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• java immutable object question

  - by cometta

  String abc[]={"abc"}; String def[]={}; def=abc; def[0]=def[0]+"changed"; System.out.println(abc[0]); by changing "def" object, my abc object is changed as well. Beside String[] array has this characteristic what other java object has similar characteristic? can explain more? in order to prevent abc from changed when i changed def, i will have to do def = abc.clone();

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• python decorator to modify variable in current scope

  - by AlexH

  Goal: Make a decorator which can modify the scope that it is used in. If it worked: class Blah(): # or perhaps class Blah(ParentClassWhichMakesThisPossible) def one(self): pass @decorated def two(self): pass Blah.decorated ["two"] Why? I essentially want to write classes which can maintain specific dictionaries of methods, so that I can retrieve lists of available methods of different types on a per class basis. errr..... I want to do this: class RuleClass(ParentClass): @rule def blah(self): pass @rule def kapow(self): pass def shazam(self): class OtherRuleClass(ParentClass): @rule def foo(self): pass def bar(self): pass RuleClass.rules.keys() ["blah", "kapow"] OtherRuleClass.rules.keys() ["foo"]

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• [Django] Change state of obiects

  - by gameboy

  hi I have following problem. I have model: class Towar(models.Model): nrSeryjny=models.CharField(max_length=100) opis=models.CharField(max_length=255) naStanie=models.NullBooleanField(null=True) def __unicode__(self): return "%s" % self.opis def lowerName(self): return self.__class__.__name__.lower() def checkState(self): return self.naStanie def changeState(self,state): self.naStanie=state class Meta: ordering=['nrSeryjny'] app_label = 'baza' permissions=(("view_towar","mozna miec podglad dla towar"),) and model : class Wypozyczenie(models.Model): dataPobrania=models.DateField() pracownik=models.ForeignKey(User,null=True) kontrahent=models.ForeignKey(Kontrahenci,null=True) towar=models.ForeignKey(Towar,null=True) objects=WypozyczenieManager() default_objects=models.Manager() ZwrotyObjects=WypozyczenieZwrotyManager() def lowerName(self): return self.__class__.__name__.lower() def __unicode__(self): if self.towar == None: return "Dla:%s -- Kto:%s -- Kiedy:%s -- Co:%s" % (self.kontrahent,self.pracownik,self.dataPobrania,"Brak") else: return "Dla:%s -- Kto:%s -- Kiedy:%s -- Co:%s" % (self.kontrahent,self.pracownik,self.dataPobrania,self.towar) class Meta: ordering=['dataPobrania'] app_label = 'baza' permissions=(("view_wypozyczenie","mozna miec podglad dla wypozyczenie"),) and view to adding models: def modelAdd(request,model,modelForm): mod=model() if request.user.has_perm('baza.add_%s' % mod.lowerName()): if request.method=='POST': form=modelForm(request.POST) if form.is_valid(): form.save() return HttpResponseRedirect('/'+ mod.lowerName() + '/') else: form=modelForm() v=RequestContext(request,{'form':form}) return render_to_response('add_form.html',v) and i whant do that, when i add Wypozyczenie and save it then the Towar that is stored by Wypozyczenie change his na stanie from True to False Greets

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• crashing out in a while loop python

  - by Edward

  How to solve this error? i want to pass the values from get_robotxya() and get_ballxya() and use it in a loop but it seems that it will crash after awhile how do i fix this? i want to get the values whithout it crashing out of the while loop import socket import os,sys import time from threading import Thread HOST = '59.191.193.59' PORT = 5555 COORDINATES = [] def connect(): globals()['client_socket'] = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) client_socket.connect((HOST,PORT)) def update_coordinates(): connect() screen_width = 0 screen_height = 0 while True: try: client_socket.send("loc\n") data = client_socket.recv(8192) except: connect(); continue; globals()['COORDINATES'] = data.split() if(not(COORDINATES[-1] == "eom" and COORDINATES[0] == "start")): continue if (screen_width != int(COORDINATES[2])): screen_width = int(COORDINATES[2]) screen_height = int(COORDINATES[3]) return def get_ballxy(): update_coordinates() ballx = int(COORDINATES[8]) bally = int(COORDINATES[9]) return ballx,bally def get_robotxya(): update_coordinates() robotx = int(COORDINATES[12]) roboty = int(COORDINATES[13]) angle = int(COORDINATES[14]) return robotx,roboty,angle def print_ballxy(bx,by): print bx print by def print_robotxya(rx,ry,a): print rx print ry print a def activate(): bx,by = get_ballxy() rx,ry,a = get_robotxya() print_ballxy(bx,by) print_robotxya(rx,ry,a) Thread(target=update_coordinates).start() while True: activate() this is the error i get:

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• python decorator to add function to list in current scope

  - by AlexH

  Goal: Make a decorator which can modify the scope that it is used in. If it worked: class Blah(): # or perhaps class Blah(ParentClassWhichMakesThisPossible) def one(self): pass @decorated def two(self): pass Blah.decorated ["two"] Why? I essentially want to write classes which can maintain specific dictionaries of methods, so that I can retrieve lists of available methods of different types on a per class basis. errr..... I want to do this: class RuleClass(ParentClass): @rule def blah(self): pass @rule def kapow(self): pass def shazam(self): class OtherRuleClass(ParentClass): @rule def foo(self): pass def bar(self): pass RuleClass.rules.keys() ["blah", "kapow"] OtherRuleClass.rules.keys() ["foo"]

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• Is there a performance gain from defining routes in app.yaml versus one large mapping in a WSGIAppli

  - by jgeewax

  Scenario 1 This involves using one "gateway" route in app.yaml and then choosing the RequestHandler in the WSGIApplication. app.yaml - url: /.* script: main.py main.py from google.appengine.ext import webapp class Page1(webapp.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.response.out.write("Page 1") class Page2(webapp.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.response.out.write("Page 2") application = webapp.WSGIApplication([ ('/page1/', Page1), ('/page2/', Page2), ], debug=True) def main(): wsgiref.handlers.CGIHandler().run(application) if __name__ == '__main__': main() Scenario 2: This involves defining two routes in app.yaml and then two separate scripts for each (page1.py and page2.py). app.yaml - url: /page1/ script: page1.py - url: /page2/ script: page2.py page1.py from google.appengine.ext import webapp class Page1(webapp.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.response.out.write("Page 1") application = webapp.WSGIApplication([ ('/page1/', Page1), ], debug=True) def main(): wsgiref.handlers.CGIHandler().run(application) if __name__ == '__main__': main() page2.py from google.appengine.ext import webapp class Page2(webapp.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.response.out.write("Page 2") application = webapp.WSGIApplication([ ('/page2/', Page2), ], debug=True) def main(): wsgiref.handlers.CGIHandler().run(application) if __name__ == '__main__': main() Question What are the benefits and drawbacks of each pattern? Is one much faster than the other?

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• How do I write a writer method for a class variable in Ruby?

  - by tepidsam

  I'm studying Ruby and my brain just froze. In the following code, how would I write the class writer method for 'self.total_people'? I'm trying to 'count' the number of instances of the class 'Person'. class Person attr_accessor :name, :age @@nationalities = ['French', 'American', 'Colombian', 'Japanese', 'Russian', 'Peruvian'] @@current_people = [] @@total_people = 0 def self.nationalities #reader @@nationalities end def self.nationalities=(array=[]) #writer @@nationalities = array end def self.current_people #reader @@current_people end def self.total_people #reader @@total_people end def self.total_people #writer #-----????? end def self.create_with_attributes(name, age) person = self.new(name) person.age = age person.name = name return person end def initialize(name="Bob", age=0) @name = name @age = age puts "A new person has been instantiated." @@total_people =+ 1 @@current_people << self end

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• Automatic conversion between methods and functions in Scala

  - by fikovnik

  I would like to understand the rules when can Scala automatically convert methods into functions. For example, if I have following two methods: def d1(a: Int, b: Int) {} def r[A, B](delegate: (A, B) ? Unit) {} I can do this: r(d1) But, when overloading r it will no longer work: def r[A, B, C](delegate: (A, B, C) ? Unit) {} r(d1) // no longer compiles and I have to explicitly convert method into partially applied function: r(d1 _) Is there any way to accomplish following with the explicit conversion? def r[A, B](delegate: (A, B) ? Unit) {} def r[A, B, C](delegate: (A, B, C) ? Unit) {} def d1(a: Int, b: Int) {} def d2(a: Int, b: Int, c: Int) {} r(d1) // only compiles with r(d1 _) r(d2) // only compiles with r(d2 _) There is somewhat similar question, but it is not fully explained.

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• Python - help on custom wx.Python (pyDev) class

  - by Wallter

  I have been hitting a dead end with this program. I am trying to build a class that will let me control the BIP's of a button when it is in use. so far this is what i have (see following.) It keeps running this weird error TypeError: 'module' object is not callable - I, coming from C++ and C# (for some reason the #include... is so much easier) , have no idea what that means, Google is of no help so... I know I need some real help with sintax and such - anything woudl be helpful. Note: The base code found here was used to create a skeleton for this 'custom button class' Custom Button import wx from wxPython.wx import * class Custom_Button(wx.PyControl): # The BMP's # AM I DOING THIS RIGHT? - I am trying to get empty 'global' # variables within the class Mouse_over_bmp = None #wxEmptyBitmap(1,1,1) # When the mouse is over Norm_bmp = None #wxEmptyBitmap(1,1,1) # The normal BMP Push_bmp = None #wxEmptyBitmap(1,1,1) # The down BMP Pos_bmp = wx.Point(0,0) # The posisition of the button def __init__(self, parent, NORM_BMP, PUSH_BMP, MOUSE_OVER_BMP, pos, size, text="", id=-1, **kwargs): wx.PyControl.__init__(self,parent, id, **kwargs) # The conversions, hereafter, were to solve another but. I don't know if it is # necessary to do this since the source being given to the class (in this case) # is a BMP - is there a better way to prevent an error that i have not # stumbled accost? # Set the BMP's to the ones given in the constructor self.Mouse_over_bmp = wx.Bitmap(wx.Image(MOUSE_OVER_BMP, wx.BITMAP_TYPE_ANY).ConvertToBitmap()) self.Norm_bmp = wx.Bitmap(wx.Image(NORM_BMP, wx.BITMAP_TYPE_ANY).ConvertToBitmap()) self.Push_bmp = wx.Bitmap(wx.Image(PUSH_BMP, wx.BITMAP_TYPE_ANY).ConvertToBitmap()) self.Pos_bmp = self.pos self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEFT_DOWN, self._onMouseDown) self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEFT_UP, self._onMouseUp) self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEAVE_WINDOW, self._onMouseLeave) self.Bind(wx.EVT_ENTER_WINDOW, self._onMouseEnter) self.Bind(wx.EVT_ERASE_BACKGROUND,self._onEraseBackground) self.Bind(wx.EVT_PAINT,self._onPaint) self._mouseIn = self._mouseDown = False def _onMouseEnter(self, event): self._mouseIn = True def _onMouseLeave(self, event): self._mouseIn = False def _onMouseDown(self, event): self._mouseDown = True def _onMouseUp(self, event): self._mouseDown = False self.sendButtonEvent() def sendButtonEvent(self): event = wx.CommandEvent(wx.wxEVT_COMMAND_BUTTON_CLICKED, self.GetId()) event.SetInt(0) event.SetEventObject(self) self.GetEventHandler().ProcessEvent(event) def _onEraseBackground(self,event): # reduce flicker pass def _onPaint(self, event): dc = wx.BufferedPaintDC(self) dc.SetFont(self.GetFont()) dc.SetBackground(wx.Brush(self.GetBackgroundColour())) dc.Clear() dc.DrawBitmap(self.Norm_bmp) # draw whatever you want to draw # draw glossy bitmaps e.g. dc.DrawBitmap if self._mouseIn: # If the Mouse is over the button dc.DrawBitmap(self, self.Mouse_over_bmp, self.Pos_bmp, useMask=False) if self._mouseDown: # If the Mouse clicks the button dc.DrawBitmap(self, self.Push_bmp, self.Pos_bmp, useMask=False) Main.py import wx import Custom_Button from wxPython.wx import * ID_ABOUT = 101 ID_EXIT = 102 class MyFrame(wx.Frame): def __init__(self, parent, ID, title): wxFrame.__init__(self, parent, ID, title, wxDefaultPosition, wxSize(400, 400)) self.CreateStatusBar() self.SetStatusText("Program testing custom button overlays") menu = wxMenu() menu.Append(ID_ABOUT, "&About", "More information about this program") menu.AppendSeparator() menu.Append(ID_EXIT, "E&xit", "Terminate the program") menuBar = wxMenuBar() menuBar.Append(menu, "&File"); self.SetMenuBar(menuBar) self.Button1 = Custom_Button(self, parent, -1, "D:/Documents/Python/Normal.bmp", "D:/Documents/Python/Clicked.bmp", "D:/Documents/Python/Over.bmp", wx.Point(200,200), wx.Size(300,100)) EVT_MENU(self, ID_ABOUT, self.OnAbout) EVT_MENU(self, ID_EXIT, self.TimeToQuit) def OnAbout(self, event): dlg = wxMessageDialog(self, "Testing the functions of custom " "buttons using pyDev and wxPython", "About", wxOK | wxICON_INFORMATION) dlg.ShowModal() dlg.Destroy() def TimeToQuit(self, event): self.Close(true) class MyApp(wx.App): def OnInit(self): frame = MyFrame(NULL, -1, "wxPython | Buttons") frame.Show(true) self.SetTopWindow(frame) return true app = MyApp(0) app.MainLoop() Errors (and traceback) /home/wallter/python/Custom Button overlay/src/Custom_Button.py:8: DeprecationWarning: The wxPython compatibility package is no longer automatically generated or actively maintained. Please switch to the wx package as soon as possible. I have never been able to get this to go away whenever using wxPython any help? from wxPython.wx import * Traceback (most recent call last): File "/home/wallter/python/Custom Button overlay/src/Main.py", line 57, in <module> app = MyApp(0) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/wx-2.8-gtk2-unicode/wx/_core.py", line 7978, in __init__ self._BootstrapApp() File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/wx-2.8-gtk2-unicode/wx/_core.py", line 7552, in _BootstrapApp return _core_.PyApp__BootstrapApp(*args, **kwargs) File "/home/wallter/python/Custom Button overlay/src/Main.py", line 52, in OnInit frame = MyFrame(NULL, -1, "wxPython | Buttons") File "/home/wallter/python/Custom Button overlay/src/Main.py", line 32, in __init__ wx.Point(200,200), wx.Size(300,100)) TypeError: 'module' object is not callable I have tried removing the "wx.Point(200,200), wx.Size(300,100))" just to have the error move up to the line above. Have I declared it right? help?

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• Best style for Python programs: what do you suggest?

  - by Noctis Skytower

  A friend of mine wanted help learning to program, so he gave me all the programs that he wrote for his previous classes. The last program that he wrote was an encryption program, and after rewriting all his programs in Python, this is how his encryption program turned out (after adding my own requirements). #! /usr/bin/env python ################################################################################ """\ CLASS INFORMATION ----------------- Program Name: Program 11 Programmer: Stephen Chappell Instructor: Stephen Chappell for CS 999-0, Python Due Date: 17 May 2010 DOCUMENTATION ------------- This is a simple encryption program that can encode and decode messages.""" ################################################################################ import sys KEY_FILE = 'Key.txt' BACKUP = '''\ !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO\ PQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ _@/6-UC'GzaV0%5Mo9g+yNh8b">Bi=<Lx [sQn#^R.D2Xc(\ Jm!4e${lAEWud&t7]H\`}pvPw)FY,Z~?qK|3SOfk*:1;jTrI''' ################################################################################ def main(): "Run the program: loads key, runs processing loop, and saves key." encode_map, decode_map = load_key(KEY_FILE) try: run_interface_loop(encode_map, decode_map) except SystemExit: pass save_key(KEY_FILE, encode_map) def run_interface_loop(encode_map, decode_map): "Shows the menu and runs the appropriate command." print('This program handles encryption via a customizable key.') while True: print('''\ MENU ==== (1) Encode (2) Decode (3) Custom (4) Finish''') switch = get_character('Select: ', tuple('1234')) FUNC[switch](encode_map, decode_map) def get_character(prompt, choices): "Gets a valid menu option and returns it." while True: sys.stdout.write(prompt) sys.stdout.flush() line = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1] if not line: sys.exit() if line in choices: return line print(repr(line), 'is not a valid choice.') ################################################################################ def load_key(filename): "Gets the key file data and returns encoding/decoding dictionaries." plain, cypher = open_file(filename) return dict(zip(plain, cypher)), dict(zip(cypher, plain)) def open_file(filename): "Load the keys and tries to create it when not available." while True: try: with open(filename) as file: plain, cypher = file.read().split('\n') return plain, cypher except: with open(filename, 'w') as file: file.write(BACKUP) def save_key(filename, encode_map): "Dumps the map into two buffers and saves them to the key file." plain = cypher = str() for p, c in encode_map.items(): plain += p cypher += c with open(filename, 'w') as file: file.write(plain + '\n' + cypher) ################################################################################ def encode(encode_map, decode_map): "Encodes message for the user." print('Enter your message to encode (EOF when finished).') message = get_message() for char in message: sys.stdout.write(encode_map[char] if char in encode_map else char) def decode(encode_map, decode_map): "Decodes message for the user." print('Enter your message to decode (EOF when finished).') message = get_message() for char in message: sys.stdout.write(decode_map[char] if char in decode_map else char) def custom(encode_map, decode_map): "Allows user to edit the encoding/decoding dictionaries." plain, cypher = get_new_mapping() for p, c in zip(plain, cypher): encode_map[p] = c decode_map[c] = p ################################################################################ def get_message(): "Gets and returns text entered by the user (until EOF)." buffer = [] while True: line = sys.stdin.readline() if line: buffer.append(line) else: return ''.join(buffer) def get_new_mapping(): "Prompts for strings to edit encoding/decoding maps." while True: plain = get_unique_chars('What do you want to encode from?') cypher = get_unique_chars('What do you want to encode to?') if len(plain) == len(cypher): return plain, cypher print('Both lines should have the same length.') def get_unique_chars(prompt): "Gets strings that only contain unique characters." print(prompt) while True: line = input() if len(line) == len(set(line)): return line print('There were duplicate characters: please try again.') ################################################################################ # This map is used for dispatching commands in the interface loop. FUNC = {'1': encode, '2': decode, '3': custom, '4': lambda a, b: sys.exit()} ################################################################################ if __name__ == '__main__': main() For all those Python programmers out there, your help is being requested. How should the formatting (not necessarily the coding by altered to fit Python's style guide? My friend does not need to be learning things that are not correct. If you have suggestions on the code, feel free to post them to this wiki as well.

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• Differing styles in Python program: what do you suggest?

  - by Noctis Skytower

  A friend of mine wanted help learning to program, so he gave me all the programs that he wrote for his previous classes. The last program that he wrote was an encryption program, and after rewriting all his programs in Python, this is how his encryption program turned out (after adding my own requirements). #! /usr/bin/env python ################################################################################ """\ CLASS INFORMATION ----------------- Program Name: Program 11 Programmer: Stephen Chappell Instructor: Stephen Chappell for CS 999-0, Python Due Date: 17 May 2010 DOCUMENTATION ------------- This is a simple encryption program that can encode and decode messages.""" ################################################################################ import sys KEY_FILE = 'Key.txt' BACKUP = '''\ !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO\ PQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ _@/6-UC'GzaV0%5Mo9g+yNh8b">Bi=<Lx [sQn#^R.D2Xc(\ Jm!4e${lAEWud&t7]H\`}pvPw)FY,Z~?qK|3SOfk*:1;jTrI''' ################################################################################ def main(): "Run the program: loads key, runs processing loop, and saves key." encode_map, decode_map = load_key(KEY_FILE) try: run_interface_loop(encode_map, decode_map) except SystemExit: pass save_key(KEY_FILE, encode_map) def run_interface_loop(encode_map, decode_map): "Shows the menu and runs the appropriate command." print('This program handles encryption via a customizable key.') while True: print('''\ MENU ==== (1) Encode (2) Decode (3) Custom (4) Finish''') switch = get_character('Select: ', tuple('1234')) FUNC[switch](encode_map, decode_map) def get_character(prompt, choices): "Gets a valid menu option and returns it." while True: sys.stdout.write(prompt) sys.stdout.flush() line = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1] if not line: sys.exit() if line in choices: return line print(repr(line), 'is not a valid choice.') ################################################################################ def load_key(filename): "Gets the key file data and returns encoding/decoding dictionaries." plain, cypher = open_file(filename) return dict(zip(plain, cypher)), dict(zip(cypher, plain)) def open_file(filename): "Load the keys and tries to create it when not available." while True: try: with open(filename) as file: plain, cypher = file.read().split('\n') return plain, cypher except: with open(filename, 'w') as file: file.write(BACKUP) def save_key(filename, encode_map): "Dumps the map into two buffers and saves them to the key file." plain = cypher = str() for p, c in encode_map.items(): plain += p cypher += c with open(filename, 'w') as file: file.write(plain + '\n' + cypher) ################################################################################ def encode(encode_map, decode_map): "Encodes message for the user." print('Enter your message to encode (EOF when finished).') message = get_message() for char in message: sys.stdout.write(encode_map[char] if char in encode_map else char) def decode(encode_map, decode_map): "Decodes message for the user." print('Enter your message to decode (EOF when finished).') message = get_message() for char in message: sys.stdout.write(decode_map[char] if char in decode_map else char) def custom(encode_map, decode_map): "Allows user to edit the encoding/decoding dictionaries." plain, cypher = get_new_mapping() for p, c in zip(plain, cypher): encode_map[p] = c decode_map[c] = p ################################################################################ def get_message(): "Gets and returns text entered by the user (until EOF)." buffer = [] while True: line = sys.stdin.readline() if line: buffer.append(line) else: return ''.join(buffer) def get_new_mapping(): "Prompts for strings to edit encoding/decoding maps." while True: plain = get_unique_chars('What do you want to encode from?') cypher = get_unique_chars('What do you want to encode to?') if len(plain) == len(cypher): return plain, cypher print('Both lines should have the same length.') def get_unique_chars(prompt): "Gets strings that only contain unique characters." print(prompt) while True: line = input() if len(line) == len(set(line)): return line print('There were duplicate characters: please try again.') ################################################################################ # This map is used for dispatching commands in the interface loop. FUNC = {'1': encode, '2': decode, '3': custom, '4': lambda a, b: sys.exit()} ################################################################################ if __name__ == '__main__': main() For all those Python programmers out there, your help is being requested. How should the formatting (not necessarily the coding by altered to fit Python's style guide? My friend does not need to be learning things that are not correct. If you have suggestions on the code, feel free to post them to this wiki as well.

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• Can't mass-assign protected attributes -- unsolved issue

  - by nfriend21

  I have read about 10 different posts here about this problem, and I have tried every single one and the error will not go away. So here goes: I am trying to have a nested form on my users/new page, where it accepts user-attributes and also company-attributes. When you submit the form: Here's what my error message reads: ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity::Error in UsersController#create Can't mass-assign protected attributes: companies app/controllers/users_controller.rb:12:in `create' Here's the code for my form: <%= form_for @user do |f| %> <%= render 'shared/error_messages', object: f.object %> <%= f.fields_for :companies do |c| %> <%= c.label :name, "Company Name"%> <%= c.text_field :name %> <% end %> <%= f.label :name %> <%= f.text_field :name %> <%= f.label :email %> <%= f.text_field :email %> <%= f.label :password %> <%= f.password_field :password %> <%= f.label :password_confirmation %> <%= f.password_field :password_confirmation %> <br> <% if current_page?(signup_path) %> <%= f.submit "Sign Up", class: "btn btn-large btn-primary" %> Or, <%= link_to "Login", login_path %> <% else %> <%= f.submit "Update User", class: "btn btn-large btn-primary" %> <% end %> <% end %> Users Controller: class UsersController < ApplicationController def index @user = User.all end def new @user = User.new end def create @user = User.create(params[:user]) if @user.save session[:user_id] = @user.id #once user account has been created, a session is not automatically created. This fixes that by setting their session id. This could be put into Controller action to clean up duplication. flash[:success] = "Your account has been created!" redirect_to tasks_path else render 'new' end end def show @user = User.find(params[:id]) @tasks = @user.tasks end def edit @user = User.find(params[:id]) end def update @user = User.find(params[:id]) if @user.update_attributes(params[:user]) flash[:success] = @user.name.possessive + " profile has been updated" redirect_to @user else render 'edit' end #if @task.update_attributes params[:task] #redirect_to users_path #flash[:success] = "User was successfully updated." #end end def destroy @user = User.find(params[:id]) unless current_user == @user @user.destroy flash[:success] = "The User has been deleted." end redirect_to users_path flash[:error] = "Error. You can't delete yourself!" end end Company Controller class CompaniesController < ApplicationController def index @companies = Company.all end def new @company = Company.new end def edit @company = Company.find(params[:id]) end def create @company = Company.create(params[:company]) #if @company.save #session[:user_id] = @user.id #once user account has been created, a session is not automatically created. This fixes that by setting their session id. This could be put into Controller action to clean up duplication. #flash[:success] = "Your account has been created!" #redirect_to tasks_path #else #render 'new' #end end def show @comnpany = Company.find(params[:id]) end end User model class User < ActiveRecord::Base has_secure_password attr_accessible :name, :email, :password, :password_confirmation has_many :tasks, dependent: :destroy belongs_to :company accepts_nested_attributes_for :company validates :name, presence: true, length: { maximum: 50 } VALID_EMAIL_REGEX = /\A[\w+\-.]+@[a-z\d\-.]+\.[a-z]+\z/i validates :email, presence: true, format: { with: VALID_EMAIL_REGEX }, uniqueness: { case_sensitive: false } validates :password, length: { minimum: 6 } #below not needed anymore, due to has_secure_password #validates :password_confirmation, presence: true end Company Model class Company < ActiveRecord::Base attr_accessible :name has_and_belongs_to_many :users end Thanks for your help!!

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• Regular expression in mySQL [migrated]

  - by Rayne

  I have a mysql table that has 2 columns - Column 1 contains a string value, and Column 2 contains the number of times that string value occurred. I'm trying to find the string abc.X.def, where the beginning of the string is "abc.", followed by one or more characters, then the string ".def". There could be more characters following ".def". How can I find such strings, then add the occurrence of such strings and display the results? For example, if I have abc.111.def23 1 abc.111.def 2 abc.22.def444 1 abc.111.def 1 Then I will get abc.111.def23 1 abc.111.def 3 abc.22.def444 1 Thank you.

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• Explanation on how "Tell, Don't Ask" is considered good OO

  - by Pubby

  This blogpost was posted on Hacker News with several upvotes. Coming from C++, most of these examples seem to go against what I've been taught. Such as example #2: Bad: def check_for_overheating(system_monitor) if system_monitor.temperature > 100 system_monitor.sound_alarms end end versus good: system_monitor.check_for_overheating class SystemMonitor def check_for_overheating if temperature > 100 sound_alarms end end end The advice in C++ is that you should prefer free functions instead of member functions as they increase encapsulation. Both of these are identical semantically, so why prefer the choice that has access to more state? Example 4: Bad: def street_name(user) if user.address user.address.street_name else 'No street name on file' end end versus good: def street_name(user) user.address.street_name end class User def address @address || NullAddress.new end end class NullAddress def street_name 'No street name on file' end end Why is it the responsibility of User to format an unrelated error string? What if I want to do something besides print 'No street name on file' if it has no street? What if the street is named the same thing? Could someone enlighten me on the "Tell, Don't Ask" advantages and rationale? I am not looking for which is better, but instead trying to understand the author's viewpoint.

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• Player & Level class structure in 2D python console game?

  - by Markus Meskanen

  I'm trying to create a 2D console game, where I have a player who can freely move around in a level (~map, but map is a reserved keyword) and interfere with other objects. Levels construct out of multiple Blocks, such as player(s), rocks, etc. Here's the Block class: class Block(object): def __init__(self, x=0, y=0, char=' ', solid=False): self.x = x self.y = y self.char = char self.solid = solid As you see, each block has a position (x, y) and a character to represent the block when it's printed. Each block also has a solid attribute, defining whether it can overlap with other solids or not. (Two solid blocks cannot overlap) I've now created few subclasses from Block (Rock might be useless for now) class Rock(Block): def __init__(self, x=0, y=0): super(Rock, self).__init__(x, y, 'x', True) class Player(Block): def __init__(self, x=0, y=0): super(Player, self).__init__(x, y, 'i', True) def move_left(self, x=1): ... # How do I make sure Player wont overlap with rocks? self.x -= x And here's the Level class: class Level(object): def __init__(self, name='', blocks=None): self.name = name self.blocks = blocks or [] Only way I can think of is to store a Player instance into Level's attributes (self.player=Player(), or so) and then give Level a method: def player_move_left(self): for block in self.blocks: if block.x == self.player.x - 1 and block.solid: return False But this doesn't really make any sense, why have a Player class if it can't even be moved without Level? Imo. player should be moved by a method inside Player. Am I wrong at something here, if not, how could I implement such behavior?

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• Handling TclErrors in Python

  - by anteater7171

  In the following code I'll get the following error if I right click the window that pops up. Then go down to the very bottom entry widget then delete it's contents. It seems to be giving me a TclError. How do I go about handeling such an error? The Error Exception in Tkinter callback Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python26\Lib\lib-tk\Tkinter.py", line 1410, in __call__ return self.func(*args) File "C:\Python26\CPUDEMO.py", line 503, in I TL.sclS.set(S1) File "C:\Python26\Lib\lib-tk\Tkinter.py", line 2765, in set self.tk.call(self._w, 'set', value) TclError: expected floating-point number but got "" The Code #F #PIthon.py # Import/Setup import Tkinter import psutil,time import re from PIL import Image, ImageTk from time import sleep class simpleapp_tk(Tkinter.Tk): def __init__(self,parent): Tkinter.Tk.__init__(self,parent) self.parent = parent self.initialize() def initialize(self): Widgets self.menu = Tkinter.Menu(self, tearoff = 0 ) M = [ "Options...", "Exit"] self.selectedM = Tkinter.StringVar() self.menu.add_radiobutton( label = 'Hide', variable = self.selectedM, command = self.E ) self.menu.add_radiobutton( label = 'Bump', variable = self.selectedM, command = self.E ) self.menu.add_separator() self.menu.add_radiobutton( label = 'Options...', variable = self.selectedM, command = self.E ) self.menu.add_separator() self.menu.add_radiobutton( label = 'Exit', variable = self.selectedM, command = self.E ) self.frame1 = Tkinter.Frame(self,bg='grey15',relief='ridge',borderwidth=4,width=185, height=39) self.frame1.grid() self.frame1.grid_propagate(0) self.frame1.bind( "<Button-3><ButtonRelease-3>", self.D ) self.frame1.bind( "<Button-2><ButtonRelease-2>", self.C ) self.frame1.bind( "<Double-Button-1>", self.C ) self.labelVariable = Tkinter.StringVar() self.label = Tkinter.Label(self.frame1,textvariable=self.labelVariable,fg="lightgreen",bg="grey15",borderwidth=1,font=('arial', 10, 'bold')) self.label.grid(column=1,row=0,columnspan=1,sticky='nsew') self.label.bind( "<Button-3><ButtonRelease-3>", self.D ) self.label.bind( "<Button-2><ButtonRelease-2>", self.C ) self.label.bind( "<Double-Button-1>", self.C ) self.F() self.overrideredirect(1) self.wm_attributes("-topmost", 1) global TL1 TL1 = Tkinter.Toplevel(self) TL1.wm_geometry("+0+5000") TL1.overrideredirect(1) TL1.button = Tkinter.Button(TL1,text="? CPU",fg="lightgreen",bg="grey15",activeforeground="lightgreen", activebackground='grey15',borderwidth=4,font=('Arial', 8, 'bold'),command=self.J) TL1.button.pack(ipadx=1) Events def Reset(self): self.label.configure(font=('arial', 10, 'bold'),fg='Lightgreen',bg='grey15',borderwidth=0) self.labela.configure(font=('arial', 8, 'bold'),fg='Lightgreen',bg='grey15',borderwidth=0) self.frame1.configure(bg='grey15',relief='ridge',borderwidth=4,width=224, height=50) self.label.pack(ipadx=38) def helpmenu(self): t2 = Tkinter.Toplevel(self) Tkinter.Label(t2, text='This is a help menu', anchor="w",justify="left",fg="darkgreen",bg="grey90",relief="ridge",borderwidth=5,font=('Arial', 10)).pack(fill='both', expand=1) t2.resizable(False,False) t2.title('Help') menu = Tkinter.Menu(self) t2.config(menu=menu) filemenu = Tkinter.Menu(menu) menu.add_cascade(label="| Exit |", menu=filemenu) filemenu.add_command(label="Exit", command=t2.destroy) def aboutmenu(self): t1 = Tkinter.Toplevel(self) Tkinter.Label(t1, text=' About:\n\n CPU Usage v1.0\n\n Publisher: Drew French\n Date: 05/09/10\n Email: [email protected] \n\n\n\n\n\n\n Written in Python 2.6.4', anchor="w",justify="left",fg="darkgreen",bg="grey90",relief="sunken",borderwidth=5,font=('Arial', 10)).pack(fill='both', expand=1) t1.resizable(False,False) t1.title('About') menu = Tkinter.Menu(self) t1.config(menu=menu) filemenu = Tkinter.Menu(menu) menu.add_cascade(label="| Exit |", menu=filemenu) filemenu.add_command(label="Exit", command=t1.destroy) def A (self,event): TL.entryVariable1.set(TL.sclY.get()) TL.entryVariable2.set(TL.sclX.get()) Y = TL.sclY.get() X = TL.sclX.get() self.wm_geometry("+" + str(X) + "+" + str(Y)) def B(self,event): Y1 = TL.entryVariable1.get() X1 = TL.entryVariable2.get() self.wm_geometry("+" + str(X1) + "+" + str(Y1)) TL.sclY.set(Y1) TL.sclX.set(X1) def C(self,event): s = self.wm_geometry() geomPatt = re.compile(r"(\d+)?x?(\d+)?([+-])(\d+)([+-])(\d+)") m = geomPatt.search(s) X3 = m.group(4) Y3 = m.group(6) M = int(Y3) - 150 P = M + 150 while Y3 > M: sleep(0.0009) Y3 = int(Y3) - 1 self.update_idletasks() self.wm_geometry("+" + str(X3) + "+" + str(Y3)) sleep(2.00) while Y3 < P: sleep(0.0009) Y3 = int(Y3) + 1 self.update_idletasks() self.wm_geometry("+" + str(X3) + "+" + str(Y3)) def D(self, event=None): self.menu.post( event.x_root, event.y_root ) def E(self): if self.selectedM.get() =='Options...': Setup global TL TL = Tkinter.Toplevel(self) menu = Tkinter.Menu(TL) TL.config(menu=menu) filemenu = Tkinter.Menu(menu) menu.add_cascade(label="| Menu |", menu=filemenu) filemenu.add_command(label="Instruction Manual...", command=self.helpmenu) filemenu.add_command(label="About...", command=self.aboutmenu) filemenu.add_separator() filemenu.add_command(label="Exit Options", command=TL.destroy) filemenu.add_command(label="Exit", command=self.destroy) helpmenu = Tkinter.Menu(menu) menu.add_cascade(label="| Help |", menu=helpmenu) helpmenu.add_command(label="Instruction Manual...", command=self.helpmenu) helpmenu.add_separator() helpmenu.add_command(label="Quick Help...", command=self.helpmenu) Title TL.label5 = Tkinter.Label(TL,text="CPU Usage: Options",anchor="center",fg="black",bg="lightgreen",relief="ridge",borderwidth=5,font=('Arial', 18, 'bold')) TL.label5.pack(padx=15,ipadx=5) X Y scale TL.separator = Tkinter.Frame(TL,height=7, bd=1, relief='ridge', bg='grey95') TL.separator.pack(pady=5,padx=5) # TL.sclX = Tkinter.Scale(TL.separator, from_=0, to=1500, orient='horizontal', resolution=1, command=self.A) TL.sclX.grid(column=1,row=0,ipadx=27, sticky='w') TL.label1 = Tkinter.Label(TL.separator,text="X",anchor="s",fg="black",bg="grey95",font=('Arial', 8 ,'bold')) TL.label1.grid(column=0,row=0, pady=1, sticky='S') TL.sclY = Tkinter.Scale(TL.separator, from_=0, to=1500, resolution=1, command=self.A) TL.sclY.grid(column=2,row=1,rowspan=2,sticky='e', padx=4) TL.label3 = Tkinter.Label(TL.separator,text="Y",fg="black",bg="grey95",font=('Arial', 8 ,'bold')) TL.label3.grid(column=2,row=0, padx=10, sticky='e') TL.entryVariable2 = Tkinter.StringVar() TL.entry2 = Tkinter.Entry(TL.separator,textvariable=TL.entryVariable2, fg="grey15",bg="grey90",relief="sunken",insertbackground="black",borderwidth=5,font=('Arial', 10)) TL.entry2.grid(column=1,row=1,ipadx=20, pady=10,sticky='EW') TL.entry2.bind("<Return>", self.B) TL.label2 = Tkinter.Label(TL.separator,text="X:",fg="black",bg="grey95",font=('Arial', 8 ,'bold')) TL.label2.grid(column=0,row=1, ipadx=4, sticky='W') TL.entryVariable1 = Tkinter.StringVar() TL.entry1 = Tkinter.Entry(TL.separator,textvariable=TL.entryVariable1, fg="grey15",bg="grey90",relief="sunken",insertbackground="black",borderwidth=5,font=('Arial', 10)) TL.entry1.grid(column=1,row=2,sticky='EW') TL.entry1.bind("<Return>", self.B) TL.label4 = Tkinter.Label(TL.separator,text="Y:", anchor="center",fg="black",bg="grey95",font=('Arial', 8 ,'bold')) TL.label4.grid(column=0,row=2, ipadx=4, sticky='W') TL.label7 = Tkinter.Label(TL.separator,text="Text Colour:",fg="black",bg="grey95",font=('Arial', 8 ,'bold')) TL.label7.grid(column=1,row=3,stick="W",ipady=10) TL.selectedP = Tkinter.StringVar() TL.opt1 = Tkinter.OptionMenu(TL.separator, TL.selectedP,'Normal', 'White','Black', 'Blue', 'Steel Blue','Green','Light Green','Yellow','Orange' ,'Red',command=self.G) TL.opt1.config(fg="black",bg="grey90",activebackground="grey90",activeforeground="black", anchor="center",relief="raised",direction='right',font=('Arial', 10)) TL.opt1.grid(column=1,row=4,sticky='EW',padx=20,ipadx=20) TL.selectedP.set('Normal') TL.label7 = Tkinter.Label(TL.separator,text="Refresh Rate:",fg="black",bg="grey95",font=('Arial', 8 ,'bold')) TL.label7.grid(column=1,row=5,stick="W",ipady=10) TL.sclS = Tkinter.Scale(TL.separator, from_=10, to=2000, orient='horizontal', resolution=10, command=self.H) TL.sclS.grid(column=1,row=6,ipadx=27, sticky='w') TL.sclS.set(650) TL.entryVariableS = Tkinter.StringVar() TL.entryS = Tkinter.Entry(TL.separator,textvariable=TL.entryVariableS, fg="grey15",bg="grey90",relief="sunken",insertbackground="black",borderwidth=5,font=('Arial', 10)) TL.entryS.grid(column=1,row=7,ipadx=20, pady=10,sticky='EW') TL.entryS.bind("<Return>", self.I) TL.entryVariableS.set(650) # TL.resizable(False,False) TL.title('Options') geomPatt = re.compile(r"(\d+)?x?(\d+)?([+-])(\d+)([+-])(\d+)") s = self.wm_geometry() m = geomPatt.search(s) X = m.group(4) Y = m.group(6) TL.sclY.set(Y) TL.sclX.set(X) if self.selectedM.get() == 'Exit': self.destroy() if self.selectedM.get() == 'Bump': s = self.wm_geometry() geomPatt = re.compile(r"(\d+)?x?(\d+)?([+-])(\d+)([+-])(\d+)") m = geomPatt.search(s) X3 = m.group(4) Y3 = m.group(6) M = int(Y3) - 150 P = M + 150 while Y3 > M: sleep(0.0009) Y3 = int(Y3) - 1 self.update_idletasks() self.wm_geometry("+" + str(X3) + "+" + str(Y3)) sleep(2.00) while Y3 < P: sleep(0.0009) Y3 = int(Y3) + 1 self.update_idletasks() self.wm_geometry("+" + str(X3) + "+" + str(Y3)) if self.selectedM.get() == 'Hide': s = self.wm_geometry() geomPatt = re.compile(r"(\d+)?x?(\d+)?([+-])(\d+)([+-])(\d+)") m = geomPatt.search(s) X3 = m.group(4) Y3 = m.group(6) M = int(Y3) + 5000 self.update_idletasks() self.wm_geometry("+" + str(X3) + "+" + str(M)) TL1.wm_geometry("+0+190") def F (self): G = round(psutil.cpu_percent(), 1) G1 = str(G) + '%' self.labelVariable.set(G1) try: S2 = TL.entryVariableS.get() except ValueError, e: S2 = 650 except NameError: S2 = 650 self.after(int(S2), self.F) def G (self,event): if TL.selectedP.get() =='Normal': self.label.config( fg = 'lightgreen' ) TL1.button.config( fg = 'lightgreen',activeforeground='lightgreen') if TL.selectedP.get() =='Red': self.label.config( fg = 'red' ) TL1.button.config( fg = 'red',activeforeground='red') if TL.selectedP.get() =='Orange': self.label.config( fg = 'orange') TL1.button.config( fg = 'orange',activeforeground='orange') if TL.selectedP.get() =='Yellow': self.label.config( fg = 'yellow') TL1.button.config( fg = 'yellow',activeforeground='yellow') if TL.selectedP.get() =='Light Green': self.label.config( fg = 'lightgreen' ) TL1.button.config( fg = 'lightgreen',activeforeground='lightgreen') if TL.selectedP.get() =='Normal': self.label.config( fg = 'lightgreen' ) TL1.button.config( fg = 'lightgreen',activeforeground='lightgreen') if TL.selectedP.get() =='Steel Blue': self.label.config( fg = 'steelblue1' ) TL1.button.config( fg = 'steelblue1',activeforeground='steelblue1') if TL.selectedP.get() =='Blue': self.label.config( fg = 'blue') TL1.button.config( fg = 'blue',activeforeground='blue') if TL.selectedP.get() =='Green': self.label.config( fg = 'darkgreen' ) TL1.button.config( fg = 'darkgreen',activeforeground='darkgreen') if TL.selectedP.get() =='White': self.label.config( fg = 'white' ) TL1.button.config( fg = 'white',activeforeground='white') if TL.selectedP.get() =='Black': self.label.config( fg = 'black') TL1.button.config( fg = 'black',activeforeground='black') def H (self,event): TL.entryVariableS.set(TL.sclS.get()) S = TL.sclS.get() def I (self,event): S1 = TL.entryVariableS.get() TL.sclS.set(S1) TL.sclS.set(TL.sclS.get()) S1 = TL.entryVariableS.get() TL.sclS.set(S1) def J (self): s = self.wm_geometry() geomPatt = re.compile(r"(\d+)?x?(\d+)?([+-])(\d+)([+-])(\d+)") m = geomPatt.search(s) X3 = m.group(4) Y3 = m.group(6) M = int(Y3) - 5000 self.update_idletasks() self.wm_geometry("+" + str(X3) + "+" + str(M)) TL1.wm_geometry("+0+5000") Loop if name == "main": app = simpleapp_tk(None) app.mainloop()

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• PyQt threads and signals - how to properly retrieve values

  - by Cawas

  Using Python 2.5 and PyQt, I couldn't find any question this specific in Python, so sorry if I'm repeating the other Qt referenced questions below, but I couldn't easily understand that C code. I've got two classes, a GUI and a thread, and I'm trying to get return values from the thread. I've used the link in here as base to write my code, which is working just fine. To sum it up and illustrate the question in code here (I don't think this code will run on itself): class MainWindow (QtGui.QWidget): # this is just a reference and not really relevant to the question def __init__ (self, parent = None): QtGui.QWidget.__init__(self, parent) self.thread = Worker() # this does not begin a thread - look at "Worker.run" for mor details self.connect(self.thread, QtCore.SIGNAL('finished()'), self.unfreezeUi) self.connect(self.thread, QtCore.SIGNAL('terminated()'), self.unfreezeUi) self.connect(self.buttonDaemon, QtCore.SIGNAL('clicked()'), self.pressDaemon) # the problem begins below: I'm not using signals, or queue, or whatever, while I believe I should def pressDaemon (self): self.buttonDaemon.setEnabled(False) if self.thread.isDaemonRunning(): self.thread.setDaemonStopSignal(True) self.buttonDaemon.setText('Daemon - converts every %s sec'% args['daemonInterval']) else: self.buttonConvert.setEnabled(False) self.thread.startDaemon() self.buttonDaemon.setText('Stop Daemon') self.buttonDaemon.setEnabled(True) # this whole class is just another reference class Worker (QtCore.QThread): daemonIsRunning = False daemonStopSignal = False daemonCurrentDelay = 0 def isDaemonRunning (self): return self.daemonIsRunning def setDaemonStopSignal (self, bool): self.daemonStopSignal = bool def __init__ (self, parent = None): QtCore.QThread.__init__(self, parent) self.exiting = False self.thread_to_run = None # which def will be running def __del__ (self): self.exiting = True self.thread_to_run = None self.wait() def run (self): if self.thread_to_run != None: self.thread_to_run(mode='continue') def startDaemon (self, mode = 'run'): if mode == 'run': self.thread_to_run = self.startDaemon # I'd love to be able to just pass this as an argument on start() below return self.start() # this will begin the thread # this is where the thread actually begins self.daemonIsRunning = True self.daemonStopSignal = False sleepStep = 0.1 # don't know how to interrupt while sleeping - so the less sleepStep, the faster StopSignal will work # begins the daemon in an "infinite" loop while self.daemonStopSignal == False and not self.exiting: # here, do any kind of daemon service delay = 0 while self.daemonStopSignal == False and not self.exiting and delay < args['daemonInterval']: time.sleep(sleepStep) # delay is actually set by while, but this holds for N second delay += sleepStep # daemon stopped, reseting everything self.daemonIsRunning = False self.emit(QtCore.SIGNAL('terminated')) Tho it's quite big, I hope this is pretty clear. The main point is on def pressDaemon. Specifically all 3 self.thread calls. The last one, self.thread.startDaemon() is just fine, and exactly as the example. I doubt that represents any issue. The problem is being able to set the Daemon Stop Signal and retrieve the value if it's running. I'm not sure that it's possible to set a stop signal on QtCore.QtThread, because I've tried doing the same way and it didn't work. But I'm pretty sure it's not possible to retrieve a return result from the emit. So, there it is. I'm using direct calls to the thread class, and I'm almost positive that's not a good design and will probably fail when running under stress. I read about that queue, but I'm not sure it's the proper solution here, or if I should be using Qt at all, since this is Python. And just maybe there's nothing wrong with the way I'm doing.

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• Only replace first matching element using PHP's mb_ereg_replace

  - by Mark L

  Hello, I want to replace only the first matching element in a string instead of replacing every matching element in a string $str = 'abc abc abc'; $find = 'abc'; $replace = 'def'; echo mb_ereg_replace( $find, $replace, $str ); This will return "def def def". What would I need to change in the $find or $replace parameter in order to get it to return "def abc abc"?

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• One class instance throw all controller

  - by Falcon

  Hello i i have different class and controller. and i need that one instance of model will be available in controller/ now i'm doing something like this: def method1 inst = @MyClass.new(params) inst.action .... def method2 inst = @MyClass.new(params) inst.action .... but i want something like this def method1 @inst.action .... def method2 @inst.action or self.inst i't doesn't matter how i can do it? def self.inst MyClass.new(params) end doesn't work...

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• Twisted: why is it that passing a deferred callback to a deferred thread makes the thread blocking a

  - by surtyaarthoughts

  I unsuccessfully tried using txredis (the non blocking twisted api for redis) for a persisting message queue I'm trying to set up with a scrapy project I am working on. I found that although the client was not blocking, it became much slower than it could have been because what should have been one event in the reactor loop was split up into thousands of steps. So instead, I tried making use of redis-py (the regular blocking twisted api) and wrapping the call in a deferred thread. It works great, however I want to perform an inner deferred when I make a call to redis as I would like to set up connection pooling in attempts to speed things up further. Below is my interpretation of some sample code taken from the twisted docs for a deferred thread to illustrate my use case: #!/usr/bin/env python from twisted.internet import reactor,threads from twisted.internet.task import LoopingCall import time def main_loop(): print 'doing stuff in main loop.. do not block me!' def aBlockingRedisCall(): print 'doing lookup... this may take a while' time.sleep(10) return 'results from redis' def result(res): print res def main(): lc = LoopingCall(main_loop) lc.start(2) d = threads.deferToThread(aBlockingRedisCall) d.addCallback(result) reactor.run() if __name__=='__main__': main() And here is my alteration for connection pooling that makes the code in the deferred thread blocking : #!/usr/bin/env python from twisted.internet import reactor,defer from twisted.internet.task import LoopingCall import time def main_loop(): print 'doing stuff in main loop.. do not block me!' def aBlockingRedisCall(x): if x<5: #all connections are busy, try later print '%s is less than 5, get a redis client later' % x x+=1 d = defer.Deferred() d.addCallback(aBlockingRedisCall) reactor.callLater(1.0,d.callback,x) return d else: print 'got a redis client; doing lookup.. this may take a while' time.sleep(10) # this is now blocking.. any ideas? d = defer.Deferred() d.addCallback(gotFinalResult) d.callback(x) return d def gotFinalResult(x): return 'final result is %s' % x def result(res): print res def aBlockingMethod(): print 'going to sleep...' time.sleep(10) print 'woke up' def main(): lc = LoopingCall(main_loop) lc.start(2) d = defer.Deferred() d.addCallback(aBlockingRedisCall) d.addCallback(result) reactor.callInThread(d.callback, 1) reactor.run() if __name__=='__main__': main() So my question is, does anyone know why my alteration causes the deferred thread to be blocking and/or can anyone suggest a better solution?

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• Yes, another thread question...

  - by Michael

  I can't understand why I am loosing control of my GUI even though I am implementing a thread to play a .wav file. Can someone pin point what is incorrect? #!/usr/bin/env python import wx, pyaudio, wave, easygui, thread, time, os, sys, traceback, threading import wx.lib.delayedresult as inbg isPaused = False isStopped = False class Frame(wx.Frame): def __init__(self): print 'Frame' wx.Frame.__init__(self, parent=None, id=-1, title="Jasmine", size=(720, 300)) #initialize panel panel = wx.Panel(self, -1) #initialize grid bag sizer = wx.GridBagSizer(hgap=20, vgap=20) #initialize buttons exitButton = wx.Button(panel, wx.ID_ANY, "Exit") pauseButton = wx.Button(panel, wx.ID_ANY, 'Pause') prevButton = wx.Button(panel, wx.ID_ANY, 'Prev') nextButton = wx.Button(panel, wx.ID_ANY, 'Next') stopButton = wx.Button(panel, wx.ID_ANY, 'Stop') #add widgets to sizer sizer.Add(pauseButton, pos=(1,10)) sizer.Add(prevButton, pos=(1,11)) sizer.Add(nextButton, pos=(1,12)) sizer.Add(stopButton, pos=(1,13)) sizer.Add(exitButton, pos=(5,13)) #initialize song time gauge #timeGauge = wx.Gauge(panel, 20) #sizer.Add(timeGauge, pos=(3,10), span=(0, 0)) #initialize menuFile widget menuFile = wx.Menu() menuFile.Append(0, "L&oad") menuFile.Append(1, "E&xit") menuBar = wx.MenuBar() menuBar.Append(menuFile, "&File") menuAbout = wx.Menu() menuAbout.Append(2, "A&bout...") menuAbout.AppendSeparator() menuBar.Append(menuAbout, "Help") self.SetMenuBar(menuBar) self.CreateStatusBar() self.SetStatusText("Welcome to Jasime!") #place sizer on panel panel.SetSizer(sizer) #initialize icon self.cd_image = wx.Image('cd_icon.png', wx.BITMAP_TYPE_PNG) self.temp = self.cd_image.ConvertToBitmap() self.size = self.temp.GetWidth(), self.temp.GetHeight() wx.StaticBitmap(parent=panel, bitmap=self.temp) #set binding self.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.OnQuit, id=exitButton.GetId()) self.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.pause, id=pauseButton.GetId()) self.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.stop, id=stopButton.GetId()) self.Bind(wx.EVT_MENU, self.loadFile, id=0) self.Bind(wx.EVT_MENU, self.OnQuit, id=1) self.Bind(wx.EVT_MENU, self.OnAbout, id=2) #Load file usiing FileDialog, and create a thread for user control while running the file def loadFile(self, event): foo = wx.FileDialog(self, message="Open a .wav file...", defaultDir=os.getcwd(), defaultFile="", style=wx.FD_MULTIPLE) foo.ShowModal() self.queue = foo.GetPaths() self.threadID = 1 while len(self.queue) != 0: self.song = myThread(self.threadID, self.queue[0]) self.song.start() while self.song.isAlive(): time.sleep(2) self.queue.pop(0) self.threadID += 1 def OnQuit(self, event): self.Close() def OnAbout(self, event): wx.MessageBox("This is a great cup of tea.", "About Jasmine", wx.OK | wx.ICON_INFORMATION, self) def pause(self, event): global isPaused isPaused = not isPaused def stop(self, event): global isStopped isStopped = not isStopped class myThread (threading.Thread): def __init__(self, threadID, wf): self.threadID = threadID self.wf = wf threading.Thread.__init__(self) def run(self): global isPaused global isStopped self.waveFile = wave.open(self.wf, 'rb') #initialize stream self.p = pyaudio.PyAudio() self.stream = self.p.open(format = self.p.get_format_from_width(self.waveFile.getsampwidth()), channels = self.waveFile.getnchannels(), rate = self.waveFile.getframerate(), output = True) self.data = self.waveFile.readframes(1024) isPaused = False isStopped = False #main play loop, with pause event checking while self.data != '': # while isPaused != True: # if isStopped == False: self.stream.write(self.data) self.data = self.waveFile.readframes(1024) # elif isStopped == True: # self.stream.close() # self.p.terminate() self.stream.close() self.p.terminate() class App(wx.App): def OnInit(self): self.frame = Frame() self.frame.Show() self.SetTopWindow(self.frame) return True def main(): app = App() app.MainLoop() if __name__=='__main__': main()

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• how to compress a bus net?

  - by zh_

  I have a file that contain huge number of net names. I would like to compress the bus nets as below: abc/def/gh[0] abc/def/gh[1] abc/def/gh[2] ab/ef/xx abc/def/gh[3] to abc/def/gh[3:0] ab/ef/xx

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• python class decorator question?

  - by nsharish

  decorator 1: def dec(f): def wrap(obj, *args, **kwargs): f(obj, *args,**kwargs) return wrap decorator 2: class dec: def __init__(self, f): self.f = f def __call__(self, obj, *args, **kwargs): self.f(obj, *args, **kwargs) A sample class, class Test: @dec def disp(self, *args, **kwargs): print(*args,**kwargs) The follwing code works with decorator 1 but not with decorator 2. a = Test() a.disp("Message") I dont understand why decorator 2 is not working here. Can someone help me with this?

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• Python decorator question

  - by nsharish

  decorator 1: def dec(f): def wrap(obj, *args, **kwargs): f(obj, *args,**kwargs) return wrap decorator 2: class dec: def __init__(self, f): self.f = f def __call__(self, obj, *args, **kwargs): self.f(obj, *args, **kwargs) A sample class, class Test: @dec def disp(self, *args, **kwargs): print(*args,**kwargs) The follwing code works with decorator 1 but not with decorator 2. a = Test() a.disp("Message") I dont understand why decorator 2 is not working here. Can someone help me with this?

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• Trappings MySQL Warnings on Calls Wrapped in Classes -- Python

  - by chernevik

  I can't get Python's try/else blocks to catch MySQL warnings when the execution statements are wrapped in classes. I have a class that has as a MySQL connection object as an attribute, a MySQL cursor object as another, and a method that run queries through that cursor object. The cursor is itself wrapped in a class. These seem to run queries properly, but the MySQL warnings they generate are not caught as exceptions in a try/else block. Why don't the try/else blocks catch the warnings? How would I revise the classes or method calls to catch the warnings? Also, I've looked through the prominent sources and can't find a discussion that helps me understand this. I'd appreciate any reference that explains this. Please see code below. Apologies for verbosity, I'm newbie. #!/usr/bin/python import MySQLdb import sys import copy sys.path.append('../../config') import credentials as c # local module with dbase connection credentials #============================================================================= # CLASSES #------------------------------------------------------------------------ class dbMySQL_Connection: def __init__(self, db_server, db_user, db_passwd): self.conn = MySQLdb.connect(db_server, db_user, db_passwd) def getCursor(self, dict_flag=True): self.dbMySQL_Cursor = dbMySQL_Cursor(self.conn, dict_flag) return self.dbMySQL_Cursor def runQuery(self, qryStr, dict_flag=True): qry_res = runQueryNoCursor(qryStr=qryStr, \ conn=self, \ dict_flag=dict_flag) return qry_res #------------------------------------------------------------------------ class dbMySQL_Cursor: def __init__(self, conn, dict_flag=True): if dict_flag: dbMySQL_Cursor = conn.cursor(MySQLdb.cursors.DictCursor) else: dbMySQL_Cursor = conn.cursor() self.dbMySQL_Cursor = dbMySQL_Cursor def closeCursor(self): self.dbMySQL_Cursor.close() #============================================================================= # QUERY FUNCTIONS #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ def runQueryNoCursor(qryStr, conn, dict_flag=True): dbMySQL_Cursor = conn.getCursor(dict_flag) qry_res =runQueryFnc(qryStr, dbMySQL_Cursor.dbMySQL_Cursor) dbMySQL_Cursor.closeCursor() return qry_res #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ def runQueryFnc(qryStr, dbMySQL_Cursor): qry_res = {} qry_res['rows'] = dbMySQL_Cursor.execute(qryStr) qry_res['result'] = copy.deepcopy(dbMySQL_Cursor.fetchall()) qry_res['messages'] = copy.deepcopy(dbMySQL_Cursor.messages) qry_res['query_str'] = qryStr return qry_res #============================================================================= # USAGES qry = 'DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS database_of_armaments' dbConn = dbMySQL_Connection(**c.creds) def dbConnRunQuery(): # Does not trap an exception; warning displayed to standard error. try: dbConn.runQuery(qry) except: print "dbConn.runQuery() caught an exception." def dbConnCursorExecute(): # Does not trap an exception; warning displayed to standard error. dbConn.getCursor() # try/except block does catches error without this try: dbConn.dbMySQL_Cursor.dbMySQL_Cursor.execute(qry) except Exception, e: print "dbConn.dbMySQL_Cursor.execute() caught an exception." print repr(e) def funcRunQueryNoCursor(): # Does not trap an exception; no warning displayed try: res = runQueryNoCursor(qry, dbConn) print 'Try worked. %s' % res except Exception, e: print "funcRunQueryNoCursor() caught an exception." print repr(e) #============================================================================= if __name__ == '__main__': print '\n' print 'EXAMPLE -- dbConnRunQuery()' dbConnRunQuery() print '\n' print 'EXAMPLE -- dbConnCursorExecute()' dbConnCursorExecute() print '\n' print 'EXAMPLE -- funcRunQueryNoCursor()' funcRunQueryNoCursor() print '\n'

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