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  • OpenGL Vertex Buffer Object code giving bad output.

    - by Matthew Mitchell
    Hello. My Vertex Buffer Object code is supposed to render textures nicely but instead the textures are being rendered oddly with some triangle shapes. What happens - http://godofgod.co.uk/my_files/wrong.png What is supposed to happen - http://godofgod.co.uk/my_files/right.png This function creates the VBO and sets the vertex and texture coordinate data: extern "C" GLuint create_box_vbo(GLdouble size[2]){ GLuint vbo; glGenBuffers(1,&vbo); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo); GLsizeiptr data_size = 8*sizeof(GLdouble); GLdouble vertices[] = {0,0, 0,size[1], size[0],0, size[0],size[1]}; glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, data_size, vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW); data_size = 8*sizeof(GLint); GLint textcoords[] = {0,0, 0,1, 1,0, 1,1}; glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, data_size, textcoords, GL_STATIC_DRAW); return vbo; } Here is some relavant code from another function which is supposed to draw the textures with the VBO. glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S,GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glLoadIdentity(); glColor4d(1,1,1,a/255); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture); glTranslated(offset[0],offset[1],0); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo); glVertexPointer(2, GL_DOUBLE, 0, 0); glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); glTexCoordPointer (2, GL_INT, 0, 0); glEnableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 1, 3); glDisableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY); glDisableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0); I would have hoped for the code to use the first three coordinates (top-left,bottom-left,top-right) and the last three (bottom-left,top-right,bottom-right) to draw the triangles with the texture data correctly in the most efficient way. I don't see why triangles should make it more efficient but apparently that's the way to go. It, of-course, fails for some reason. I am asking what is broken but also am I going about it in the right way generally? Thank you.

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  • Determining line orientation using vertex shaders

    - by Brett
    Hi, I want to be able to calculate the direction of a line to eye coordinates and store this value for every pixel on the line using a vertex and fragment shader. My idea was to calculate the direction gradient using atan2(Gy/Gx) after a modelview tranformation for each pair of vertices then quantize this value as a color intensity to pass to a fragment shader. How can I get access to the positions of pairs of vertices to achieve this or is there another method I should use? Thanks

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  • When should I use indexed arrays of OpenGL vertices?

    - by Tartley
    I'm trying to get a clear idea of when I should be using indexed arrays of OpenGL vertices, drawn with gl[Multi]DrawElements and the like, versus when I should simply use contiguous arrays of vertices, drawn with gl[Multi]DrawArrays. (Update: The consensus in the replies I got is that one should always be using indexed vertices.) I have gone back and forth on this issue several times, so I'm going to outline my current understanding, in the hopes someone can either tell me I'm now finally more or less correct, or else point out where my remaining misunderstandings are. Specifically, I have three conclusions, in bold. Please correct them if they are wrong. One simple case is if my geometry consists of meshes to form curved surfaces. In this case, the vertices in the middle of the mesh will have identical attributes (position, normal, color, texture coord, etc) for every triangle which uses the vertex. This leads me to conclude that: 1. For geometry with few seams, indexed arrays are a big win. Follow rule 1 always, except: For geometry that is very 'blocky', in which every edge represents a seam, the benefit of indexed arrays is less obvious. To take a simple cube as an example, although each vertex is used in three different faces, we can't share vertices between them, because for a single vertex, the surface normals (and possible other things, like color and texture co-ord) will differ on each face. Hence we need to explicitly introduce redundant vertex positions into our array, so that the same position can be used several times with different normals, etc. This means that indexed arrays are of less use. e.g. When rendering a single face of a cube: 0 1 o---o |\ | | \ | | \| o---o 3 2 (this can be considered in isolation, because the seams between this face and all adjacent faces mean than none of these vertices can be shared between faces) if rendering using GL_TRIANGLE_FAN (or _STRIP), then each face of the cube can be rendered thus: verts = [v0, v1, v2, v3] colors = [c0, c0, c0, c0] normal = [n0, n0, n0, n0] Adding indices does not allow us to simplify this. From this I conclude that: 2. When rendering geometry which is all seams or mostly seams, when using GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP or _FAN, then I should never use indexed arrays, and should instead always use gl[Multi]DrawArrays. (Update: Replies indicate that this conclusion is wrong. Even though indices don't allow us to reduce the size of the arrays here, they should still be used because of other performance benefits, as discussed in the comments) The only exception to rule 2 is: When using GL_TRIANGLES (instead of strips or fans), then half of the vertices can still be re-used twice, with identical normals and colors, etc, because each cube face is rendered as two separate triangles. Again, for the same single cube face: 0 1 o---o |\ | | \ | | \| o---o 3 2 Without indices, using GL_TRIANGLES, the arrays would be something like: verts = [v0, v1, v2, v2, v3, v0] normals = [n0, n0, n0, n0, n0, n0] colors = [c0, c0, c0, c0, c0, c0] Since a vertex and a normal are often 3 floats each, and a color is often 3 bytes, that gives, for each cube face, about: verts = 6 * 3 floats = 18 floats normals = 6 * 3 floats = 18 floats colors = 6 * 3 bytes = 18 bytes = 36 floats and 18 bytes per cube face. (I understand the number of bytes might change if different types are used, the exact figures are just for illustration.) With indices, we can simplify this a little, giving: verts = [v0, v1, v2, v3] (4 * 3 = 12 floats) normals = [n0, n0, n0, n0] (4 * 3 = 12 floats) colors = [c0, c0, c0, c0] (4 * 3 = 12 bytes) indices = [0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0] (6 shorts) = 24 floats + 12 bytes, and maybe 6 shorts, per cube face. See how in the latter case, vertices 0 and 2 are used twice, but only represented once in each of the verts, normals and colors arrays. This sounds like a small win for using indices, even in the extreme case of every single geometry edge being a seam. This leads me to conclude that: 3. When using GL_TRIANGLES, one should always use indexed arrays, even for geometry which is all seams. Please correct my conclusions in bold if they are wrong.

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  • calculating the potential effect of inaccurate triangle vertex positions on the triangle edge lenght

    - by stingrey
    i'm not sure how to solve the following problem: i have a triangle with each of the three known vertex positions A,B,C being inaccurate, meaning they can each deviate up to certain known radii rA, rB, rC into arbitrary directions. given such a triangle, i want to calculate how much the difference of two specific edge lengths (for instance the difference between lengths of edge a and edge b) of the triangle may change in the worst case. is there any elegant mathematical solution to this problem? the naive way i thought of is calculating all 360^3 angle combinations and measuring the edge differences for each case, which is a rather high overhead.

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  • Vertex Buffer Object not drawing in SDL window

    - by intregus
    I'm just using the opengl SDL template with Xcode, and everything runs fine. I removed the Atlantis code, and changed the main extension to .mm, then added some testing code to drawGL. Drawing a simple triangle (using immediate mode) at this point inside drawGL gives me a white triangle, but when I add the code to draw using a vertex buffer object, i just get a black window. Here is my VBO drawing code: glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); // Clear The Screen And The Depth Buffer glLoadIdentity(); GLuint buffer; float vertices[] = { 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f }; // VBO doesn't work :( glGenBuffers(1, &buffer); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(float) * 9, vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); glVertexPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, 0, vertices); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3); glDisableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);

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  • textures and vertex arrays with OpenGL?

    - by user146780
    Basically what I'd like to do is make textured NGONS. I also want to use a tesselator (GLU) to make concave and multicontour objects. I was wondering how the texture comes into play though. I think that the tesselator will return verticies so I will add these to my array, that's fine. But my vertex array will contain more than one polygon object so then how can I tell it when to bind the texture like in immediate mode? Right now I feel stuck with one call to bind. How can this be done? Thanks

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  • iPhone and Vertex Buffer Objects

    - by dancer
    I've just started playing around with opengl es on the iphone the past couple of weeks and i'm looking at refactoring some of my code to use Vertex Buffer Objects(VBO). Before I do though I would like to make sure it'll be worth it. The problem is that afaik the only reason you create VBO's is to shift a chunk of data onto the graphics card so that it doesn't need to be retrieved from system ram when it's used. The iPhone however does not have any dedicated ram that I'm aware of so i'm struggling to see why I would benefit at all from using VBO's. I have seen talk around the internet with conflicting opinions and apple certainly want dev's to use it so there's probably still a reason to use them but just wanted to see if anyone on SO had an opinion to add.

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  • OpenGL Vertex Array/Buffer Objects

    - by sadanjon
    Question 1 Do vertex buffer objects created under a certain VAO deleted once that VAO is deleted? An example: glGenBuffers(1, &bufferObject); glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO); glBindVertexArray(VAO); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, bufferObject); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(someVertices), someVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(positionAttrib); glVertexAttribPointer(positionAttrib, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, NULL); When later calling glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);, will bufferObject be deleted as well? The reason I'm asking is that I saw a few examples over the web that didn't delete those buffer objects. Question 2 What is the maximum amount of memory that I can allocate for buffer objects? It must be system dependent of course, but I can't seem find an estimation for it. What happens when video RAM isn't big enough? How would I know?

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  • What vertex shader code should be used for a pixel shader used for simple 2D SpriteBatch drawing in XNA?

    - by Michael
    Preface First of all, why is a vertex shader required for a SilverlightEffect (.slfx file) in Silverlight 5? I'm trying to port a simple 2D XNA game to Silverlight 5 RC, and I would like to use a basic pixel shader. This shader works great in XNA for Windows and Xbox, but I can't get it to compile with Silverlight as a SilverlightEffect. The MS blog for the Silverlight Toolkit says that "there is no difference between .slfx and .fx", but apparently this isn't quite true -- or at least SpriteBatch is working some magic for us in "regular XNA", and it isn't in "Silverlight XNA". If I try to directly copy my pixel shader file into a Silverlight project (and change it to the supported "Effect - Silverlight" importer/processor), when I try to compile I see the following error message: Invalid effect file. Unable to find vertex shader in pass "P0" Indeed, there isn't a vertex shader in my pixel shader file. I haven't needed one with my other 2D XNA apps since I'm just doing basic SpriteBatch drawing. I tried adding a vertex shader to my shader file, using Remi Gillig's comment on this Shawn Hargreaves blog post for guidance, but it doesn't quite work. The shader file successfully compiles, and I see some semblance of my game on screen, but it's tiny, twisted, repeated, and all jumbled up. So clearly something's not quite right. The Real Question So that brings me to my real question: Since a vertex shader is required, is there a basic vertex shader function that works for simple 2D SpriteBatch drawing? And if the vertex shader requires world/view/project matricies as parameters, what values am I supposed to use for a 2D game? Can any shader pros help? Thanks!

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  • Qt 5.3 OpenGL - vertex buffer object drawing using the core profile

    - by user3700881
    Im using Qt 5.3 to create a QWindow to do some basic rendering stuff. The QWindow is declared like this: class OpenGLWindow : public QWindow, protected QOpenGLFunctions_3_3_Core { Q_OBJECT ... } It is initialized in the constructor: OpenGLWindow::OpenGLWindow(QWindow *parent) : QWindow(parent) { QSurfaceFormat format; format.setVersion(3,3); format.setProfile(QSurfaceFormat::CoreProfile); this->setSurfaceType(OpenGLSurface); this->setFormat(format); this->create(); _context = new QOpenGLContext; _context->setFormat(format); _context->create(); _context->makeCurrent(this); this->initializeOpenGLFunctions(); ... } And that's the rendering code: void OpenGLWindow::render() { if(!isExposed()) return; _context->makeCurrent(this); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); glUseProgram(_shaderProgram); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, _positionBufferObject); glEnableVertexAttribArray(0); glVertexAttribPointer(0, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3); glDisableVertexAttribArray(0); glUseProgram(0); _context->swapBuffers(this); } I am trying to draw a simple triangle using a vertex and fragment shader. The problem is that the triangle is not showing up when the core profile is set. Only when I set the OpenGL version to 2.0 or when I use the compatibility profile, it shows up. From my point of view that doesn't make any sense because I am not using fixed functionality at all. What am I missing?

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  • Why don't I need to bind my vertex buffer object before calling glDrawArrays?

    - by valmo
    I'm a bit confused why this still renders. I thought you need to bind a vertex buffer object so that glDrawArrays knows which vertex buffer to use. Here is my initialisation code.. // Create and bind vertex array to store vertex attribute states. glGenVertexArraysOES(NUM_VERTEX_ARRAYS, &m_vertexArray); glBindVertexArrayOES(m_vertexArray); // Create and bind vertex buffer to store vertex data. glGenBuffers(NUM_VERTEX_BUFFERS, &m_vertexBuffer); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, m_vertexBuffer); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(Vertex) * 36, &m_vertices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(VertexAttribPosition); glVertexAttribPointer(VertexAttribPosition, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 24, BUFFER_OFFSET(0)); glEnableVertexAttribArray(VertexAttribNormal); glVertexAttribPointer(VertexAttribNormal, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 24, BUFFER_OFFSET(12)); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0); glBindVertexArrayOES(0); Here is my render code. I'm confused why glDrawArrays still works when I bind 0 to GL_ARRAY_BUFFER. glBindVertexArrayOES(m_vertexArray); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36); glBindVertexArrayOES(0);

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  • How do i use GraphMLReader2 in Jung?

    - by askus
    I want to use class GraphMLReader to read a Undirected Graph from graphML with JUNG2.0. The code is as follow: import edu.uci.ics.jung.io.*; import edu.uci.ics.jung.io.graphml.*; import java.io.*; import java.util.*; import org.apache.commons.collections15.Transformer; import edu.uci.ics.jung.graph.*; class Vertex{ int id; String type; String value; } class Edge{ int id ; String type; String value; } public class Loader{ static String src = "test.xsl"; public static void Main( String[] args){ Reader reader = new FileReader(src ); Transformer<NodeMetadata, Vertex> vtrans = new Transformer<NodeMetadata,Vertex>(){ public Vertex transform(NodeMetadata nmd ){ Vertex v = new Vertex() ; v.type = nmd.getProperty("type"); v.value = nmd.getProperty("value"); v.id = Integer.valueOf( nmd.getId() ); return v; } }; Transformer<EdgeMetadata, Edge> etrans = new Transformer<EdgeMetadata,Edge>(){ public Edge transform( EdgeMetadata emd ){ Edge e = new Edge() ; e.type = emd.getProperty("type"); e.value = emd.getProperty("value"); e.id = Integer.valueOf( emd.getId() ); return e; } }; Transformer<HyperEdgeMetadata, Edge> hetrans = new Transformer<HyperEdgeMetadata,Edge>(){ public Edge transform( HyperEdgeMetadata emd ){ Edge e = new Edge() ; e.type = emd.getProperty("type"); e.value = emd.getProperty("value"); e.id = Integer.valueOf( emd.getId() ); return e; } }; Transformer< GraphMetadata , UndirectedSparseGraph> gtrans = new Transformer<GraphMetadata,UndirectedSparseGraph>(){ public UndirectedSparseGraph<Vertex,Edge> transform( GraphMetadata gmd ){ return new UndirectedSparseGraph<Vertex,Edge>(); } }; GraphMLReader2< UndirectedSparseGraph<Vertex,Edge> , Vertex , Edge> gmlr = new GraphMLReader2< UndirectedSparseGraph<Vertex,Edge> ,Vertex, Edge>( reader, gtrans, vtrans, etrans, hetrans); UndirectedSparseGraph<Vertex,Edge> g = gmlr.readGraph(); return ; } } However, compiler alert that: Loader.java:60: cannot find symbol symbol : constructor GraphMLReader2(java.io.Reader,org.apache.commons.collections15.Transformer<edu.uci.ics.jung.io.graphml.GraphMetadata,edu.uci.ics.jung.graph.UndirectedSparseGraph>,org.apache.commons.collections15.Transformer<edu.uci.ics.jung.io.graphml.NodeMetadata,Vertex>,org.apache.commons.collections15.Transformer<edu.uci.ics.jung.io.graphml.EdgeMetadata,Edge>) location: class edu.uci.ics.jung.io.graphml.GraphMLReader2<edu.uci.ics.jung.graph.UndirectedSparseGraph<Vertex,Edge>,Vertex,Edge> new GraphMLReader2< UndirectedSparseGraph<Vertex,Edge> ,Vertex, Edge>( ^ 1 error How can i solve this problem? Thanks.

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  • glutPostRedisplay() does not update display

    - by A D
    I am currently drawing a rectangle to the screen and would like to move it by using the arrow keys. However, when I press an arrow key the vertex data changes but the display does refresh to reflect these changes, even though I am calling glutPostRedisplay(). Is there something else that I must do? My code: #include <GL/glew.h> #include <GL/freeglut.h> #include <GL/freeglut_ext.h> #include <iostream> #include "Shaders.h" using namespace std; const int NUM_VERTICES = 6; const GLfloat POS_Y = -0.1; const GLfloat NEG_Y = -0.01; struct Vertex { GLfloat x; GLfloat y; Vertex() : x(0), y(0) {} Vertex(GLfloat givenX, GLfloat givenY) : x(givenX), y(givenY) {} }; Vertex left_paddle[NUM_VERTICES]; void init() { glClearColor(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); left_paddle[0] = Vertex(-0.95f, 0.95f); left_paddle[1] = Vertex(-0.95f, 0.0f); left_paddle[2] = Vertex(-0.85f, 0.95f); left_paddle[3] = Vertex(-0.85f, 0.95f); left_paddle[4] = Vertex(-0.95f, 0.0f); left_paddle[5] = Vertex(-0.85f, 0.0f); GLuint vao; glGenVertexArrays( 1, &vao ); glBindVertexArray( vao ); GLuint buffer; glGenBuffers(1, &buffer); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(left_paddle), NULL, GL_STATIC_DRAW); GLuint program = init_shaders( "vshader.glsl", "fshader.glsl" ); glUseProgram( program ); GLuint loc = glGetAttribLocation( program, "vPosition" ); glEnableVertexAttribArray( loc ); glVertexAttribPointer( loc, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0); glBindVertexArray(vao); } void movePaddle(Vertex* array, GLfloat change) { for(int i = 0; i < NUM_VERTICES; i++) { array[i].y = array[i].y + change; } glutPostRedisplay(); } void special( int key, int x, int y ) { switch ( key ) { case GLUT_KEY_DOWN: movePaddle(left_paddle, NEG_Y); break; } } void display() { glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6); glutSwapBuffers(); } int main(int argc, char **argv) { glutInit(&argc, argv); glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGB); glutInitWindowSize(500,500); glutCreateWindow("Rectangle"); glewInit(); init(); glutDisplayFunc(display); glutSpecialFunc(special); glutMainLoop(); return 0; }

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  • What is the difference between Constant Vertex Attributes and Uniforms?

    - by Samaursa
    According to the OpenGL ES 2.0 Programming Guide: A constant vertex attribute is the same for all vertices of a primitive, and therefore only one value needs to be specified for all the vertices of a primitive. For uniforms the book states: ...any parameter to a shader that is constant across either all vertices or fragments (but that is not known at compile time) should be passed in as a uniform. I've always used uniforms for data that is constant for a primitive but now it appears that attributes can also be used in the same way. Is there more to constant vertex attribute than simply 'they are the same as uniforms'?

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  • In OpenGL vertex shader, gl_Position doesn't get homogenized..

    - by KJ
    Hi everyone, I was expecting gl_Position to automatically get homogenized (divided by w), but it seems not working.. Why do the followings make different results? 1) void main() { vec4 p; ... omitted ... gl_Position = projectionMatrix * p; } 2) ... same as above ... p = projectionMatrix * p; gl_Position = p / p.w; I think the two are supposed to generate the same results, but it seems it's not the case. 1 doesn't work while 2 is working as expected.. Could it possibly be a precision problem? Am I missing something? This is driving me almost crazy.. helps needed. Many thanks in advance!

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  • How to get id vertex from name vertex in R and Igraph?

    - by user1310873
    I have a graph with names from 1 to 10 library(igraph) library(Cairo) g<- graph(c(0,1,0,4,0,9,1,7,1,9,2,9,2,3,2,5,3,6,3,9,4,5,4,8,5,8,6,7,6,8,7,8),n=10,dir=FALSE) V(g)$name<-c(1:10) V(g)$label<-V(g)$name coords <- c(0,0,13.0000,0,5.9982,5.9991,7.9973,7.0009,-1.0008,11.9999,0.9993,11.0002,7.9989,13.0009,10.9989,14.0009,5.9989,14.0009,7.0000,4.0000) coords <- matrix(coords, 10,2,byrow=T) plot(g,layout=coords) listMn<-neighborhood(g,1,0:9) I'd like to do this but in opposite way m1<-V(g)[listMn[[7]]]$name the above instructions gets, 7 4 8 9 how to get listMn[[7]]=6 3 7 8 from names 7 4 8 9?

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  • Interleaving Arrays in OpenGL

    - by Benjamin Danger Johnson
    In my pursuit to write code that matches todays OpenGL standards I have found that I am completely clueless about interleaving arrays. I've tried and debugged just about everywhere I can think of but I can't get my model to render using interleaved arrays (It worked when it was configuered to use multiple arrays) Now I know that all the data is properly being parsed from an obj file and information is being copied properly copied into the Vertex object array, but I still can't seem to get anything to render. Below is the code for initializing a model and drawing it (along with the Vertex struct for reference.) Vertex: struct Vertex { glm::vec3 position; glm::vec3 normal; glm::vec2 uv; glm::vec3 tangent; glm::vec3 bitangent; }; Model Constructor: Model::Model(const char* filename) { bool result = loadObj(filename, vertices, indices); glGenVertexArrays(1, &vertexArrayID); glBindVertexArray(vertexArrayID); glGenBuffers(1, &vertexbuffer); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertexbuffer); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertices.size() * sizeof(Vertex), &vertices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glGenBuffers(1, &elementbuffer); glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, elementbuffer); glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indices.size() * sizeof(unsigned short), &indices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); } Draw Model: Model::Draw(ICamera camera) { GLuint matrixID = glGetUniformLocation(programID, "mvp"); GLuint positionID = glGetAttribLocation(programID, "position_modelspace"); GLuint uvID = glGetAttribLocation(programID, "uv"); GLuint normalID = glGetAttribLocation(programID, "normal_modelspace"); GLuint tangentID = glGetAttribLocation(programID, "tangent_modelspace"); GLuint bitangentID = glGetAttribLocation(programID, "bitangent_modelspace"); glm::mat4 projection = camera->GetProjectionMatrix(); glm::mat4 view = camera->GetViewMatrix(); glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f); glm::mat4 mvp = projection * view * model; glUniformMatrix4fv(matrixID, 1, GL_FALSE, &mvp[0][0]); glBindVertexArray(vertexArrayID); glEnableVertexAttribArray(positionID); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertexbuffer); glVertexAttribPointer(positionID, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), &vertices[0].position); glEnableVertexAttribArray(uvID); glVertexAttribPointer(uvID, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), &vertices[0].uv); glEnableVertexAttribArray(normalID); glVertexAttribPointer(normalID, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), &vertices[0].normal); glEnableVertexAttribArray(tangentID); glVertexAttribPointer(tangentID, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), &vertices[0].tangent); glEnableVertexAttribArray(bitangentID); glVertexAttribPointer(bitangentID, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), &vertices[0].bitangent); glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, elementbuffer); glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, indices.size(), GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, (void*)0); glDisableVertexAttribArray(positionID); glDisableVertexAttribArray(uvID); glDisableVertexAttribArray(normalID); glDisableVertexAttribArray(tangentID); glDisableVertexAttribArray(bitangentID); }

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  • Problem when trying to use simple Shaders + VBOs

    - by Mr.Gando
    Hello I'm trying to convert the following functions to a VBO based function for learning purposes, it displays a static texture on screen. I'm using OpenGL ES 2.0 with shaders on the iPhone (should be almost the same than regular OpenGL in this case), this is what I got working: //Works! - (void) drawAtPoint:(CGPoint)point depth:(CGFloat)depth { GLfloat coordinates[] = { 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0 }; GLfloat width = (GLfloat)_width * _maxS, height = (GLfloat)_height * _maxT; GLfloat vertices[] = { -width / 2 + point.x, -height / 2 + point.y, width / 2 + point.x, -height / 2 + point.y, -width / 2 + point.x, height / 2 + point.y, width / 2 + point.x, height / 2 + point.y, }; glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, _name); //Attrib position and attrib_tex coord are handles for the shader attributes glVertexAttribPointer(ATTRIB_POSITION, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, vertices); glEnableVertexAttribArray(ATTRIB_POSITION); glVertexAttribPointer(ATTRIB_TEXCOORD, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, coordinates); glEnableVertexAttribArray(ATTRIB_TEXCOORD); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4); } I tried to do this to convert to a VBO however I don't see anything displaying on-screen with this version: //Doesn't display anything - (void) drawAtPoint:(CGPoint)point depth:(CGFloat)depth { GLfloat width = (GLfloat)_width * _maxS, height = (GLfloat)_height * _maxT; GLfloat position[] = { -width / 2 + point.x, -height / 2 + point.y, width / 2 + point.x, -height / 2 + point.y, -width / 2 + point.x, height / 2 + point.y, width / 2 + point.x, height / 2 + point.y, }; //Texture on-screen position ( each vertex is x,y in on-screen coords ) GLfloat coordinates[] = { 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0 }; // Texture coords from 0 to 1 glBindVertexArrayOES(vao); glGenVertexArraysOES(1, &vao); glGenBuffers(2, vbo); //Buffer 1 glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo[0]); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat), position, GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(ATTRIB_POSITION); glVertexAttribPointer(ATTRIB_POSITION, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, position); //Buffer 2 glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo[1]); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat), coordinates, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(ATTRIB_TEXCOORD); glVertexAttribPointer(ATTRIB_TEXCOORD, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, coordinates); //Draw glBindVertexArrayOES(vao); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, _name); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4); } In both cases I'm using this simple Vertex Shader //Vertex Shader attribute vec2 position;//Bound to ATTRIB_POSITION attribute vec4 color; attribute vec2 texcoord;//Bound to ATTRIB_TEXCOORD varying vec2 texcoordVarying; uniform mat4 mvp; void main() { //You CAN'T use transpose before in glUniformMatrix4fv so... here it goes. gl_Position = mvp * vec4(position.x, position.y, 0.0, 1.0); texcoordVarying = texcoord; } The gl_Position is equal to product of mvp * vec4 because I'm simulating glOrthof in 2D with that mvp And this Fragment Shader //Fragment Shader uniform sampler2D sampler; varying mediump vec2 texcoordVarying; void main() { gl_FragColor = texture2D(sampler, texcoordVarying); } I really need help with this, maybe my shaders are wrong for the second case ? thanks in advance.

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  • OpenGL ES 2.0 texture distortion on large geometry

    - by Spruce
    OpenGL ES 2.0 has serious precision issues with texture sampling - I've seen topics with a similar problem, but I haven't seen a real solution to this "distorted OpenGL ES 2.0 texture" problem yet. This is not related to the texture's image format or OpenGL color buffers, it seems like it's a precision error. I don't know what specifically causes the precision to fail - it doesn't seem like it's just the size of geometry that causes this distortion, because simply scaling vertex position passed to the the vertex shader does not solve the issue. Here are some examples of the texture distortion: Distorted Texture (on OpenGL ES 2.0): http://i47.tinypic.com/3322h6d.png What the texture normally looks like (also on OpenGL ES 2.0): http://i49.tinypic.com/b4jc6c.png The texture issue is limited to small scale geometry on OpenGL ES 2.0, otherwise the texture sampling appears normal, but the grainy effect gradually worsens the further the vertex data is from the origin of XYZ(0,0,0) These texture issues do not occur on desktop OpenGL (works fine under Windows XP, Windows 7, and Mac OS X) I've only seen the problem occur on Android, iPhone, or WebGL(which is similar to OpenGL ES 2.0) All textures are power of 2 but the problem still occurs Scaling the vertex data - The values of a vertex's X Y Z location are in the range of: -65536 to +65536 floating point I realized this was large, so I tried dividing the vertex positions by 1024 to shrink the geometry and hopefully get more accurate floating point precision, but this didn't fix or lessen the texture distortion issue Scaling the modelview or scaling the projection matrix does not help Changing texture filtering options does not help Disabling mipmapping, or using GL_NEAREST/GL_LINEAR does nothing Enabling/disabling anisotropic does nothing The banding effect still occurs even when using GL_CLAMP Dividing the texture coords passed to the vertex shader and then multiplying them back to the correct values in the fragment shader, also does not work precision highp sampler2D, highp float, highp int - in the fragment or the vertex shader didn't change anything (lowp/mediump did not work either) I'm thinking this problem has to have been solved at one point - Seeing that OpenGL ES 2.0 -based games have been able to render large-scale, highly detailed geometry

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  • Help with memory leak (malloc)

    - by user146780
    I'v followed a tutorial to use OGL tesselaton. In one of the callbacks there is a malloc and it creates a leak every time I render a new frame. void CALLBACK combineCallback(GLdouble coords[3], GLdouble *vertex_data[4], GLfloat weight[4], GLdouble **dataOut) { GLdouble *vertex; vertex = (GLdouble *) malloc(6 * sizeof(GLdouble)); vertex[0] = coords[0]; vertex[1] = coords[1]; vertex[2] = coords[2]; for (int i = 3; i < 6; i++) { vertex[i] = weight[0] * vertex_data[0][i] + weight[1] * vertex_data[0][i] + weight[2] * vertex_data[0][i] + weight[3] * vertex_data[0][i]; } *dataOut = vertex; } I'v tried to free(vertex) but then the polygons did not render. I also tried allocating on the heap then doing delete(vertex) but then the polygon rendered awkwardly. I'm not sure what to do. Thanks

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  • Blueprints for Oracle NoSQL Database

    - by dan.mcclary
    I think that some of the most interesting analytic problems are graph problems.  I'm always interested in new ways to store and access graphs.  As such, I really like the work being done by Tinkerpop to create Open Source Software to make property graphs more accessible over a wide variety of datastores.  Since key-value stores like Oracle NoSQL Database are well-suited to storing property graphs, I decided to extend the Blueprints API to work with it.  Below I'll discuss some of the implementation details, but you can check out the finished product here: http://github.com/dwmclary/blueprints-oracle-nosqldb.  What's in a Property Graph?  In the most general sense, a graph is just a collection of vertices and edges.  Vertices and edges can have properties: weights, names, or any number of other traits.  In an undirected graph, edges connect vertices without direction.  A directed graph specifies that all edges have a head and a tail --- a direction.  A multi-graph allows multiple edges to connect two vertices.  A "property graph" encompasses all of these traits. Key-Value Stores for Property Graphs Key-Value stores like Oracle NoSQL Database tend to be ideal for implementing property graphs.  First, if any vertex or edge can have any number of traits, we can treat it as a hash map.  For example: Vertex["name"] = "Mary" Vertex["age"] = 28 Vertex["ID"] = 12345  and so on.  This is a natural key-value relationship: the key "name" maps to the value "Mary."  Moreover if we maintain two hash maps, one for vertex objects and one for edge objects, we've essentially captured the graph.  As such, any scalable key-value store is fertile ground for planting graphs. Oracle NoSQL Database as a Scalable Graph Database While Oracle NoSQL Database offers useful features like tunable consistency, what lends it to storing property graphs is the storage guarantees around its key structure.  Keys in Oracle NoSQL Database are divided into two parts: a major key and a minor key.  The storage guarantee is simple.  Major keys will be distributed across storage nodes, which could encompass a large number of servers.  However, all minor keys which are children of a given major key are guaranteed to be stored on the same storage node.  For example, the vertices: /Personnel/Vertex/1  and /Personnel/Vertex/2 May be stored on different servers, but /Personnel/Vertex/1-/name and  /Personnel/Vertex/1-/age will always be on the same server.  This means that we can structure our graph database such that retrieving all the properties for a vertex or edge requires I/O from only a single storage node.  Moreover, Oracle NoSQL Database provides a storeIterator which allows us to store a huge number of vertices and edges in a scalable fashion.  By storing the vertices and edges as major keys, we guarantee that they are distributed evenly across all storage nodes.  At the same time we can use a partial major key to iterate over all the vertices or edges (e.g. we search over /Personnel/Vertex to iterate over all vertices). Fork It! The Blueprints API and Oracle NoSQL Database present a great way to get started using a scalable key-value database to store and access graph data.  However, a graph store isn't useful without a good graph to work on.  I encourage you to fork or pull the repository, store some data, and try using Gremlin or any other language to explore.

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  • OpenGL Fast-Object Instancing Error

    - by HJ Media Studios
    I have some code that loops through a set of objects and renders instances of those objects. The list of objects that needs to be rendered is stored as a std::map, where an object of class MeshResource contains the vertices and indices with the actual data, and an object of classMeshRenderer defines the point in space the mesh is to be rendered at. My rendering code is as follows: glDisable(GL_BLEND); glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE); glDepthMask(GL_TRUE); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); for (std::map<MeshResource*, std::vector<MeshRenderer*> >::iterator it = renderables.begin(); it != renderables.end(); it++) { it->first->setupBeforeRendering(); cout << "<"; for (unsigned long i =0; i < it->second.size(); i++) { //Pass in an identity matrix to the vertex shader- used here only for debugging purposes; the real code correctly inputs any matrix. uniformizeModelMatrix(Matrix4::IDENTITY); /** * StartHere fix rendering problem. * Ruled out: * Vertex buffers correctly. * Index buffers correctly. * Matrices correct? */ it->first->render(); } it->first->cleanupAfterRendering(); } geometryPassShader->disable(); glDepthMask(GL_FALSE); glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE); glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); The function in MeshResource that handles setting up the uniforms is as follows: void MeshResource::setupBeforeRendering() { glEnableVertexAttribArray(0); glEnableVertexAttribArray(1); glEnableVertexAttribArray(2); glEnableVertexAttribArray(3); glEnableVertexAttribArray(4); glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, iboID); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboID); glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), 0); // Vertex position glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (const GLvoid*) 12); // Vertex normal glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (const GLvoid*) 24); // UV layer 0 glVertexAttribPointer(3, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (const GLvoid*) 32); // Vertex color glVertexAttribPointer(4, 1, GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (const GLvoid*) 44); //Material index } The code that renders the object is this: void MeshResource::render() { glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, geometry->numIndices, GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0); } And the code that cleans up is this: void MeshResource::cleanupAfterRendering() { glDisableVertexAttribArray(0); glDisableVertexAttribArray(1); glDisableVertexAttribArray(2); glDisableVertexAttribArray(3); glDisableVertexAttribArray(4); } The end result of this is that I get a black screen, although the end of my rendering pipeline after the rendering code (essentially just drawing axes and lines on the screen) works properly, so I'm fairly sure it's not an issue with the passing of uniforms. If, however, I change the code slightly so that the rendering code calls the setup immediately before rendering, like so: void MeshResource::render() { setupBeforeRendering(); glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, geometry->numIndices, GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0); } The program works as desired. I don't want to have to do this, though, as my aim is to set up vertex, material, etc. data once per object type and then render each instance updating only the transformation information. The uniformizeModelMatrix works as follows: void RenderManager::uniformizeModelMatrix(Matrix4 matrix) { glBindBuffer(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, globalMatrixUBOID); glBufferSubData(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0, sizeof(Matrix4), matrix.ptr()); glBindBuffer(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0); }

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  • Best and easiest algorithm to search for a vertex on a Graph?

    - by Nazgulled
    Hi, After implementing most of the common and needed functions for my Graph implementation, I realized that a couple of functions (remove vertex, search vertex and get vertex) don't have the "best" implementation. I'm using adjacency lists with linked lists for my Graph implementation and I was searching one vertex after the other until it finds the one I want. Like I said, I realized I was not using the "best" implementation. I can have 10000 vertices and need to search for the last one, but that vertex could have a link to the first one, which would speed up things considerably. But that's just an hypothetical case, it may or may not happen. So, what algorithm do you recommend for search lookup? Our teachers talked about Breadth-first and Depth-first mostly (and Dikjstra' algorithm, but that's a completely different subject). Between those two, which one do you recommend? It would be perfect if I could implement both but I don't have time for that, I need to pick up one and implement it has the first phase deadline is approaching... My guess, is to go with Depth-first, seems easier to implement and looking at the way they work, it seems a best bet. But that really depends on the input. But what do you guys suggest?

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  • Python to Java translation

    - by obelix1337
    Hello, i get quite short code of algorithm in python, but i need to translate it to Java. I didnt find any program to do that, so i will really appreciate to help translating it. I learned python a very little to know the idea how algorithm work. The biggest problem is because in python all is object and some things are made really very confuzing like sum(self.flow[(source, vertex)] for vertex, capacity in self.get_edges(source)) and "self.adj" is like hashmap with multiple values which i have no idea how to put all together. Is any better collection for this code in java? code is: [CODE] class FlowNetwork(object): def __init__(self): self.adj, self.flow, = {},{} def add_vertex(self, vertex): self.adj[vertex] = [] def get_edges(self, v): return self.adj[v] def add_edge(self, u,v,w=0): self.adj[u].append((v,w)) self.adj[v].append((u,0)) self.flow[(u,v)] = self.flow[(v,u)] = 0 def find_path(self, source, sink, path): if source == sink: return path for vertex, capacity in self.get_edges(source): residual = capacity - self.flow[(source,vertex)] edge = (source,vertex,residual) if residual > 0 and not edge in path: result = self.find_path(vertex, sink, path + [edge]) if result != None: return result def max_flow(self, source, sink): path = self.find_path(source, sink, []) while path != None: flow = min(r for u,v,r in path) for u,v,_ in path: self.flow[(u,v)] += flow self.flow[(v,u)] -= flow path = self.find_path(source, sink, []) return sum(self.flow[(source, vertex)] for vertex, capacity in self.get_edges(source)) g = FlowNetwork() map(g.add_vertex, ['s','o','p','q','r','t']) g.add_edge('s','o',3) g.add_edge('s','p',3) g.add_edge('o','p',2) g.add_edge('o','q',3) g.add_edge('p','r',2) g.add_edge('r','t',3) g.add_edge('q','r',4) g.add_edge('q','t',2) print g.max_flow('s','t') [/CODE] result of this example is "5". algorithm find max flow in graph(linked list or whatever) from source vertex "s" to destination "t". Many thanx for any idea

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