for components when the entity has been created? How to store this in the template? I have thought about having a function in the template that is virtual and after entity is created an populated, gets the components and sets initialization values. 3) Don't you think this is a lot of work for just an entity creation?. Sorry for the long post, I have tried to expose my ideas and finding in order other could have a start beside exposing my problems. Thanks in advance, Notbad.

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• How are vertex shader outs sent as inputs to the fragment shader?

  - by Jeffrey

  I'm learning some OpenGL 3.2 way of doing things and I think it's quite great, I'm actually understanding more of shaders and non-fixed pipeline in 1 week rather than those 2 years I tried to learn OpenGL fixed pipeline functions. But here's my question: From what I think I've understood the vertex shader is run for each vertexes in the VBO. But the fragments shader is run per each pixel (is that right?) which is a huge number compared to let's say 3 vertexes of a triangle. Now it seems that in the vertex shader the out variables (like colors and stuff) are passed 1 to 1 to the fragment shader. But let's say that I pass to the fragment shader the position of the vertex in the vertex shader. How is all executed? What vertex (A, B or C of the hipothetical triangle) is passed per each fragment and why?

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