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• Alternative to NV Occlusion Query - getting the number of fragments which passed the depth test

  - by Etan

  In "modern" environments, the "NV Occlusion Query" extension provide a method to get the number of fragments which passed the depth test. However, on the iPad / iPhone using OpenGL ES, the extension is not available. What is the most performant approach to implement a similar behaviour in the fragment shader? Some of my ideas: Render the object completely in white, then count all the colors together using a two-pass shader where first a vertical line is rendered and for each fragment the shader computes the sum over the whole row. Then, a single vertex is rendered whose fragment sums all the partial sums of the first pass. Doesn't seem to be very efficient. Render the object completely in white over a black background. Downsample recursively, abusing the hardware linear interpolation between textures until being at a reasonably small resolution. This leads to fragments which have a greyscale level depending on the number of white pixels where in their corresponding region. Is this even accurate enough? ... ?

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• Dynamic model interactions

  - by Richard

  I am just curious as to how in many games (namely games like arkham asylum/city, manhunt, hitman) do they make it so that your character can "grab" a character in front of you and do stuff to them. I know this may sound very confusing but for an example go to youtube and search "hitman executions", and the first video is an example of what i'm asking. Basically I'm wondering how they make your model dynamically interact with whatever other model you come across, so in hitman when you come up behind some one with the fibre wire you strangle the other character or if you have the anesthetic you come up behind some person and put your hand over there mouth while they struggle and slowly go to the floor where you lay them down. I am confused as to whether it was animated to use two models using specific bone/skeletal identifiers, if it is just two completely separate animations that are played at the correct time to make it look like they are actually interacting or something else all together. I am not an animator so i assume most of what i just said is not right but i hope that some one can understand what i mean and provide an answer. PS) I am a programmer and I am in the process of building a hitmanesque game, just because i love that style of game and I want to increase my skills on something fun, so if you do know what i'm talking about have some examples with involving both models and programming (i use c++ and mainly Ogre3D at the moment but i am getting into unity and XNA) i would greatly appreciate it. Thanks.

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• How can I convert an image from raw data in Android without any munging?

  - by stephelton

  I have raw image data (may be .png, .jpg, ...) and I want it converted in Android without changing its pixel depth (bpp). In particular, when I load a grayscale (8 bpp) image that I want to use as alpha (glTexImage() with GL_ALPHA), it converts it to 16 bpp (presumably 5_6_5). While I do have a plan B (actually, I'm probably on plan 'E' by now, this is really becoming annoying) I would really like to discover an easy way to do this using what is readily available in the API. So far, I'm using BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(). While I'm at it. I'm doing this from a native environment via JNI (passing the buffer in from C, and a new buffer back to C from Java). Any portable solution in C/C++ would be preferable, but I don't want to introduce anything that might break in future versions of Android, etc.

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• Animate multiple entities

  - by Robert

  I'm trying to animate multiple(3) entities using one model(IQM format). It's working but performance is really bad because I'm calling animate function for each entity in my game loop (I think problem is there). What's the best way to animate multiple entities (with different animation ofc) in OpenGL? I think I can try build one VBO / entity for better performances but I don't think it's the best way to do it.

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• Multiple enemy array in LibGDX

  - by johnny-b

  I am trying to make a multiple enemy array, where every 30 secods a new bullet comes from a random point. And if the bullet is clicked it should disapear and a pop like an explosion should appear. And if the bullet hits the ball then the ball pops. so the bullet should change to a different sprite or texture. same with the ball pop. But all that happens is the bullet if touched pops and nothing else happens. And if modified then the bullet keeps flashing as the update is way too much. I have added COMMENTS in the code to explain more on the issues. below is the code. if more code is needed i will provide. Thank you public class GameRenderer { private GameWorld myWorld; private OrthographicCamera cam; private ShapeRenderer shapeRenderer; private SpriteBatch batcher; // Game Objects private Ball ball; private ScrollHandler scroller; private Background background; private Bullet bullet1; private BulletPop bPop; private Array<Bullet> bullets; // This is for the delay of the bullet coming one by one every 30 seconds. /** The time of the last shot fired, we set it to the current time in nano when the object is first created */ double lastShot = TimeUtils.nanoTime(); /** Convert 30 seconds into nano seconds, so 30,000 milli = 30 seconds */ double shotFreq = TimeUtils.millisToNanos(30000); // Game Assets private TextureRegion bg, bPop; private Animation bulletAnimation, ballAnimation; private Animation ballPopAnimation; public GameRenderer(GameWorld world) { myWorld = world; cam = new OrthographicCamera(); cam.setToOrtho(true, 480, 320); batcher = new SpriteBatch(); // Attach batcher to camera batcher.setProjectionMatrix(cam.combined); shapeRenderer = new ShapeRenderer(); shapeRenderer.setProjectionMatrix(cam.combined); // This is suppose to produce 10 bullets at random places on the background. bullets = new Array<Bullet>(); Bullet bullet = null; float bulletX = 00.0f; float bulletY = 00.0f; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { bulletX = MathUtils.random(-10, 10); bulletY = MathUtils.random(-10, 10); bullet = new Bullet(bulletX, bulletY); AssetLoader.bullet1.flip(true, false); AssetLoader.bullet2.flip(true, false); bullets.add(bullet); } // Call helper methods to initialize instance variables initGameObjects(); initAssets(); } private void initGameObjects() { ball = GameWorld.getBall(); bullet1 = myWorld.getBullet1(); bPop = myWorld.getBulletPop(); scroller = myWorld.getScroller(); } private void initAssets() { bg = AssetLoader.bg; ballAnimation = AssetLoader.ballAnimation; bullet1Animation = AssetLoader.bullet1Animation; ballPopAnimation = AssetLoader.ballPopAnimation; } // This is to take the bullet away when clicked or touched. public void onClick() { for (int i = 0; i < bullets.size; i++) { if (bullets.get(i).getBounds().contains(0, 0)) bullets.removeIndex(i); } } private void drawBackground() { batcher.draw(bg1, background.getX(), background.getY(), background.getWidth(), backgroundMove.getHeight()); } public void render(float runTime) { Gdx.gl.glClearColor(0, 0, 0, 1); Gdx.gl.glClear(GL30.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); batcher.begin(); // Disable transparency // This is good for performance when drawing images that do not require // transparency. batcher.disableBlending(); drawBackground(); batcher.enableBlending(); // when the bullet hits the ball, it should be disposed or taken away and a ball pop sprite/texture should be put in its place if (bullet1.collides(ball)) { // draws the bPop texture but the bullet does not go just keeps going around, and the bPop texture goes. batcher.draw(AssetLoader.bPop, 195, 273); } batcher.draw(AssetLoader.ballAnimation.getKeyFrame(runTime), ball.getX(), ball.getY(), ball.getWidth(), ball.getHeight()); // this is where i am trying to make the bullets come one by one, and if removed via the onClick() then bPop animation // should play but does not??? if(TimeUtils.nanoTime() - lastShot > shotFreq){ // Create your stuff for (int i = 0; i < bullets.size; i++) { bullets.get(i); batcher.draw(AssetLoader.bullet1Animation.getKeyFrame(runTime), bullet1.getX(), bullet1.getY(), bullet1.getOriginX(), bullet1.getOriginY(), bullet1.getWidth(), bullet1.getHeight(), 1.0f, 1.0f, bullet1.getRotation()); if (bullets.removeValue(bullet1, false)) { batcher.draw(AssetLoader.ballPopAnimation.getKeyFrame(runTime), bPop1.getX(), bPop1.getY(), bPop1.getWidth(), bPop1.getHeight()); } } /* Very important to set the last shot to now, or it will mess up and go full auto */ lastShot = TimeUtils.nanoTime(); } // End SpriteBatch batcher.end(); } } Thank you

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• Arranging Gizmos in Unity 3D [on hold]

  - by Simran kaur

  I have this arrangement of Gizmos which was handed over to me. ! 1. How do I get it? I have read the documentation but I could get it as shown. I have basically track or lane that is coming towards the camera by moving towards negative z. I am moving lanes so that it appears as if cars are moving, The roads need to be rotated by 90 degrees otherwise they appear to move towards the upper end of the screen and that too parellely.Why exactly is that?

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• Deferred rendering order?

  - by Nick Wiggill

  There are some effects for which I must do multi-pass rendering. I've got the basics set up (FBO rendering etc.), but I'm trying to get my head around the most suitable setup. Here's what I'm thinking... The framebuffer objects: FBO 1 has a color attachment and a depth attachment. FBO 2 has a color attachment. The render passes: Render g-buffer: normals and depth (used by outline & DoF blur shaders); output to FBO no. 1. Render solid geometry, bold outlines (as in toon shader), and fog; output to FBO no. 2. (can all render via a single fragment shader -- I think.) (optional) DoF blur the scene; output to the default frame buffer OR ELSE render FBO2 directly to default frame buffer. (optional) Mesh wireframes; composite over what's already in the default framebuffer. Does this order seem viable? Any obvious mistakes?

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• Best C++ containers for UI in Games.

  - by Vijayendra

  I am writing some UI stuff for my games in C++. Basically its a very common problem, but I dont know the best answer yet. Suppose inside my UI Library I have a view class which renders 2D/3D scene. This view can contain many subviews. I needs a container which allows me to iterate over these views fast and also insert/delete subviews. I am not sure which container is best for the job - list, vector or something else?

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• What is an acceptable GC frequency for a SlimDX/Windows/.NET game?

  - by Rei Miyasaka

  I understand that the Windows GC is much better than the Xbox/WP7 GC, being that it's generational and multithreaded -- so I don't need to worry quite as much about avoiding memory allocation. SlimDX even has some unavoidable functions that generate some amount of garbage (specifically, MapSubresource creates DataBoxes), yet people don't seem to be too upset about it. I'd like to use some functional paradigms to write my code too, which also means creating objects like closures and monads. I know premature optimization isn't a good thing, but are there rules of thumb or metrics that I can follow to know whether I need to cut down on allocations? Is, say, one gen 0 GC per frame too much? One thing that has me stumped is object promotions. Gen 0 GCs will supposedly finish within a millisecond or two, but if I'm understanding correctly, it's the gen 1 and 2 promotions that start to hurt. I'm not too sure how I can predict/prevent these.

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• In MMO game, how to handle user characters, who are offline?

  - by Deele

  In my medieval MMO game, players have their own character, that represents themselves inside game. Like a King. Players could have cities and armies, but King acts as main driving force. Then it comes to player, going offline/vacation/disconnect. How to deal with "offline King", to keep some sort of reality in game, without ruining everything for player. I have never liked unrealistic stuff in games, like appearing/dissapearing from thin air, like in WoW or other MMO RPG's, when it comes to connect/disconnect, like in Matrix movie, when you are disconnected, your "avatar" inside the system just vaninshes. Ok, if player char stays where it was left, other players who are online could kick his ass like offline player char was frozen? I see only one solution - give player char, while offline, some sort of AI, that controls char. Is there any other solutions? May be, some sort of legend/story, could make users only as inner-voice, leaving King just passively controlled by user, or other stuff... Please, help! I hope you understand my question.

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• Keypress Left is called twice in Update when key is pressed only once

  - by Simran kaur

  I have a piece of code that is changing the position of player when left key is pressed. It is inside of Update() function. I know, Update is called multiple times, but since I have an ifstatement to check if left arrow is pressed, it should update only once. I have tested using print statement that once pressed, it gets called twice. Problem: Position updated twice when key is pressed only once. Below given is the structure of my code: void Update() { if (Input.GetKeyDown (KeyCode.LeftArrow)) { print ("PRESSEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDD"); } } I looked up on web and what was suggested id this: if (Event.current.type == EventType.KeyDown && Event.current.keyCode == KeyCode.LeftArrow) { print("pressed"); } But, It gives me an error that says: Object reference not set to instance of an object How can I fix this?

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• Detecting a ledge in Box2D

  - by DormoTheNord

  I'm making a 2D platformer with Box2D. The player needs to be able to grab onto a ledge and pull him/herself up. Right now I have a sensor that extends in every direction from the upper half of the player's body. The logic seems simple enough: if there are tiles inside the sensor and empty space above them, then it's a ledge and the game should act accordingly. The problem is that I can't figure out how to implement that logic with Box2D. Anyone have any ideas?

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• Unable to find good parameters for behavior of a puck in Farseer

  - by Krumelur

  EDIT: I have tried all kinds of variations now. The last one was to adjust the linear velocity in each step: newVel = oldVel * 0.9f - all of this including your proposals kind of work, however in the end if the velocity is little enough, the puck sticks to the wall and slides either vertically or horizontally. I can't get rid of this behavior. I want it to bounce, no matter how slow it is. Retitution is 1 for all objects, Friction is 0 for all. There is no gravity. What am I possibly doing wrong? In my battle to learn and understand Farseer I'm trying to setup a simple Air Hockey like table with a puck on it. The table's border body is made up from: Vertices aBorders = new Vertices( 4 ); aBorders.Add( new Vector2( -fHalfWidth, fHalfHeight ) ); aBorders.Add( new Vector2( fHalfWidth, fHalfHeight ) ); aBorders.Add( new Vector2( fHalfWidth, -fHalfHeight ) ); aBorders.Add( new Vector2( -fHalfWidth, -fHalfHeight ) ); FixtureFactory.AttachLoopShape( aBorders, this ); this.CollisionCategories = Category.All; this.CollidesWith = Category.All; this.Position = Vector2.Zero; this.Restitution = 1f; this.Friction = 0f; The puck body is defined with: FixtureFactory.AttachCircle( DIAMETER_PHYSIC_UNITS / 2f, 0.5f, this ); this.Restitution = 0.1f; this.Friction = 0.5f; this.BodyType = FarseerPhysics.Dynamics.BodyType.Dynamic; this.LinearDamping = 0.5f; this.Mass = 0.2f; I'm applying a linear force to the puck: this.oPuck.ApplyLinearImpulse( new Vector2( 1f, 1f ) ); The problem is that the puck and the walls appear to be sticky. This means that the puck's velocity drops to zero to quickly below a certain velocity. The puck gets reflected by the walls a couple of times and then just sticks to the left wall and continues sliding downwards the left wall. This looks very unrealistic. What I'm really looking for is that a puck-wall-collision does slow down the puck only a tiny little bit. After tweaking all values left and right I was wondering if I'm doing something wrong. Maybe some expert can comment on the parameters?

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• Falling CCSprites

  - by Coder404

  Im trying to make ccsprites fall from the top of the screen. Im planning to use a touch delegate to determine when they fall. How could I make CCSprites fall from the screen in a way like this: -(void)addTarget { Monster *target = nil; if ((arc4random() % 2) == 0) { target = [WeakAndFastMonster monster]; } else { target = [StrongAndSlowMonster monster]; } // Determine where to spawn the target along the Y axis CGSize winSize = [[CCDirector sharedDirector] winSize]; int minY = target.contentSize.height/2; int maxY = winSize.height - target.contentSize.height/2; int rangeY = maxY - minY; int actualY = (arc4random() % rangeY) + minY; // Create the target slightly off-screen along the right edge, // and along a random position along the Y axis as calculated above target.position = ccp(winSize.width + (target.contentSize.width/2), actualY); [self addChild:target z:1]; // Determine speed of the target int minDuration = target.minMoveDuration; //2.0; int maxDuration = target.maxMoveDuration; //4.0; int rangeDuration = maxDuration - minDuration; int actualDuration = (arc4random() % rangeDuration) + minDuration; // Create the actions id actionMove = [CCMoveTo actionWithDuration:actualDuration position:ccp(-target.contentSize.width/2, actualY)]; id actionMoveDone = [CCCallFuncN actionWithTarget:self selector:@selector(spriteMoveFinished:)]; [target runAction:[CCSequence actions:actionMove, actionMoveDone, nil]]; // Add to targets array target.tag = 1; [_targets addObject:target]; } This code makes CCSprites move from the right side of the screen to the left. How could I change this to make the CCSprites to move from the top of the screen to the bottom?

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• Difference between Sound and Music

  - by Southpaw Hare

  What are the key differences between the Sound and Music classes in Pygame? What are the limitations of each? In what situation would one use one or the other? Is there a benefit to using them in an unintuitive way such as using Sound objects to play music files or visa-versa? Are there specifically issues with channel limitations, and do one or both have the potential to be dropped from their channel unreliably? What are the risks of playing music as a Sound?

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• How to had operation with character/items on binary with concrete operations on C++?

  - by Piperoman

  I have the next problem. A item can had a lot of states: NORMAL = 0000000 DRY = 0000001 HOT = 0000010 BURNING = 0000100 WET = 0001000 COLD = 0010000 FROZEN = 0100000 POISONED= 1000000 A item can had some states at same time but not all of them Is impossible to be dry and wet at same time. If you COLD a WET item, it turns into FROZEN. If you HOT a WET item, it turns into NORMAL A item can be BURNING and POISON Etc. I have try to set binary flags to states, and use AND to set operation to combine different states, checking before if is possible or not to do it, or change to another status. Exist a concrete patron to solve this problem efficiently without had a interminable switch that check every states with everynew states? It is relative easy to check 2 different states, but if exist a third state it is not trivial to do.

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• AS3 How to check on non transparent pixels in a bitmapdata?

  - by Opoe

  I'm still working on my window cleaning game from one of my previous questions I marked a contribution as my answer, but after all this time I can't get it to work and I have to many questions about this so I decided to ask some more about it. As a sequel on my mentioned previous question, my question to you is: How can I check whether or not a bitmapData contains non transparent pixels? Subquestion: Is this possible when the masked image is a movieclip? Shouldn't I use graphics instead? Information I have: A dirtywindow movieclip on the bottom layer and a clean window movieclip on layer 2(mc1) on the layer above. To hide the top layer(the dirty window) I assign a mask to it. Code // this creates a mask that hides the movieclip on top var mask_mc:MovieClip = new MovieClip(); addChild(mask_mc) //assign the mask to the movieclip it should 'cover' mc1.mask = mask_mc; With a brush(cursor) the player wipes of the dirt ( actualy setting the fill from the mask to transparent so the clean window appears) //add event listeners for the 'brush' brush_mc.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_DOWN,brushDown); brush_mc.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_UP,brushUp); //function to drag the brush over the mask function brushDown(dragging:MouseEvent):void{ dragging.currentTarget.startDrag(); MovieClip(dragging.currentTarget).addEventListener(Event.ENTER_FRAME,erase) ; mask_mc.graphics.moveTo(brush_mc.x,brush_mc.y); } //function to stop dragging the brush over the mask function brushUp(dragging:MouseEvent):void{ dragging.currentTarget.stopDrag(); MovieClip(dragging.currentTarget).removeEventListener(Event.ENTER_FRAME,erase); } //fill the mask with transparant pixels so the movieclip turns visible function erase(e:Event):void{ with(mask_mc.graphics){ beginFill(0x000000); drawRect(brush_mc.x,brush_mc.y,brush_mc.width,brush_mc.height); endFill(); } }

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• How to set density for each shape in PhysX 3.1

  - by hywei

  I'm using PhysX 3.1 as my game's physics engine. One requirement is that I need set different density for each shape(there are server shapes for my single rigid actor). I know that the shape's density can be set by NxShapeDesc::density in PhysX 2.8, but I can't find such interface in PhysX 3.1. I know that the mass properties can be set in PhysX 3.1 just as the snowman example in the SDK, but I don't know whether there exists a direct interface to set density for each shape.

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• generating maps

  - by gardian06

  This is a conglomeration question when answering please specify which part you are addressing. I am looking at creating a maze type game that utilizes elevation. I have a few features I would like to have, but am unsure as to some of the implementation. I have done work doing fileIO maze generation (using a key to read the file, and then generate the level based on that file), but I am unsure how to think about this with elevation in the mix. I think height maps might be a good approach, but don't know how to represent them effectively. for a height map which is more beneficial XML(containing h[u,v] data and key definition), CSV (item1 is key reference, item2 is elevation), or another approach that I have not thought of yet? When it comes to placing the elevation values themselves what kind of deltah values are appropriate to have it noticeable at about a 60degree angle while not really effecting gravity driven physics (assuming some effect while moving up/down hill)? I am thinking of maybe going to procedural generation at some point, but am wondering if it is practical to have a procedurally generated grid (wall squares possibly same dimensions as the open space squares), or if designing to a thin wall open spaces is better? this decision will effect the amount of work need on the graphics end for uniform vs. irregular walls. EDIT: game will be a elevation maze shooter. levels/maps will be mazes with elevation the player has to negotiate. elevations will have effects on "combat" vision, and movement

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• Writing a Master's Thesis on evaluating visual scripting systems

  - by user1107412

  I am thinking to write my Master's thesis around theorizing, and then implementing a PlayMaker or Kismet-like (building game logic by visually arranging FSMs) tool in Unity. The only thing I am still concerned about is the actual research question that I should pose. I was kinda hoping that the more experienced game designers out there might know. Update: What about reducing the use of visual programming to graphically designing FSM-Action-Transition flows, which can then be attached to game entities (very much like http://playmaker.com does it)?

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• The underlying mechanism in 'yield return www' of Unity3D Game Engine

  - by thyandrecardoso

  In the Unity3D game engine, a common code sequence for getting remote data is this: WWW www = new WWW("http://remote.com/data/location/with/texture.png"); yield return www; What is the underlying mechanism here? I know we use the yield mechanism in order to allow the next frame to be processed, while the download is being completed. But what is going on under the hood when we do the yield return www ? What method is being called (if any, on the WWW class)? Is Unity using threads? Is the "upper" Unity layer getting hold of www instance and doing something?

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• Delay command execution over sockets

  - by David

  I've been trying to fix the game loop in a real time (tick delay) MUD. I realized using Thread.Sleep would seem clunky when the user spammed commands through their choice of client (Zmud, etc) e.g. east;south;southwest would wait three move ticks and then output everything from the past couple rooms. The game loop basically calls a Flush and Fill method for each socket during each tick (50ms) private void DoLoop() { Stopwatch stopWatch = new Stopwatch(); stopWatch.Start(); while (running) { // for each socket, flush and fill ConnectionMonitor.Update(); stopWatch.Stop(); WaitIfNeeded(stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds); stopWatch.Reset(); } } The Fill method fires the command events, but as mentioned before, they currently block using Thread.Sleep. I tried adding a "ready" flag to the state object that attempts to execute the command along with a queue of spammed commands, but it ends up executing one command and queuing up the rest i.e. each subsequent command executes something that got queued up that should've been executed before. I must be missing something about the timer. private readonly Queue<SpammedCommand> queuedCommands = new Queue<SpammedCommand>(); private bool ready = true; private void TryExecuteCommand(string input) { var commandContext = CommandContext.Create(input); var player = Server.Current.Database.Get<Player>(Session.Player.Key); var commandInfo = Server.Current.CommandLookup .FindCommand(commandContext.CommandName, player.IsAdmin); if (commandInfo != null) { if (!ready) { // queue command queuedCommands.Enqueue(new SpammedCommand() { Context = commandContext, Info = commandInfo }); return; } if (queuedCommands.Count > 0) { // queue the incoming command queuedCommands.Enqueue(new SpammedCommand() { Context = commandContext, Info = commandInfo, }); // dequeue and execute var command = queuedCommands.Dequeue(); command.Info.Command.Execute(Session, command.Context); setTimeout(command.Info.TickLength); return; } commandInfo.Command.Execute(Session, commandContext); setTimeout(commandInfo.TickLength); } else { Session.WriteLine("Command not recognized"); } } Finally, setTimeout was supposed to set the execution delay (TickLength) for that command, and makeReady just sets the ready flag on the state object to true. private void setTimeout(TickDelay tickDelay) { ready = false; var t = new System.Timers.Timer() { Interval = (long) tickDelay, AutoReset = false, }; t.Elapsed += makeReady; t.Start(); // fire this in tickDelay ms } // MAKE READYYYYY!!!! private void makeReady(object sender, System.Timers.ElapsedEventArgs e) { ready = true; } Am I missing something about the System.Timers.Timer created in setTimeout? How can I execute (and output) spammed commands per TickLength without using Thread.Sleep?

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• HLSL What you get when you subtract world position from InvertViewProjection.Transform?

  - by cubrman

  In one of NVIDIA's Vertex shaders (the metal one) I found the following code: // transform object normals, tangents, & binormals to world-space: float4x4 WorldITXf : WorldInverseTranspose < string UIWidget="None"; >; // provide tranform from "view" or "eye" coords back to world-space: float4x4 ViewIXf : ViewInverse < string UIWidget="None"; >; ... float4 Po = float4(IN.Position.xyz,1); // homogeneous location coordinates float4 Pw = mul(Po,WorldXf); // convert to "world" space OUT.WorldView = normalize(ViewIXf[3].xyz - Pw.xyz); The term OUT.WorldView is subsequently used in a Pixel Shader to compute lighting: float3 Ln = normalize(IN.LightVec.xyz); float3 Nn = normalize(IN.WorldNormal); float3 Vn = normalize(IN.WorldView); float3 Hn = normalize(Vn + Ln); float4 litV = lit(dot(Ln,Nn),dot(Hn,Nn),SpecExpon); DiffuseContrib = litV.y * Kd * LightColor + AmbiColor; SpecularContrib = litV.z * LightColor; Can anyone tell me what exactly is WorldView here? And why do they add it to the normal?

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• Car brands and models licensing

  - by Ju-v

  We are small team which working on car racing game but we don't know about licensing process for branded cars like Nissan, Lamborghini, Chevrolet and etc. Do we need to buy any licence for using real car brand names, models, logos,... or we can use them for free? Second option we think about using not real brand with real models is it possible? If someone have experience with that, fell free to share it. Any information about that is welcome.

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• Jitter during wall collisions with Bullet Physics: contact/penetration tolerance?

  - by Niriel

  I use the bullet physics engine through Panda3d. My scene is still very simple, think 'Wolfenstein3d': tile-based, walls are solid cubes. I expect walls to block the player, and I expect the player to slide along the walls in case of non-normal incidence. What I get is what I expect, with one difference: there is some jitter. If I try to force myself into the wall, then I see the frames blinking quickly between two positions. These differ by about 0.04 units of distance, which corresponds to 4 cm in my game. I noticed a 4 cm elsewhere: the bottom of my player capsule is 4 cm below ground, when at rest. Does that mean that there is somewhere in the Bullet engine a default 0.04-units-long tolerance to differentiate contact from collision? If so, what should I do ? Should I change the scale of my game so that these 0.04 units correspond to 0.4 cm, making the jitter ten times smaller? Or can I ask bullet to change its tolerance to a smaller value? Edit This is the jitter I get: 6.155 - 6.118 = 0.036 LPoint3f(0, 6.11694, 0.835) LPoint3f(0, 6.15499, 0.835) LPoint3f(0, 6.11802, 0.835) LPoint3f(0, 6.15545, 0.835) LPoint3f(0, 6.11817, 0.835) LPoint3f(0, 6.15726, 0.835) LPoint3f(0, 6.11876, 0.835) LPoint3f(0, 6.15911, 0.835) LPoint3f(0, 6.11937, 0.835) I found a setMargin method. I set it to 5 mm both on the BoxShape for the walls and on the Capsule shape for the player. It still jitters by about 35 mm as illustrated by this log (11.117 - 11.082 = 0.035): LPoint3f(0, 11.0821, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.1169, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.082, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.117, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.082, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.117, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.0821, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.1175, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.0822, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.1178, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.0823, 0.905) LPoint3f(0, 11.1183, 0.905) The margin on the capsule did change my penetration with the floor though, I'm a bit higher (0.905 instead of 0.835). However, it did not change anything when colliding with the walls. How can I make the collisions against the walls less jittery? Edit, the day after: After more investigation, it appears that dynamic objects behave well. My problem comes from the btKinematicCharacterController that I use for moving my character; that stuff is totally bugged, according to the whole Internet :/.

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