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  • Python re.IGNORECASE being dynamic

    - by Adam Nelson
    I'd like to do something like this: re.findall(r"(?:(?:\A|\W)" + 'Hello' + r"(?:\Z|\W))", 'hello world',re.I) And have re.I be dynamic, so I can do case-sensitive or insensitive comparisons on the fly. This works but is undocumented: re.findall(r"(?:(?:\A|\W)" + 'Hello' + r"(?:\Z|\W))", 'hello world',1) To set it to sensitive. Is there a Pythonic way to do this? My best thought so far is: if case_sensitive: regex_senstive = 1 else: regex_sensitive = re.I re.findall(r"(?:(?:\A|\W)" + 'Hello' + r"(?:\Z|\W))", 'hello world',regex_sensitive)

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  • Nested generator functions in python

    - by Yuval A
    Consider a tuple v = (a,b,c) and a generator function generate(x) which receives an item from the tuple and generates several options for each item. What is the pythonic way of generating a set of all the possible combinations of the result of generate(x) on each item in the tuple? I could do this: v = (a,b,c) for d in generate(v[0]): for e in generate(v[1]): for f in generate(v[2]): print d,e,f but that's just ugly, plus I need a generic solution.

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  • Is frozenset adequate for caching of symmetric input data in a python dict?

    - by Debilski
    The title more or less says it all: I have a function which takes symmetric input in two arguments, e.g. something like def f(a1, a2): return heavy_stuff(abs(a1 - a2)) Now, I want to introduce some caching method. Would it be correct / pythonic / reasonably efficient to do something like this: cache = {} def g(a1, a2): return cache.setdefault(frozenset((tuple(a1), tuple(a2))), f(a1, a2)) Or would there be some better way?

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  • Python: import the containing package

    - by guy
    In a module residing inside a package, i have the need to use a function defined within the __init__.py of that package. how can i import the package within the module that resides within the package, so i can use that function? Importing __init__ inside the module will not import the package, but instead a module named __init__, leading to two copies of things with different names... Is there a pythonic way to do this?

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  • Python loop | "do-while" over a tree

    - by johannix
    Is there a more Pythonic way to put this loop together?: while True: children = tree.getChildren() if not children: break tree = children[0] UPDATE: I think this syntax is probably what I'm going to go with: while tree.getChildren(): tree = tree.getChildren()[0]

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  • How should I write this string-prefix check so that it's idiomatic Python?

    - by Kevin Stargel
    I have a couple of lists of items: specials = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', ...] smoothies = ['banana-apple', 'mocha mango', ...] I want to make a new list, special_smoothies, consisting of elements in smoothies that start with the elements in specials. However, if specials is blank, special_smoothies should be identical to smoothies. What's the most Pythonic way to do this? Is there a way to do this without a separate conditional check on whether specials is blank?

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  • Why can I not access this class member in python?

    - by Peter Smit
    I have the following code class Transcription(object): WORD = 0 PHONE = 1 STATE = 2 def __init__(self): self.transcriptions = [] def align_transcription(self,model,target=Transcription.PHONE): pass The important part here is that I would like to have a class member as default value for a variable. This however gives the following error: NameError: name 'Transcription' is not defined Why is this not possible and what is the right (pythonic) way to do something like this.

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  • Why would it be necessary to subclass from object in Python?

    - by rmh
    I've been using Python for quite a while now, and I'm still unsure as to why you would subclass from object. What is the difference between this: class MyClass(): pass And this: class MyClass(object): pass As far as I understand, object is the base class for all classes and the subclassing is implied. Do you get anything from explicitly subclassing from it? What is the most "Pythonic" thing to do?

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  • Calling methods in super class constructor of subclass constructor?

    - by deamon
    Calling methods in super class constructor of subclass constructor? Passing configuration to the __init__ method which calls register implicitely: class Base: def __init__(self, *verbs=("get", "post")): self._register(verbs) def _register(self, *verbs): pass class Sub(Base): def __init__(self): super().__init__("get", "post", "put") Or calling register explicitely in the subclass' __init__ method: class Base: def __init__(self): self._register("get", "post") def _register(self, *verbs): pass class Sub(Base): def __init__(self): _register("get", "post", "put") What is better or more pythonic? Or is it only a matter of taste?

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  • Python/Django Concatenate a string depending on whether that string exists

    - by Douglas Meehan
    I'm creating a property on a Django model called "address". I want address to consist of the concatenation of a number of fields I have on my model. The problem is that not all instances of this model will have values for all of these fields. So, I want to concatenate only those fields that have values. What is the best/most Pythonic way to do this? Here are the relevant fields from the model: house = models.IntegerField('House Number', null=True, blank=True) suf = models.CharField('House Number Suffix', max_length=1, null=True, blank=True) unit = models.CharField('Address Unit', max_length=7, null=True, blank=True) stex = models.IntegerField('Address Extention', null=True, blank=True) stdir = models.CharField('Street Direction', max_length=254, null=True, blank=True) stnam = models.CharField('Street Name', max_length=30, null=True, blank=True) stdes = models.CharField('Street Designation', max_length=3, null=True, blank=True) stdessuf = models.CharField('Street Designation Suffix',max_length=1, null=True, blank=True) I could just do something like this: def _get_address(self): return "%s %s %s %s %s %s %s %s" % (self.house, self.suf, self.unit, self.stex, self.stdir, self.stname, self.stdes, self.stdessuf) but then there would be extra blank spaces in the result. I could do a series of if statements and concatenate within each, but that seems ugly. What's the best way to handle this situation? Thanks.

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  • Python: Comparing specific columns in two csv files

    - by coder999
    Say that I have two CSV files (file1 and file2) with contents as shown below: file1: fred,43,Male,"23,45",blue,"1, bedrock avenue" file2: fred,39,Male,"23,45",blue,"1, bedrock avenue" I would like to compare these two CSV records to see if columns 0,2,3,4, and 5 are the same. I don't care about column 1. What's the most pythonic way of doing this? EDIT: Some example code would be appreciated.

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  • is there a better way of replacing duplicates in a list (python)

    - by myeu2
    Given a list: l1: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'a', 'b'] output: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'a'_1, 'a'_2, 'b'_1 ] I created the following code to get the output. Its messyyy.. for index in range(len(l1)): counter = 1 list_of_duplicates_for_item = [dup_index for dup_index, item in enumerate(l1) if item == l1[index] and l1.count(l1[index]) > 1] for dup_index in list_of_duplicates_for_item[1:]: l1[dup_index] = l1[dup_index] + '_' + str(counter) counter = counter + 1 Is there a more pythonic way of doing this? I couldnt find anything on the web.

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  • Is there a better way to write this URL Manipulation in Python?

    - by dnolen
    I'm curious if there's a simpler way to remove a particular parameter from a url. What I came up with is the following. This seems a bit verbose. Libraries to use or a more pythonic version appreciated. parsed = urlparse(url) if parsed.query != "": params = dict([s.split("=") for s in parsed.query.split("&")]) if params.get("page"): del params["page"] url = urlunparse((parsed.scheme, None, parsed.path, None, urlencode(params.items()), parsed.fragment,)) parsed = urlparse(url)

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  • What is the cleanest way to do a sort plus uniq on a Python list?

    - by knorv
    Consider a Python list my_list containing ['foo', 'foo', 'bar']. What is the most Pythonic way to uniqify:ing and sorting and the list (think cat my_list | sort | uniq)? This is how I currently do it and while it works I'm sure there are better ways to do it. my_list = [] ... my_list.append("foo") my_list.append("foo") my_list.append("bar") ... my_list = set(my_list) my_list = list(my_list) my_list.sort()

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  • What is the preferred syntax for initializing a dict?

    - by daotoad
    I'm putting in some effort to learn Python, and I am paying close attention to common coding standards. This may seem like a pointlessly nit-picky question, but I am trying to focus on best-practices as I learn, so I don't have to unlearn any 'bad' habits. I see two common methods for initializing a dict: a = { 'a': 'value', 'another': 'value', } b = dict( a='value', another='value', ) Which is considered to be "more pythonic"? Which do you use? Why?

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  • Downloading files from an http server in python

    - by cellular
    Using urllib2, we can get the http response from a web server. If that server simply holds a list of files, we could parse through the files and download each individually. However, I'm not sure what the easiest, most pythonic way to parse through the files would be. When you get a whole http response of the generic file server list, through urllib2's urlopen() method, how can we neatly download each file?

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  • XSLT is not the solution you're looking for

    - by Jeff
    I was very relieved to see that Umbraco is ditching XSLT as a rendering mechanism in the forthcoming v5. Thank God for that. After working in this business for a very long time, I can't think of any other technology that has been inappropriately used, time after time, and without any compelling reason.The place I remember seeing it the most was during my time at Insurance.com. We used it, mostly, for two reasons. The first and justifiable reason was that it tweaked data for messaging to the various insurance carriers. While they all shared a "standard" for insurance quoting, they all had their little nuances we had to accommodate, so XSLT made sense. The other thing we used it for was rendering in the interview app. In other words, when we showed you some fancy UI, we'd often ditch the control rendering and straight HTML and use XSLT. I hated it.There just hasn't been a technology hammer that made every problem look like a nail (or however that metaphor goes) the way XSLT has. Imagine my horror the first week at Microsoft, when my team assumed control of the MSDN/TechNet forums, and we saw a mess of XSLT for some parts of it. I don't have to tell you that we ripped that stuff out pretty quickly. I can't even tell you how many performance problems went away as we started to rip it out.XSLT is not your friend. It has a place in the world, but that place is tweaking XML, not rendering UI.

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  • Algorithm to measure how "diffused" 5,000 pennies are in an economy?

    - by makerofthings7
    Please allow me to use this example/metaphor to describe an algorithm I need. Objects There are 5 thousand pennies. There are 50 cups. There is a tracking history (Passport "stamp" etc) that is associated with each penny as it moves between cups. Definition I'll define a "highly diffused" penny as one that passes through many cups. A "poorly diffused" penny is one that either passes back and forth between 2 cups Question How can I objectively measure the diffusion of a penny as: The number of moves the penny has gone through The number of cups the penny has been in A unit of time (day, week, month) Why am I doing this? I want to detect if a cup is hoarding pennies. Resistance from bad actors Since hoarding is bad, the "bad cup" may simply solicit a partner and simply move pennies between each other. This will reduce the amount of time a coin isn't in transit, and would skew hoarding detection. A solution might be to detect if a cup (or set of cups) are common "partners" with each other, though I'm not sure how to think though this problem. Broad applicability Any assistance would be helpful, since I would think that this algorithm is common to Economics The study of migration patterns of animals, citizens of a country Other natural occurring phenomena ... and probably exists as a term or concept I'm unfamiliar with.

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  • Does your organization still use the term "screens" to describe a user interface?

    - by bit-twiddler
    I have been in the field long enough to remember when the term "screen" entered our lexicon. As difficult as it is to believe, the early systems on which I worked had no user interface (UI), that is, unless one counts a keypunch machine and job listings as a user interface. These systems ran as "card image" production jobs back in a day when being a computer operator required a reasonably deep understanding of how computers worked. Flashing forward to today: I cringe every time I hear a systems practitioner use the term "screen." The metaphor no longer fits the medium. The term somewhat fit back when the user dialog consumed 100% of available monitor real estate; however, the term lost its relevance the moment we moved to windowed environments. With the above said, does your organization still use the term "screens" to describe an application's UI? Has anyone successfully purged the term from an organization? For those who do not use the term to describe UI dialog elements, what term do you use in place of “screen.”

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  • XML Rules Engine and Validation Tutorial with NIEM

    - by drrwebber
    Our new XML Validation Framework tutorial video is now available. See how to easily integrate code-free adaptive XML validation services into your web services using the Java CAMV validation engine. CAMV allows you to build fault tolerant content checking with XPath that optionally use SQL data lookups. This can provide warnings as well as error conditions to tailor your validation layer to exactly meet your business application needs. Also available is developing test suites using Apache ANT scripting of validations.  This allows a community to share sets of conformance checking test and tools . On the technical XML side the video introduces XPath validation rules and illustrates and the concepts of XML content and structure validation. CAM validation templates allow contextual parameter driven dynamic validation services to be implemented compared to using a static and brittle XSD schema approach.The SQL table lookup and code list validation are discussed and examples presented.Features are highlighted along with a demonstration of the interactive generation of actual live XML data from a SQL data store and then validation processing complete with errors and warnings detection.The presentation provides a primer for developing web service XML validation and integration into a SOA approach along with examples and resources. Also alignment with the NIEM IEPD process for interoperable information exchanges is discussed along with NIEM rules services.The CAMV engine is a high performance scalable Java component for rapidly implementing code-free validation services and methods. CAMV is a next generation WYSIWYG approach that builds from older Schematron coding based interpretative runtime tools and provides a simpler declarative metaphor for rules definition. See: http://www.youtube.com/user/TheCAMeditor

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  • Does this syntax for specifying Django conditional form display align with python/django convention?

    - by andy
    I asked a similar question on Stackoverflow and was told it was better asked here. So I'll ask it slightly rephrased. I am working on a Django project, part of which will become a distributable plugin that allows the python/django developer to specify conditional form field display logic in the form class or model class. I am trying to decide how the developer must specify that logic. Here's an example: class MyModel(models.Model): #these are some django model fields which will be used in a form yes_or_no = models.SomeField...choices are yes or no... why = models.SomeField...text, but only relevant if yes_or_no == yes... elaborate_even_more = models.SomeField...more text, just here so we can have multiple conditions #here i am inventing some syntax...i am looking for suggestions!! #this is one possibility why.show_if = ('yes_or_no','==','yes') elaborate_even_more.show_if = (('yes_or_no','==','yes'),('why','is not','None')) #help me choose a syntax that is *easy*...and Pythonic and...Djangonic...and that makes your fingers happy to type! #another alternative... conditions = {'why': ('yes_or_no','==','yes'), 'elaborate_even_more': (('yes_or_no','==','yes'),('why','is not','None')) } #or another alternative... """Showe the field whiche hath the name *why* only under that circumstance in whiche the field whiche hath the name *yes_or_no* hath the value *yes*, in strictest equality.""" etc... Those conditions will be eventually passed via django templates to some javascript that will show or hide form fields accordingly. Which of those options (or please propose a better option) aligns better with conventions such that it will be easiest for the python/django developer to use? Also are there other considerations that should impact what syntax I choose?

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  • Splitting Pygame functionality between classes or modules?

    - by sec_goat
    I am attempting to make my pygame application more modular so that different functionalities are split up into different classes and modules. I am having some trouble getting pygame to allow me to draw or load images in secondary classes when the display has been set and pygame.init() has been done in my main class. I have typically used C# and XNA to accomplish this sort of behavior, but this time I need to use python. How do I init pygame in class1, then create an instance of class2 which loads and converts() images. I have tried pygame.init() in class 2 but then it tells me no display mode has been set, when it has been set in class1. I am under the impression i do not wnat to create multiple pygame.displays as that gets problematic I am probably missing something pythonic and simple but I am not sure what. How do I create a Display class, init python and then have other modules do my work like loading images, fonts etc.? here is the simplest version of what I am doing: class1: def __init__(self): self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode((600,400)) self.imageLoader = class2() class2: def __init__(self): self.images = ['list of images'] def load_images(): self.images = os.listdir('./images/') #get all images in the images directory for img in self.images: #read all images in the directory and load them into pygame new_img = pygame.image.load(os.path.join('images', img)).convert() scale_img = pygame.transform.scale(new_img, (pygame.display.Info().current_w, pygame.display.Info().current_h)) self.images.append(scale_img) if __name__ == "__main__": c1 = class1() c1.imageLoader.load_images() Of course when it tries to load an convert the images it tells me pygame has not been initialized, so i throw in a pygame.init() in class2 ( i have heard it is safe to init multiple times) and then the error goes to pygame.error: No video mode has been set

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  • @staticmethod vs module-level function

    - by darkfeline
    This is not about @staticmethod and @classmethod! I know how staticmethod works. What I want to know is the proper use cases for @staticmethod vs. a module-level function. I've googled this question, and it seems there's some general agreement that module-level functions are preferred over static methods because it's more pythonic. Static methods have the advantage of being bound to its class, which may make sense if only that class uses it. However, in Python functionality is usually organized by module not class, so usually making it a module function makes sense too. Static methods can also be overridden by subclasses, which is an advantage or disadvantage depending on how you look at it. Although, static methods are usually "functionally pure" so overriding it may not be smart, but it may be convenient sometimes (though this may be one of those "convenient, but NEVER DO IT" kind of things only experience can teach you). Are there any general rule-of-thumbs for using either staticmethod or module-level functions? What concrete advantages or disadvantages do they have (e.g. future extension, external extension, readability)? If possible, also provide a case example.

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  • How to build a Windows Forms email-aware text box?

    - by Patrick Linskey
    Hi, I'm building a C# client app that allows a user to communicate with one or more existing users in a system via an email-like metaphor. I'd like to present the user with a text entry box that auto-completes on known email addresses, and allows multiple delimiter-separated addresses to be entered. Ideally, I'd also like the email addresses to turn into structured controls once they've been entered and recognized. Basically, I'm modeling the UI interaction for adding users after Facebook's model. Are there any Windows Forms controls out there with the ability to do something like this? Is there any well-established terminology for a hybrid textbox / control list box (no, not a ComboBox) or something that I should be searching for? Thanks, -Patrick

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