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  • What is wrong with my specular phong shading

    - by Thijser
    I'm sorry if this should be placed on stackoverflow instead however seeing as this is graphics related I was hoping you guys could help me: I'm attempting to write a phong shader and currently working on the specular. I came acros the following formula: base*pow(dot(V,R),shininess) and attempted to implement it (V is the posion of the viewer and R the reflective vector). This gave the following result and code: Vec3Df phongSpecular(const Vec3Df & vertexPos, Vec3Df & normal, const Vec3Df & lightPos, const Vec3Df & cameraPos, unsigned int index) { Vec3Df relativeLightPos=(lightPos-vertexPos); relativeLightPos.normalize(); Vec3Df relativeCameraPos= (cameraPos-vertexPos); relativeCameraPos.normalize(); int DotOfNormalAndLight = Vec3Df::dotProduct(normal,relativeLightPos); Vec3Df reflective =(relativeLightPos-(2*DotOfNormalAndLight*normal))*-1; reflective.normalize(); float phongyness= Vec3Df::dotProduct(reflective,relativeCameraPos); if (phongyness<0){ phongyness=0; } float shininess= Shininess[index]; float speculair = powf(phongyness,shininess); return Ks[index]*speculair; } I'm looking for something more like this:

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  • 2D Tile Based Collision Detection

    - by MrPlosion1243
    There are a lot of topics about this and it seems each one addresses a different problem, this topic does the same. I was looking into tile collision detection and found this where David Gouveia explains a great way to get around the person's problem by separating the two axis. So I implemented the solution and it all worked perfectly from all the testes I through at it. Then I implemented more advanced platforming physics and the collision detection broke down. Unfortunately I have not been able to get it to work again which is where you guys come in :)! I will present the code first: public void Update(GameTime gameTime) { if(Input.GetKeyDown(Keys.A)) { velocity.X -= moveAcceleration; } else if(Input.GetKeyDown(Keys.D)) { velocity.X += moveAcceleration; } if(Input.GetKeyDown(Keys.Space)) { if((onGround && isPressable) || (!onGround && airTime <= maxAirTime && isPressable)) { onGround = false; airTime += (float)gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalSeconds; velocity.Y = initialJumpVelocity * (1.0f - (float)Math.Pow(airTime / maxAirTime, Math.PI)); } } else if(Input.GetKeyReleased(Keys.Space)) { isPressable = false; } if(onGround) { velocity.X *= groundDrag; velocity.Y = 0.0f; } else { velocity.X *= airDrag; velocity.Y += gravityAcceleration; } velocity.Y = MathHelper.Clamp(velocity.Y, -maxFallSpeed, maxFallSpeed); velocity.X = MathHelper.Clamp(velocity.X, -maxMoveSpeed, maxMoveSpeed); position += velocity * (float)gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalSeconds; position = new Vector2((float)Math.Round(position.X), (float)Math.Round(position.Y)); if(Math.Round(velocity.X) != 0.0f) { HandleCollisions2(Direction.Horizontal); } if(Math.Round(velocity.Y) != 0.0f) { HandleCollisions2(Direction.Vertical); } } private void HandleCollisions2(Direction direction) { int topTile = (int)Math.Floor((float)Bounds.Top / Tile.PixelTileSize); int bottomTile = (int)Math.Ceiling((float)Bounds.Bottom / Tile.PixelTileSize) - 1; int leftTile = (int)Math.Floor((float)Bounds.Left / Tile.PixelTileSize); int rightTile = (int)Math.Ceiling((float)Bounds.Right / Tile.PixelTileSize) - 1; for(int x = leftTile; x <= rightTile; x++) { for(int y = topTile; y <= bottomTile; y++) { Rectangle tileBounds = new Rectangle(x * Tile.PixelTileSize, y * Tile.PixelTileSize, Tile.PixelTileSize, Tile.PixelTileSize); Vector2 depth; if(Tile.IsSolid(x, y) && Intersects(tileBounds, direction, out depth)) { if(direction == Direction.Horizontal) { position.X += depth.X; } else { onGround = true; isPressable = true; airTime = 0.0f; position.Y += depth.Y; } } } } } From the code you can see when velocity.X is not equal to zero the HandleCollisions() Method is called along the horizontal axis and likewise for the vertical axis. When velocity.X is not equal to zero and velocity.Y is equal to zero it works fine. When velocity.Y is not equal to zero and velocity.X is equal to zero everything also works fine. However when both axis are not equal to zero that's when it doesn't work and I don't know why. I basically teleport to the left side of a tile when both axis are not equal to zero and there is a air block next to me. Hopefully someone can see the problem with this because I sure don't as far as I'm aware nothing has even changed from what I'm doing to what the linked post's solution is doing. Thanks.

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  • Opening an XML in Unity3D when the game is built

    - by N0xus
    At the moment, my game can open up an XML file inside the editor when I run it. In my XMLReader.cs I'm loading in my file like so: _xmlDocument.Load(Application.dataPath + "\\HV_Settings\\Settings.xml"); This class also deals with what the XML should do once it has been read in. However, when I build the game and run the exe, this file isn't called. I know that I can store this file in the C drive, but I want to keep everything in one place so when I start to release what I'm working on, the user doesn't need to do anything. Am I doing something silly which is causing the XML not to be read?

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  • C# creating a simple snake game

    - by Guy David
    I was thinking about creating a snake game with C#, so I ran ideas in my head, and some problems came up. How can I track and output in the correct location the blocks that run after the snake's head? If the snake is built of five blocks, and the user starts going in a circle, how can I print the snake body in the right location? Also, how can I create an action that will run on the background, which will move the snake forward, no matter what the user does? What structure should my code have? (code design structure) This should be a console application, since it's the only framework I am familiar with. I am not looking for finished code, since I want to really understand how it should work.

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  • Are there existing FOSS component-based frameworks?

    - by Tesserex
    The component based game programming paradigm is becoming much more popular. I was wondering, are there any projects out there that offer a reusable component framework? In any language, I guess I don't care about that. It's not for my own project, I'm just curious. Specifically I mean are there projects that include a base Entity class, a base Component class, and maybe some standard components? It would then be much easier starting a game if you didn't want to reinvent the wheel, or maybe you want a GraphicsComponent that does sprites with Direct3D, but you figure it's already been done a dozen times. A quick Googling turns up Rusher. Has anyone heard of this / does anyone use it? If there are no popular ones, then why not? Is it too difficult to make something like this reusable, and they need heavy customization? In my own implementation I found a lot of boilerplate that could be shoved into a framework.

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  • Recommended method towards making custom maps for a 2d game?

    - by Qasim
    I am planning on making a 2D game, however different from my last personal projects I want this one to have enhanced graphics, with custom-designed levels. My previous 2d platformers were tile-based, in which I made a map editor for to create levels. However, I am wondering the best way to implement custom designed maps? For say, some grass is a litter higher than others, flowers here and there, cool drawings and structures along the way, etc. instead of just the same old tiles over and over again. I am thinking but I just can't grasp the idea of how to implement it. I have seen it done in other games and am interested to see how they accomplish it, but can't get my hands on some source code. :(

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  • How can I make the camera return to the beginning of the terrain when it reaches the end?

    - by wbaccari
    How can I make the camera return to the beginning of the terrain when it reaches the end? I tried using the ICameraSceneNode*-setPosition(). if (camera->getPosition().X>1200.f) camera->setPosition(vector3df(1.f,1550.f,camera->getPosition().Z)); if (camera->getPosition().X<0.f) camera->setPosition(vector3df(1199.f,1550.f,camera->getPosition().Z)); if (camera->getPosition().Z>1200.f) camera->setPosition(vector3df(camera->getPosition().X,1550.f,1.f)); if (camera->getPosition().Z<0.f) camera->setPosition(vector3df(camera->getPosition().X,1550.f,1199.f)); It seems to work fine with a flat terrain (one shade of grey in heightmap) but it starts to produce a strange behavior as soon as i try to add some hills. Edit: The setPosition() call seems to perform a translation of the camera toward the new position, therefore the camera stops at the first obstacle it encounters on its way.

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  • How to draw a global day night curve

    - by Lumis
    I see many applications which have world-clock map, and I would like to make my own to enhance some of my mobile apps. I wonder if anybody has any knowledge where to start, how to draw a curved shadow representing the dawn and the sunset on the globe. See the example: http://aa.usno.navy.mil/imagery/earth/map?year=2012&month=6&day=19&hour=14&minute=47 I think that this curve goes up and down and creates an artic day/night etc Perhaps there is some acceptable approximation formula without a need to load data for each our and each global parallel and meridian...

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  • Is there a maximum delay an UDP packet can have?

    - by Jens Nolte
    I am currently implementing a real-time network protocol for a multiplayer game using UDP. I am not having any technical difficulties, but as I always have to care about late UDP packets I am wondering just how late they can arrive. I have researched the topic and have not found any mention of it, so I assume there is no technical limitation, but I wonder if common network/internet architecture (or hardware) gives an effective limitation of how late a UDP packet can be delivered.

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  • Collisions between moving ball and polygons

    - by miguelSantirso
    I know this is a very typical problem and that there area a lot of similar questions, but I have been looking for a while and I have not found anything that fits what I want. I am developing a 2D game in which I need to perform collisions between a ball and simple polygons. The polygons are defined as an array of vertices. I have implemented the collisions with the bounding boxes of the polygons (that was easy) and I need to refine that collision in the cases where the ball collides with the bounding box. The ball can move quite fast and the polygons are not too big so I need to perform continuous collisions. I am looking for a method that allows me to detect if the ball collides with a polygon and, at the same time, calculate the new direction for the ball after bouncing in the polygon. (I am using XNA, in case that helps)

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  • Timing Calculations for Opengl ES 2.0 draw calls

    - by Arun AC
    I am drawing a cube in OpenGL ES 2.0 in Linux. I am calculating the time taken for each frame using below function #define NANO 1000000000 #define NANO_TO_MICRO(x) ((x)/1000) uint64_t getTick() { struct timespec stCT; clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &stCT); uint64_t iCurrTimeNano = (1000000000 * stCT.tv_sec + stCT.tv_nsec); // in Nano Secs uint64_t iCurrTimeMicro = NANO_TO_MICRO(iCurrTimeNano); // in Micro Secs return iCurrTimeMicro; } I am running my code for 100 frames with simple x-axis rotation. I am getting around 200 to 220 microsecs per frame. that means am i getting around (1/220microsec = 4545) FPS Is my GPU is that fast? I strongly doubt this result. what went wrong in the code? Regards, Arun AC

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  • Full screen blackout using allegro in codeblocks

    - by Armando Ortiz
    I'm very interested in game programming and I'm taking my first steps alone. So I installed allegro. Although Dev-C++ didn't work, Code::Blocks compiled successfully. I started out with this basic program: #include <allegro.h> int main(){ allegro_init(); install_keyboard(); set_gfx_mode( GFX_AUTODETECT, 640, 480, 0, 0); readkey(); return 0; } END_OF_MAIN(); The problem comes in when I try to run it. It opens the little window as always, but rapidly blacks out my whole screen. I press any key and it takes me back to the little window telling me that it finished, which means the program worked. But I try any other program with allegro, like: #include <allegro.h> int x = 10; int y = 10; int main(){ allegro_init(); install_keyboard(); set_gfx_mode( GFX_AUTODETECT, 640, 480, 0, 0); while ( !key[KEY_ESC] ){ clear_keybuf(); acquire_screen(); textout_ex( screen, font, " ", x, y, makecol( 0, 0, 0), makecol( 0, 0, 0) ); if (key[KEY_UP]) --y; else if (key[KEY_DOWN]) ++y; else if (key[KEY_RIGHT]) ++x; else if (key[KEY_LEFT]) --x; textout_ex( screen, font, "@", x, y, makecol( 255, 0, 0), makecol( 0, 0, 0) ); release_screen(); rest(50); } return 0; } END_OF_MAIN(); And the same thing happens over and over again! Is there something I'm doing wrong?

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  • Will polishing my current project be a better learning experience than starting a new one?

    - by Alejandro Cámara
    I started programming many years ago. Now I'm trying to make games. I have read many recommendations to start cloning some well known games like galaga, tetris, arkanoid, etc. I have also read that I should go for the whole game (including menus, sound, score, etc.). Yesterday I finished the first complete version of my arkanoid clone. But it is far from over. I can still work on it for months (I program as a hobby in my free time) implementing a screen resolution switcher, remap of the control keys, power-ups falling from broken bricks, and a huge etc. But I do not want to be forever learning how to clone ONE game. I have the urge to get to the next clone in order to apply some design ideas I have come upon while developing this arkanoid clone (at the same time I am reading the GoF book and much source code from Ludum Dare 21 game contest). So the question is: Should I keep improving the arkanoid clone until it has all the features the original game had? or should I move to the next clone (there are almost infinite games to clone) and start mending the things I did wrong with the previous clone? This can be a very subjective question, so please restrain the answers to the most effective way to learn how to make my own games (not cloning someone ideas). Thank you! CLARIFICATION In order to clarify what I have implemented I make this list: Features implemented: Bouncing capabilities (the ball bounces on walls, on bricks, and on the bar). Sounds when bouncing on bricks and the bar, and when the player wins or loses. Basic title menu (new game and exit only). Also in-game menu and win/lose menus. Only three levels, but the map system is so easy I do not think it will teach me much (am I wrong?). Features not-implemented: Power-ups when breaking the bricks. Complex bricks (with more than one "hit point" and invincible). Better graphics (I am not really good at it). Programming polishing (use more intensively the design patterns). Here's a link to its (minimal) webpage: http://blog.acamara.es/piperine/ I kind of feel ashamed to show it, so please do not hit me too hard :-) My question was related to the not-implemented features. I wondered what was the fastest (optimal) path to learn. 1) implement the not-implemented features in this project which is getting big, or 2) make a new game which probably will teach me those lessons and new ones. ANSWER I choose @ashes999 answer because, in my case, I think I should polish more and try to "ship" the game. I think all the other answers are also important to bear in mind, so if you came here having the same question, before taking a rush decision read all the discussion. Thank you all!

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  • Can't get LWJGL lighting to work

    - by Zarkonnen
    I'm trying to enable lighting in lwjgl according to the method described by NeHe and this post. However, no matter what I try, all faces of my shapes always receive the same amount of light, or, in the case of a spinning shape, the amount of lighting seems to oscillate. All faces are lit up by the same amount, which changes as the pyramid rotates. Concrete example (apologies for the length): Note how all panels are always the same brightness, but the brightness varies with the pyramid's rotation. This is using lwjgl 2.8.3 on Mac OS X. package com; import com.zarkonnen.lwjgltest.Main; import org.lwjgl.opengl.Display; import org.lwjgl.opengl.DisplayMode; import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11; import org.newdawn.slick.opengl.Texture; import org.newdawn.slick.opengl.TextureLoader; import org.lwjgl.util.glu.*; import org.lwjgl.input.Keyboard; import java.nio.FloatBuffer; import java.nio.ByteBuffer; import java.nio.ByteOrder; /** * * @author penguin */ public class main { public static void main(String[] args) { try { Display.setDisplayMode(new DisplayMode(800, 600)); Display.setTitle("3D Pyramid"); Display.create(); } catch (Exception e) { } initGL(); float rtri = 0.0f; Texture texture = null; try { texture = TextureLoader.getTexture("png", Main.class.getResourceAsStream("tex.png")); } catch (Exception ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } while (!Display.isCloseRequested()) { // Draw a Triangle :D GL11.glClear(GL11.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL11.GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); GL11.glLoadIdentity(); GL11.glTranslatef(0.0f, 0.0f, -10.0f); GL11.glRotatef(rtri, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); texture.bind(); GL11.glBegin(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES); GL11.glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 1.0f); GL11.glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); GL11.glTexCoord2f(-1.0f, -1.0f); GL11.glVertex3f(-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f); GL11.glTexCoord2f(1.0f, -1.0f); GL11.glVertex3f(1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f); GL11.glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 1.0f); GL11.glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); GL11.glTexCoord2f(-1.0f, -1.0f); GL11.glVertex3f(1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f); GL11.glTexCoord2f(1.0f, -1.0f); GL11.glVertex3f(1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f); GL11.glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 1.0f); GL11.glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); GL11.glTexCoord2f(-1.0f, -1.0f); GL11.glVertex3f(-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f); GL11.glTexCoord2f(1.0f, -1.0f); GL11.glVertex3f(1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f); GL11.glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 1.0f); GL11.glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); GL11.glTexCoord2f(-1.0f, -1.0f); GL11.glVertex3f(-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f); GL11.glTexCoord2f(1.0f, -1.0f); GL11.glVertex3f(-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f); GL11.glEnd(); GL11.glBegin(GL11.GL_QUADS); GL11.glVertex3f(1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f); GL11.glVertex3f(1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f); GL11.glVertex3f(-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f); GL11.glVertex3f(-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f); GL11.glEnd(); Display.update(); rtri += 0.05f; // Exit-Key = ESC boolean exitPressed = Keyboard.isKeyDown(Keyboard.KEY_ESCAPE); if (exitPressed) { System.out.println("Escape was pressed!"); Display.destroy(); } } Display.destroy(); } private static void initGL() { GL11.glEnable(GL11.GL_LIGHTING); GL11.glMatrixMode(GL11.GL_PROJECTION); GL11.glLoadIdentity(); GLU.gluPerspective(45.0f, ((float) 800) / ((float) 600), 0.1f, 100.0f); GL11.glMatrixMode(GL11.GL_MODELVIEW); GL11.glLoadIdentity(); GL11.glEnable(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D); GL11.glShadeModel(GL11.GL_SMOOTH); GL11.glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); GL11.glClearDepth(1.0f); GL11.glEnable(GL11.GL_DEPTH_TEST); GL11.glDepthFunc(GL11.GL_LEQUAL); GL11.glHint(GL11.GL_PERSPECTIVE_CORRECTION_HINT, GL11.GL_NICEST); float lightAmbient[] = {0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f}; // Ambient Light Values float lightDiffuse[] = {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}; // Diffuse Light Values float lightPosition[] = {0.0f, 0.0f, 2.0f, 1.0f}; // Light Position ByteBuffer temp = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(16); temp.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()); GL11.glLight(GL11.GL_LIGHT1, GL11.GL_AMBIENT, (FloatBuffer) temp.asFloatBuffer().put(lightAmbient).flip()); // Setup The Ambient Light GL11.glLight(GL11.GL_LIGHT1, GL11.GL_DIFFUSE, (FloatBuffer) temp.asFloatBuffer().put(lightDiffuse).flip()); // Setup The Diffuse Light GL11.glLight(GL11.GL_LIGHT1, GL11.GL_POSITION, (FloatBuffer) temp.asFloatBuffer().put(lightPosition).flip()); // Position The Light GL11.glEnable(GL11.GL_LIGHT1); // Enable Light One } }

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  • Why does glGetString returns a NULL string

    - by snape
    I am trying my hands at GLFW library. I have written a basic program to get OpenGL renderer and vendor string. Here is the code #include <GL/glew.h> #include <GL/glfw.h> #include <cstdio> #include <cstdlib> #include <string> using namespace std; void shutDown(int returnCode) { printf("There was an error in running the code with error %d\n",returnCode); GLenum res = glGetError(); const GLubyte *errString = gluErrorString(res); printf("Error is %s\n", errString); glfwTerminate(); exit(returnCode); } int main() { // start GL context and O/S window using GLFW helper library if (glfwInit() != GL_TRUE) shutDown(1); if (glfwOpenWindow(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, GLFW_WINDOW) != GL_TRUE) shutDown(2); // start GLEW extension handler glewInit(); // get version info const GLubyte* renderer = glGetString (GL_RENDERER); // get renderer string const GLubyte* version = glGetString (GL_VERSION); // version as a string printf("Renderer: %s\n", renderer); printf("OpenGL version supported %s\n", version); // close GL context and any other GLFW resources glfwTerminate(); return 0; } I googled this error and found out that we have to initialize the OpenGL context before calling glGetString(). Although I have initialized OpenGL context using glfwInit() but still the function returns a NULL string. Any ideas? Edit I have updated the code with error checking mechanisms. This code on running outputs the following There was an error in running the code with error 2 Error is no error

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  • As an indie game dev, what processes are the best for soliciting feedback on my design/spec/idea? [closed]

    - by Jess Telford
    Background I have worked in a professional environment where the process usually goes like the following: Brain storm idea Solidify the game mechanics / design Iterate on design/idea to create a more solid experience Spec out the details of the design/idea Build it Step 3. is generally done with the stakeholders of the game (developers, designers, investors, publishers, etc) to reach an 'agreement' which meets the goals of all involved. Due to this process involving a series of often opposing and unique view points, creative solutions can surface through discussion / iteration. This is backed up by a process for collating the changes / new ideas, as well as structured time for discussion. As a (now) indie developer, I have to play the role of all the stakeholders (developers, designers, investors, publishers, etc), and often find myself too close to the idea / design to do more than minor changes, which I feel to be local maxima when it comes to the best result (I'm looking for the global maxima, of course). I have read that ideas / game designs / unique mechanics are merely multipliers of execution, and that keeping them secret is just silly. In sharing the idea with others outside the realm of my own thinking, I hope to replicate the influence other stakeholders have. I am struggling with the collation of changes / new ideas, and any kind of structured method of receiving feedback. My question: As an indie game developer, how and where can I share my ideas/designs to receive meaningful / constructive feedback? How can I successfully collate the feedback into a new iteration of the design? Are there any specialized websites, etc?

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  • Transformation matrix that maps a window

    - by gbhall
    I'm currently learning OpenGL at uni, and they give us questions to help us learn (these are not worth anything), however I'm stuck on this one question and would have to travel over an hour and a half to uni for an answer. How do I do this question? Please include as many steps as you can, I want to be able to follow exactly how to do this. Find the transformation that maps a window whose lower left corner is at (1,1) and upper right corner is at (3,5) onto: The entire device screen whose dimension is (600, 500) A viewport that has lower left corner at (100,100) and upper right corner at (400,400) Edit: Damn sorry I should have added I am meant to find the matrix, so no code.

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  • Unable to create xcode project again from unity

    - by Engr Anum
    I am using unity 4.5.3. I already created/built xcode project from unity. However, there were some strange linking errors I was unable to solve, so I decided to delete my xcode project and rebuilt it again from unity. Unfortunately, whenever I try to build the project, just empty project folder is created. There is nothing inside it. I don't know why it is happening. Please tell me how can I create xcode project again. May be I am missing small thing. Thanks.

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  • How to handle a player's level and its consequent privileges?

    - by Songo
    I'm building a game similar to Mafia Wars where a player can do tasks for his gang and gain experience and thus advancing his level. The game is built using PHP and a Mysql database. In the game I want to limit the resources allowed to player based on his level. For example: ________| (Max gold) | (Max army size) | (Max moves) | ... Level 1 | 1000 | 100 | 10 | ... Level 2 | 1500 | 200 | 20 | ... Level 3 | 3000 | 300 | 25 | ... . . . In addition certain features of the game won't be allowed until a certain level is reached such as players under Level 10 can't trade in the game market, players under Level 20 can't create alliances,...etc. The way I have modeled it is by implementing a very loooong ACL (Access Control List) with about 100 entries (an entry for each level). However, I think there may be a simpler approach to this seeing that this feature have been implemented in many games before.

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  • What's the proper way to calculate probability for a card game?

    - by Milan Babuškov
    I'm creating AI for a card game, and I run into problem calculating the probability of passing/failing the hand when AI needs to start the hand. Cards are A, K, Q, J, 10, 9, 8, 7 (with A being the strongest) and AI needs to play to not take the hand. Assuming there are 4 cards of the suit left in the game and one is in AI's hand, I need to calculate probability that one of the other players would take the hand. Here's an example: AI player has: J Other 2 players have: A, K, 7 If a single opponent has AK7 then AI would lose. However, if one of the players has A or K without 7, AI would survive. Now, looking at possible distribution, I have: P1 P2 AI --- --- --- AK7 loses AK 7 survives A7 K survives K7 A survives A 7K survives K 7A survives 7 KA survives AK7 loses Looking at this, it seems that there is 75% chance of survival. However, I skipped the permutations that mirror the ones from above. It should be the same, but somehow when I write them all down, it seems that chance is only 50%: P1 P2 AI --- --- --- AK7 loses A7K loses K7A loses KA7 loses 7AK loses 7KA loses AK 7 survives A7 K survives K7 A survives KA 7 survives 7A K survives 7K A survives A K7 survives A 7K survives K 7A survives K A7 survives 7 AK survives 7 KA survives AK7 loses A7K loses K7A loses KA7 loses 7AK loses 7KA loses 12 loses, 12 survivals = 50% chance. Obviously, it should be the same (shouldn't it?) and I'm missing something in one of the ways to calculate. Which one is correct?

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  • How do I apply skeletal animation from a .x (Direct X) file?

    - by Byte56
    Using the .x format to export a model from Blender, I can load a mesh, armature and animation. I have no problems generating the mesh and viewing models in game. Additionally, I have animations and the armature properly loaded into appropriate data structures. My problem is properly applying the animation to the models. I have the framework for applying the models and the code for selecting animations and stepping through frames. From what I understand, the AnimationKeys inside the AnimationSet supplies the transformations to transform the bind pose to the pose in the animated frame. As small example: Animation { {Armature_001_Bone} AnimationKey { 2; //Position 121; //number of frames 0;3; 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000;;, 1;3; 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.005524;;, 2;3; 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.022217;;, ... } AnimationKey { 0; //Quaternion Rotation 121; 0;4; -0.707107, 0.707107, 0.000000, 0.000000;;, 1;4; -0.697332, 0.697332, 0.015710, 0.015710;;, 2;4; -0.684805, 0.684805, 0.035442, 0.035442;;, ... } AnimationKey { 1; //Scale 121; 0;3; 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000;;, 1;3; 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000;;, 2;3; 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000;;, ... } } So, to apply frame 2, I would take the position, rotation and scale from frame 2, create a transformation matrix (call it Transform_A) from them and apply that matrix the vertices controlled by Armature_001_Bone at their weights. So I'd stuff TransformA into my shader and transform the vertex. Something like: vertexPos = vertexPos * bones[ int(bfs_BoneIndices.x) ] * bfs_BoneWeights.x; Where bfs_BoneIndices and bfs_BoneWeights are values specific to the current vertex. When loading in the mesh vertices, I transform them by the rootTransform and the meshTransform. This ensures they're oriented and scaled correctly for viewing the bind pose. The problem is when I create that transformation matrix (using the position, rotation and scale from the animation), it doesn't properly transform the vertex. There's likely more to it than just using the animation data. I also tried applying the bone transform hierarchies, still no dice. Basically I end up with some twisted models. It should also be noted that I'm working in openGL, so any matrix transposes that might need to be applied should be considered. What data do I need and how do I combine it for applying .x animations to models?

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  • How do I draw a point sprite using OpenGL ES on Android?

    - by nbolton
    Edit: I'm using the GL enum, which is incorrect since it's not part of OpenGL ES (see my answer). I should have used GL10, GL11 or GL20 instead. Here's a few snippets of what I have so far... void create() { renderer = new ImmediateModeRenderer(); tiles = Gdx.graphics.newTexture( Gdx.files.getFileHandle("res/tiles2.png", FileType.Internal), TextureFilter.MipMap, TextureFilter.Linear, TextureWrap.ClampToEdge, TextureWrap.ClampToEdge); } void render() { Gdx.gl.glClear(GL10.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL10.GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); Gdx.gl.glClearColor(0.6f, 0.7f, 0.9f, 1); } void renderSprite() { int handle = tiles.getTextureObjectHandle(); Gdx.gl.glBindTexture(GL.GL_TEXTURE_2D, handle); Gdx.gl.glEnable(GL.GL_POINT_SPRITE); Gdx.gl11.glTexEnvi(GL.GL_POINT_SPRITE, GL.GL_COORD_REPLACE, GL.GL_TRUE); renderer.begin(GL.GL_POINTS); renderer.vertex(pos.x, pos.y, pos.z); renderer.end(); } create() is called once when the program starts, and renderSprites() is called for each sprite (so, pos is unique to each sprite) where the sprites are arranged in a sort-of 3D cube. Unfortunately though, this just renders a few white dots... I suppose that the texture isn't being bound which is why I'm getting white dots. Also, when I draw my sprites on anything other than 0 z-axis, they do not appear -- I read that I need to crease my zfar and znear, but I have no idea how to do this using libgdx (perhaps it's because I'm using ortho projection? What do I use instead?). I know that the texture is usable, since I was able to render it using a SpriteBatch, but I guess I'm not using it properly with OpenGL.

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  • Learning to optimize with Assembly

    - by niktehpui
    I am a second year student of Computer Games Technology. I recently finished my first prototype of my "kind" of own pathfinder (that doesn't use A* instead a geometrical approach/pattern recognition, the pathfinder just needs the knowledge about the terrain that is in his view to make decisions, because I wanted an AI that could actually explore, if the terrain is already known, then it will walk the shortest way easily, because the pathfinder has a memory of nodes). Anyway my question is more general: How do I start optimizing algorithms/loops/for_each/etc. using Assembly, although general tips are welcome. I am specifically looking for good books, because it is really hard to find good books on this topic. There are some small articles out there like this one, but still isn't enough knowledge to optimize an algorithm/game... I hope there is a modern good book out there, that I just couldn't find...

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  • Javascript A* path finding ENEMY MOVEMENT in 3D environment

    - by faiz
    iam trying to implement pathfinding algorithm using PATHFINDING.JS in 3D world using webgl. iam have made a matrix of 200x200. and placed my enemy(swat) in it .iam confused in implmenting the path. i have tried implementing the path by compparing the value of each array value with swat's position . it works ! but ** THE ENEMY KEEPS GOING FROM THE UNWALKABLE AREA OF MY MATRIX....like the enemy should not move from 119,100(x=119,z=100) but its moving from that co-ordinate too ..... can any one help me out in this regard .. *prob facing :* enemy (swat character keeps moving from the wall /unwalkable area) wanted solution : enemy does not move from the unwalkable path.. ** function draw() { grid = new PF.Grid(200, 200); grid.setWalkableAt( 119,100, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 107,100, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 103,104, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 103,100, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 135,100, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 103,120, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 103,112, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 127,100, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 123,100, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 139,100, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 103,124, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 103,128, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 115,100, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 131,100, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 103,116, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 103,108, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 111,100, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 103,132, false); finder = new PF.AStarFinder(); f1=Math.abs(first_person_controller.position.x); f2=Math.abs(first_person_controller.position.z); ff1=Math.round(f1); ff2=Math.round(f2); s1=Math.abs(swat.position.x); s2=Math.abs(swat.position.z); ss1=Math.round(s1); ss2=Math.round(s1); path = finder.findPath(ss1,ss2,ff1,ff2, grid); size=path.length-1; Ai(); } function Ai(){ if (i<size) { if (swat.position.x >= path[i][0]) { swat.position.x -= 0.3; if(Math.floor(swat.position.x) == path[i][0]) { i=i+1; } } else if(swat.position.x <= path[i][0]) { swat.position.x += 0.3; if(Math.floor(swat.position.x) == path[i][0]) { i=i+1; } } } if (j<size) { if((Math.abs(swat.position.z)) >= path[j][1]) { swat.position.z -= 0.3; if(Math.floor(Math.abs(swat.position.z)) == path[j][1]) { j=j+1; } } else if((Math.abs(swat.position.z)) <= path[j][1]) { swat.position.z += 0.3; if(Math.floor(Math.abs(swat.position.z)) == path[j][1]) { j=j+1; } } } }

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  • Trying to detect collision between two polygons using Separating Axis Theorem

    - by Holly
    The only collision experience i've had was with simple rectangles, i wanted to find something that would allow me to define polygonal areas for collision and have been trying to make sense of SAT using these two links Though i'm a bit iffy with the math for the most part i feel like i understand the theory! Except my implementation somewhere down the line must be off as: (excuse the hideous font) As mentioned above i have defined a CollisionPolygon class where most of my theory is implemented and then have a helper class called Vect which was meant to be for Vectors but has also been used to contain a vertex given that both just have two float values. I've tried stepping through the function and inspecting the values to solve things but given so many axes and vectors and new math to work out as i go i'm struggling to find the erroneous calculation(s) and would really appreciate any help. Apologies if this is not suitable as a question! CollisionPolygon.java: package biz.hireholly.gameplay; import android.graphics.Canvas; import android.graphics.Color; import android.graphics.Paint; import biz.hireholly.gameplay.Types.Vect; public class CollisionPolygon { Paint paint; private Vect[] vertices; private Vect[] separationAxes; CollisionPolygon(Vect[] vertices){ this.vertices = vertices; //compute edges and separations axes separationAxes = new Vect[vertices.length]; for (int i = 0; i < vertices.length; i++) { // get the current vertex Vect p1 = vertices[i]; // get the next vertex Vect p2 = vertices[i + 1 == vertices.length ? 0 : i + 1]; // subtract the two to get the edge vector Vect edge = p1.subtract(p2); // get either perpendicular vector Vect normal = edge.perp(); // the perp method is just (x, y) => (-y, x) or (y, -x) separationAxes[i] = normal; } paint = new Paint(); paint.setColor(Color.RED); } public void draw(Canvas c, int xPos, int yPos){ for (int i = 0; i < vertices.length; i++) { Vect v1 = vertices[i]; Vect v2 = vertices[i + 1 == vertices.length ? 0 : i + 1]; c.drawLine( xPos + v1.x, yPos + v1.y, xPos + v2.x, yPos + v2.y, paint); } } /* consider changing to a static function */ public boolean intersects(CollisionPolygon p){ // loop over this polygons separation exes for (Vect axis : separationAxes) { // project both shapes onto the axis Vect p1 = this.minMaxProjection(axis); Vect p2 = p.minMaxProjection(axis); // do the projections overlap? if (!p1.overlap(p2)) { // then we can guarantee that the shapes do not overlap return false; } } // loop over the other polygons separation axes Vect[] sepAxesOther = p.getSeparationAxes(); for (Vect axis : sepAxesOther) { // project both shapes onto the axis Vect p1 = this.minMaxProjection(axis); Vect p2 = p.minMaxProjection(axis); // do the projections overlap? if (!p1.overlap(p2)) { // then we can guarantee that the shapes do not overlap return false; } } // if we get here then we know that every axis had overlap on it // so we can guarantee an intersection return true; } /* Note projections wont actually be acurate if the axes aren't normalised * but that's not necessary since we just need a boolean return from our * intersects not a Minimum Translation Vector. */ private Vect minMaxProjection(Vect axis) { float min = axis.dot(vertices[0]); float max = min; for (int i = 1; i < vertices.length; i++) { float p = axis.dot(vertices[i]); if (p < min) { min = p; } else if (p > max) { max = p; } } Vect minMaxProj = new Vect(min, max); return minMaxProj; } public Vect[] getSeparationAxes() { return separationAxes; } public Vect[] getVertices() { return vertices; } } Vect.java: package biz.hireholly.gameplay.Types; /* NOTE: Can also be used to hold vertices! Projections, coordinates ect */ public class Vect{ public float x; public float y; public Vect(float x, float y){ this.x = x; this.y = y; } public Vect perp() { return new Vect(-y, x); } public Vect subtract(Vect other) { return new Vect(x - other.x, y - other.y); } public boolean overlap(Vect other) { if( other.x <= y || other.y >= x){ return true; } return false; } /* used specifically for my SAT implementation which i'm figuring out as i go, * references for later.. * http://www.gamedev.net/page/resources/_/technical/game-programming/2d-rotated-rectangle-collision-r2604 * http://www.codezealot.org/archives/55 */ public float scalarDotProjection(Vect other) { //multiplier = dot product / length^2 float multiplier = dot(other) / (x*x + y*y); //to get the x/y of the projection vector multiply by x/y of axis float projX = multiplier * x; float projY = multiplier * y; //we want to return the dot product of the projection, it's meaningless but useful in our SAT case return dot(new Vect(projX,projY)); } public float dot(Vect other){ return (other.x*x + other.y*y); } }

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