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• How should I organise classes for a space simulator?

  - by Peteyslatts

  I have pretty much taught myself everything I know about programming, so while I know how to teach myself (books, internet and reading API's), I'm finding that there hasn't been a whole lot in the way of good programming. I am finishing up learning the basics of XNA and I want to create a space simulator to test my knowledge. This isn't a full scale simulator, but just something that covers everything I learned. It's also going to be modular so I can build on it, after I get the basics down. One of the early features I want to implement is AI. And I want to take this into account as I'm designing my classes so I can minimize rewriting code. So my question: How should I design ship classes so that both the player and AI can use them? The only idea I have so far is: Create a ship class that contains stats, models, textures, collision data etc. The player and AI would then have the data for position, rotation, health, etc and would base their status off of the ship stats.

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• Unable to find good parameters for behavior of a puck in Farseer

  - by Krumelur

  EDIT: I have tried all kinds of variations now. The last one was to adjust the linear velocity in each step: newVel = oldVel * 0.9f - all of this including your proposals kind of work, however in the end if the velocity is little enough, the puck sticks to the wall and slides either vertically or horizontally. I can't get rid of this behavior. I want it to bounce, no matter how slow it is. Retitution is 1 for all objects, Friction is 0 for all. There is no gravity. What am I possibly doing wrong? In my battle to learn and understand Farseer I'm trying to setup a simple Air Hockey like table with a puck on it. The table's border body is made up from: Vertices aBorders = new Vertices( 4 ); aBorders.Add( new Vector2( -fHalfWidth, fHalfHeight ) ); aBorders.Add( new Vector2( fHalfWidth, fHalfHeight ) ); aBorders.Add( new Vector2( fHalfWidth, -fHalfHeight ) ); aBorders.Add( new Vector2( -fHalfWidth, -fHalfHeight ) ); FixtureFactory.AttachLoopShape( aBorders, this ); this.CollisionCategories = Category.All; this.CollidesWith = Category.All; this.Position = Vector2.Zero; this.Restitution = 1f; this.Friction = 0f; The puck body is defined with: FixtureFactory.AttachCircle( DIAMETER_PHYSIC_UNITS / 2f, 0.5f, this ); this.Restitution = 0.1f; this.Friction = 0.5f; this.BodyType = FarseerPhysics.Dynamics.BodyType.Dynamic; this.LinearDamping = 0.5f; this.Mass = 0.2f; I'm applying a linear force to the puck: this.oPuck.ApplyLinearImpulse( new Vector2( 1f, 1f ) ); The problem is that the puck and the walls appear to be sticky. This means that the puck's velocity drops to zero to quickly below a certain velocity. The puck gets reflected by the walls a couple of times and then just sticks to the left wall and continues sliding downwards the left wall. This looks very unrealistic. What I'm really looking for is that a puck-wall-collision does slow down the puck only a tiny little bit. After tweaking all values left and right I was wondering if I'm doing something wrong. Maybe some expert can comment on the parameters?

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• Passing an objects rotation down through its children

  - by MintyAnt

  In my topdown 2d game you have a player with a sword, like an old Zelda game. The sword is a seperate entity, and its collision box "rotates" around the player like an orbit, but always follows the player wherever he goes. The player and sword both have a vector2 heading. The sword is a weapon object that is attached to the character. In order to allow swinging in a direction, I have the following property inside sword (RotateCopy returns a copy of the mHeading after rotation) public Vector2 Heading { get { return mHeading.RotateCopy(mOwner.Rotation); } } This seems a bit messy to me, and slower than it could be. Is there a better way to "translate" the base/owner component rotations through to whatever component I am using, like this sword? Would using a rotation MATRIX be better? (Curretnly rotates by sin/cos) If so, how can I "add" up the matrices? Thank you.

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• how to properly implement alpha blending in a complex 3d scene

  - by Gajet

  I know this question might sound a bit easy to answer but It's driving me crazy. There are too many possible situations that a good alpha blending mechanism should handle, and for each Algorithm I can think of there is something missing. these are the methods I've though about so far: first of I though about object sorting by depth, this one simply fails because Objects are not simple shapes, they might have curves and might loop inside each other. so I can't always tell which one is closer to camera. then I thought about sorting triangles but this one also might fail, thought I'm not sure how to implement it there is a rare case that might again cause problem, in which two triangle pass through each other. again no one can tell which one is nearer. the next thing was using depth buffer, at least the main reason we have depth buffer is because of the problems with sorting that I mentioned but now we get another problem. Since objects might be transparent, in a single pixel there might be more than one object visible. So for which Object should I store pixel depth? I then thought maybe I can only store the most front Object depth, and using that determine how should I blend next draw calls at that pixel. But again there was a problem, think about 2 semi transparent planes with a solid plane in middle of them. I was going to render the solid plane at the end, one can see the most distant plane. note that I was going to merge every two planes until there is only one color left for that pixel. Obviously I can use sorting methods too because of the same reasons I've explained above. Finally the only thing I imagine being able to work is to render all objects into different render targets and then sort those layers and display the final output. But this time I don't know how can I implement this algorithm.

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• Movement in RPG

  - by user1264811

  I want to make an RPG game in which I move tile by tile. So when I hit up, the tile row that I am on decreases by one for example. Also, it's supposed to be a slow movement so that I can see the change in tile, i.e. I can see my sprite move from tile to tile. Currently, with the code I have, when I hit a direction on my keyboard, I move several blocks within seconds and by the time I release the button I have already gotten a nullPointerException error because I have left the map. How can I slow down the movement?

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• Find Nearest Object

  - by ultifinitus

  I have a fairly sizable game engine created, and I'm adding some needed features, such as this, how do I find the nearest object from a list of points? In this case, I could simply use the Pythagorean theorem to find the distance, and check the results. I know I can't simply add x and y, because that's the distance to the object, if you only took right angle turns. However I'm wondering if there's something else I could do? I also have a collision system, where essentially I turn objects into smaller objects on a smaller grid, kind of like a minimap, and only if objects exist in the same gridspace do I check for collisions, I could do the same thing, only make the gridspace larger to check for closeness. (rather than checking every. single. object) however that would take additional setup in my base class and clutter up the already cluttered object. TL;DR Question: Is there something efficient and accurate that I can use to detect which object is closest, based on a list of points and sizes?

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• What common interface would be appropriate for these game object classes?

  - by Jefffrey

  Question A component based system's goal is to solve the problems that derives from inheritance: for example the fact that some parts of the code (that are called components) are reused by very different classes that, hypothetically, would lie in a very different branch of the inheritance tree. That's a very nice concept, but I've found out that CBS is often hard to accomplish without using ugly hacks. Implementations of this system are often far from clean. But I don't want to discuss this any further. My question is: how can I solve the same problems a CBS try to solve with a very clean interface? (possibly with examples, there are a lot of abstract talks about the "perfect" design already). Context Here's an example I was going for before realizing I was just reinventing inheritance again: class Human { public: Position position; Movement movement; Sprite sprite; // other human specific components }; class Zombie { Position position; Movement movement; Sprite sprite; // other zombie specific components }; After writing that I realized I needed an interface, otherwise I would have needed N containers for N different types of objects (or to use boost::variant to gather them all together). So I've thought of polymorphism (move what systems do in a CBS design into class specific functions): class Entity { public: virtual void on_event(Event) {} // not pure virtual on purpose virtual void on_update(World) {} virtual void on_draw(Window) {} }; class Human : public Entity { private: Position position; Movement movement; Sprite sprite; public: virtual void on_event(Event) { ... } virtual void on_update(World) { ... } virtual void on_draw(Window) { ... } }; class Zombie : public Entity { private: Position position; Movement movement; Sprite sprite; public: virtual void on_event(Event) { ... } virtual void on_update(World) { ... } virtual void on_draw(Window) { ... } }; Which was nice, except for the fact that now the outside world would not even be able to know where a Human is positioned (it does not have access to its position member). That would be useful to track the player position for collision detection or if on_update the Zombie would want to track down its nearest human to move towards him. So I added const Position& get_position() const; to both the Zombie and Human classes. And then I realized that both functionality were shared, so it should have gone to the common base class: Entity. Do you notice anything? Yes, with that methodology I would have a god Entity class full of common functionality (which is the thing I was trying to avoid in the first place). Meaning of "hacks" in the implementation I'm referring to I'm talking about the implementations that defines Entities as simple IDs to which components are dynamically attached. Their implementation can vary from C-stylish: int last_id; Position* positions[MAX_ENTITIES]; Movement* movements[MAX_ENTITIES]; Where positions[i], movements[i], component[i], ... make up the entity. Or to more C++-style: int last_id; std::map<int, Position> positions; std::map<int, Movement> movements; From which systems can detect if an entity/id can have attached components.

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• Whole map design vs. tiles array design

  - by Mikalichov

  I am working on a 2D RPG, which will feature the usual dungeon/town maps (pre-generated). I am using tiles, that I will then combine to make the maps. My original plan was to assemble the tiles using Photoshop, or some other graphic program, in order to have one bigger picture that I could then use as a map. However, I have read on several places people talking about how they used arrays to build their map in the engine (so you give an array of x tiles to your engine, and it assemble them as a map). I can understand how it's done, but it seems a lot more complicated to implement, and I can't see obvious avantages. What is the most common method, and what are advantages/disadvantages of each?

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• Confusion on HLSL Samplers. Can I Set Samplers Inside Functions?

  - by Kyle Connors

  I'm trying to create a system where I can instance a quad to the screen, however I've run into a problem. Like I said, I'm trying to instance the quad, so I'm trying to use the same geometry several times, and I'm trying to do it in one draw call. The issue is, I want some quads to use different textures, but I can't figure out how to get the data into a sampler so I can use it in the pixel shader. I figured that since we can simply pass in the 4 bytes of our IDirect3DTexture9* to set the global texture, I can do so when passing in my dynamic buffer. (Which also stores each objects world matrix and UV data) Now that I'm sending the data, I can't figure how to get it into the sampler, and I really want to assume that it's simply not possible. Is there any way I could achieve this?

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• How do I find the angle required to point to another object?

  - by Ginamin

  I am making an air combat game, where you can fly a ship in a 3D space. There is an opponent that flies around as well. When the opponent is not on screen, I want to display an arrow pointing in the direction the user should turn, as such: So, I took the camera location and the oppenent location and did this: double newDirection = atan2(activeCamera.location.y-ship_wrap.location.y, activeCamera.location.x-ship_wrap.location.x); After which, I get the position on the circumferance of a circle which surrounds my crosshairs, like such: trackingArrow.position = point((60*sin(angle)+240),60*cos(angle)+160); It all works fine, except it's the wrong angle! I assume my calculation for the new direction is incorrect. Can anyone help?

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• Problems using easing equations in C# XNA

  - by codinghands

  I'm having some trouble using the easing equations suggested by Robert Penner for ActionScript (http://www.robertpenner.com/easing/, and a Flash demo here) in my C# XNA game. Firstly, what is the definition of the following variables passed in as arguments to each equation? float t, float b, float c, float d I'm currently calculating the new X position of a sprite in the Update() loop, however even for the linear tween equation I'm getting some odd results. I'm using the following values: float t = gameTime.TotalGameTime.TotalMilliseconds; float d = 8000f; float b = x.Position.X; float c = (ScreenManager.Game.GraphicsDevice.Viewport.Width >> 1) - (x.Position.X + x.frameSize.X / 2); And this equation for linear easing: float val = c*t/d + b;

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• Extremely Hybrid Game requirements

  - by tugrul büyükisik

  What system specifications would a game need if it was: Total players per planet: ~20000 Total players per team:~1M Total players per map(small volume of space or small surface over a planet): ~2000 Total players: ~10M(world has more players than this amount i think) Two of the players are commanders of opposite quadrants(from HUD of a strategy game). Lots of players use space-crafts as a captain(like 3d fps and rts). Many many players control consoles in those space-crafts as under command of captains.(fps ) Some players are still in stone-age trying to reinvent wheel in some planet. Players design and construct any vehicles they have. With good physics engine Has puzzles inside. Everyone get experience by doing stuff(RPG). Commerce, income or totally different resource-based group(like starcraft) Player classes(primitive: cunning and strong, wrapped: healthy, wealthy) Arcade top-down style firing with ships when people get bored very low chance of miraculous things.(mediclorians, wormholes, bugs) Different game-modes: persistent(living world), resetted periodically(a new chance for noobs), instant(pre-built space + hack&slash) I suspect this would need 128GB ram and 2048 cores.

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• Vector.Unproject - Checking if a model intersects a large sprite

  - by Fibericon

  Let's say I have a sprite, drawn like this: spriteBatch.Draw(levelCannons[i].texture, levelCannons[i].position, null, alpha, levelCannons[i].rotation, Vector2.Zero, scale, SpriteEffects.None, 0); Picture levelCannon as being a laser beam that goes across the entire screen. I need to see if my 3d model intersects with the screen space inhabited by the sprite. I managed to dig up Vector.Unproject, but that seems to only be useful when dealing with a single point in 2d space, rather than an area. What can I do in my case?

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• Calculate vector direction

  - by Starkers

  Is the direction angle always measured from the plus x axis? Does a vector in the +,+ quadrant always have a direction between 0 and 90, and in -,+ between 90 and 180 and in -,- between 180 and 270 and in -,+ between 270 and 360 ? Also, how should we calculate the direction using tan? Would that mean nested if statements to find out what quadrant we're in, and then applying the appropriate "work arounds"? E.g. If we were in the -,+ (like in the diagram) would we find the angle from the + axis would be 90 + tan^-1(y/x), the 90 + only used because we're in the -,+ quadrant. Also, that's just a quick solution, may be off, I just want to know if we use nested if statements to get the angle from the + x axis. Finally, should we find the distance in degrees or radians?

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• Bad texture on model with different GPU

  - by Pacha

  I have some kind of distortion on the texture of my 3D model. It works perfectly well on an AMD GPU, but when testing on a integrated Intel HD graphics card it has a weird issue. I don't have a problem with the rest of my entities as they are not scaled. The models with the problems are scaled, as my engine supports different sizes for the platforms. I am using Ogre3D as rendering engine, and GLSL as shader language. Vertex shader: #version 120 varying vec2 UV; void main() { UV = gl_MultiTexCoord0; gl_Position = gl_ModelViewProjectionMatrix * gl_Vertex; } Fragment shader: #version 120 varying vec2 UV; uniform sampler2D diffuseMap; void main(void) { gl_FragColor = texture(diffuseMap, UV); } Screenshot (the error is on the right and left side, the top and bottom part are rendered perfectly well):

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• proper way to creation multiple similiar buttons/panels

  - by JayAvon

  I have the below Code which i tried to do, but it only shows(the minus/plus button) on the last GirdLayout (Intelligence stat): JButton plusButton = new JButton("+"); JButton minusButton = new JButton("-"); statStrengthGridPanel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(1,3)); statStrengthGridPanel.add(minusButton); statStrengthGridPanel.add(new JLabel("10")); statStrengthGridPanel.add(plusButton); statConstitutionGridPanel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(1,3)); statConstitutionGridPanel.add(minusButton); statConstitutionGridPanel.add(new JLabel("10")); statConstitutionGridPanel.add(plusButton); statDexterityGridPanel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(1,3)); statDexterityGridPanel.add(minusButton); statDexterityGridPanel.add(new JLabel("10")); statDexterityGridPanel.add(plusButton); statIntelligenceGridPanel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(1,3)); statIntelligenceGridPanel.add(minusButton); statIntelligenceGridPanel.add(new JLabel("10")); statIntelligenceGridPanel.add(plusButton); I know I can do something like I did for the Panel names(have multiple ones), but I did not want to do that for the Panels in the first place. I am trying to use best practice and not have my code be repetitive. Any suggestions?? The goal is to have 4 stats, to assign points to, with decrement and increment buttons(I decided against sliders). Eventually I will have them have upper and lower limits, decrement the "unused" label, and all of that good stuff, but I just want to not be repetitive. Thanks for any help.

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• Expiring timed actions a good idea?

  - by Bart van Heukelom

  We have an online game where players sometimes have to wait a while (say 30 minutes) before a process they intiated completes. This encourages them to come back later. An example of this is growing crops in Farmville or basically any action in the Sims Play4Free. Now, however, there is the idea to let these processes expire, so if the player doesn't 'reap' them in time (e.g. within 4 hours) they are aborted. I'm a bit sceptical about this. How will this make players come back more often? Is not the reward of reaping the process enough for that? Can we expect players to fit their daily schedule around our game, maybe even set the alarm clock at night? Won't this just cause players to give up on starting these processes in the first place? I realise this may be too subjective for this site, so I'll end with a concrete question: Do (m)any other online free-to-play games employ this technique?

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• Why distance field text rendering have clear outline?

  - by jinhwan

  http://www.valvesoftware.com/publications/2007/SIGGRAPH2007_AlphaTestedMagnification.pdf All the process for doing distance rendering is clear, but 'how does it work' is not clear for me. It looks like that distance field pixels which are created around original pixel may affect 2d texture sampling interpolation process. But I can't understand the interpolation process. I've read that the distance field rendering is processed under nearest-neighbour interpolation. If it is true, shouldn't the distance field redering creates non interpolated result? In my thought, they should looks liked retro style pixel art. Where do i misunderstand in this process? So far, It is no difference with alpha test for me. Both of them throw away all pixcel which are not in. How does extra distance field pixel affect rendering under nearest-neighbour interpolation?

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• Import 3ds into JMonkeyEngine 3

  - by Yanick Rochon

  I have asked this question on SO, but I think it will be more suitable here. Basically, we are trying to import an animated character body (with skeleton) from 3D Studio Max to JMonkeyEngine 3, but while we succeeded at importing some animations, we cannot seem to export the skeleton to .skeleton.xml using OgreXML format. Since OgreXML seems to be the favored way to import models into JME, we dropped .obj files and such. Any help appreciated.

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• Given a start and end point, how can I constrain the end point so the resulting line segment is horizontal, vertical, or 45 degrees?

  - by GloryFish

  I have a grid of letters. The player clicks on a letter and drags out a selection. Using Bresenham's Algorithm I can create a line of highlighted letters representing the player's selection. However, what I really want is to have the line segment be constrained to 45 degree angles (as is common for crossword-style games). So, given a start point and an end point, how can I find the line that passes through the start point and is closest to the end point? Bonus: To make things super sweet I'd like to get a list of points in the grid that the line passes through, and for super MEGA bonus points, I'd like to get them in order of selection (i.e. from start point to end point).

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• Is there a good book or articles to learn about 2D Game Design and Effects?

  - by user28015

  I am not looking for a read how to develop games and how to implement one. I am looking for a general about possible effects in 2D Games and about general design of modern 2D gaming. I have programmed several smaller games over the years and also read books like "Golden Rules of Game Programming" by Martin Bronwlo. So I know how to implement games. What I am looking for are 2 things: Finishing touches such as effects like explosions, particles etc. Not how to make them, but how to design them so it looks right and cool. How to make a 2D game feel "more right" so that users get a satisfying gaming experience. I played a lot of 2D games but I could use some more advice.

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• What causes the iOS OpenGLES driver to allocate extra memory?

  - by Martin Linklater

  I'm trying to optimize the memory usage of our iOS game and I'm puzzled about when/why the iOS GLES driver allocates extra memory at runtime... When I run our game through Instruments with the OpenGL ES Driver instrument the gartUsedBytes value can fluctuate quite wildly. We preload all our textures and build the buffer objects up front, so it's not the game engine requesting extra memory from GL. Currently we are manually requesting around 50MB of GL memory, yet the gartUsedBytes value sits at around 90MB most of the time, peaking at 125MB from time to time. It seems to be linked to what you are rendering that frame - our PVS only submits VBO's for visible meshes. Can anyone shed some light on what the driver is doing in the background ? Like I said earlier, all our game engine allocations are done on level load, so in theory there shouldn't be any fluctuation on GL memory usage while the level is running. Thanks.

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• Strategy to prevent players from seeing through walls in an online FPS?

  - by geneotech

  Why do we still moan on wallhackers in multiplayer first-person shooters ? Isn't it possible to perform occlusion culling for all players server-side ? For example, send player xyz information to client only when the player is visible in client's frustum and not occluded by any object ? Even if the collision-geometry is very simplified, most of the time cheater won't receive tactical information. Why not do this ?

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• Why is my shadowmap all white?

  - by Berend

  I was trying out a shadowmap. But all my shadow is white. I think there is some problem with my homogeneous component. Can anybody help me? The rest of my code is written in xna Here is the hlsl code I used float4x4 xWorld; float4x4 xView; float4x4 xProjection; struct VertexToPixel { float4 Position : POSITION; float4 ScreenPos : TEXCOORD1; float Depth : TEXCOORD2; }; struct PixelToFrame { float4 Color : COLOR0; }; //------- Technique: ShadowMap -------- VertexToPixel MyVertexShader(float4 inPos: POSITION0, float3 inNormal: NORMAL0) { VertexToPixel Output = (VertexToPixel)0; float4x4 preViewProjection = mul(xView, xProjection); float4x4 preWorldViewProjection = mul(xWorld, preViewProjection); Output.Position =mul(inPos, mul(xWorld, preViewProjection)); Output.Depth = Output.Position.z / Output.Position.w; Output.ScreenPos = Output.Position; return Output; } float4 MyPixelShader(VertexToPixel PSIn) : COLOR0 { PixelToFrame Output = (PixelToFrame)0; Output.Color = PSIn.ScreenPos.z/PSIn.ScreenPos.w; return Output.Color; } technique ShadowMap { pass Pass0 { VertexShader = compile vs_2_0 MyVertexShader(); PixelShader = compile ps_2_0 MyPixelShader(); } }

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• Creating a 2D Line Branch (Part 2)

  - by Danran

  Yesterday i asked this question on how to create a 2D line branch; Creating a 2D Line Branch And thanks to the answered provided, i now have this nice looking main branch; *coloured to show the different segments in the final item. Now is the time now to branch things off as discussed in the article; http://drilian.com/2009/02/25/lightning-bolts/ Again however i am confused as to the meaning of the following pseudo code; splitEnd = Rotate(direction, randomSmallAngle)*lengthScale + midPoint; I'm unsure how to actually rotate this correctly. In all honesty i'm abit unsure what to-do completely at this part, "splitEnd" will be a Vector3, so whatever happens in the rotate function must then return some form of directional rotation which is then * by a scale to create length and then added to the midPoint. I'm not sure. If someone could explain what i'm meant to be doing in this part that would be really grateful.

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