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  • "cannot concatenate 'str' and 'list' objects" keeps coming up :(

    - by ratce003
    I'm writing a python program and passing in a html template but an error keeps coming up, "cannot concatenate 'str' and 'list' objects" here is is the program: #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- # enable debugging import cgi import cgitb cgitb.enable() def template(file, **vars): return open(file, 'r').read() % vars print "Content-type: text/html\n" print form = cgi.FieldStorage() # instantiate only once! num_1 = form.getfirst('num_1') num_2 = form.getfirst('num_2') int1r = str(num_1) int2r = str(num_2) def calc_range(int2r, int1r): start = range(int2r, int1r + 1) end = range(1, int2r) return start+end int1 = int(int1r) int2 = int(int2r) out_str = '' for i in range(0, int1): first_line_num = (int2 + i) % int1 if first_line_num == 0: first_line_num = int1 line = calc_range(first_line_num, int1) out_str += line print template('results.html', output=out_str, title="Latin Squares")

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  • Django: test failing on a view with @login_required

    - by Esteban Feldman
    Hi all, I'm trying to build a test for a view that's decorated with @login_required, since I failed to make it work, I did a simple test and still can't make it pass. Here is the code for the simple test and the view: def test_login(self): user = self._create_new_user() self.assertTrue(user.is_active) login = self.client.login(username=user.username, password=self.data['password1']) self.failUnless(login, 'Could not log in') response = self.client.get('/accounts/testlogin/') self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200) @login_required def testlogin(request): print 'testlogin !! ' return HttpResponse('OK') _create_new_user() is saving the user and there is a test inside that method to see that is working. The test fails in the response.status_code, returning 302 and the response instance is of a HttpResponseRedirect, is redirecting it as if not logged in. Any clue? I'm missing something? Regards Esteban

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  • metaclass multiple inheritance inconsistency

    - by Matt Anderson
    Why is this: class MyType(type): def __init__(cls, name, bases, attrs): print 'created', cls class MyMixin: __metaclass__ = MyType class MyList(list, MyMixin): pass okay, and works as expected: created <class '__main__.MyMixin'> created <class '__main__.MyList'> But this: class MyType(type): def __init__(cls, name, bases, attrs): print 'created', cls class MyMixin: __metaclass__ = MyType class MyObject(object, MyMixin): pass Is not okay, and blows up thusly?: created <class '__main__.MyMixin'> Traceback (most recent call last): File "/tmp/junk.py", line 11, in <module> class MyObject(object, MyMixin): pass TypeError: Error when calling the metaclass bases Cannot create a consistent method resolution order (MRO) for bases object, MyMixin

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  • Calculating Percentiles (Ruby).

    - by zxcvbnm
    My code is based on the methods described here and here. def fraction?(number) number - number.truncate end def percentile(param_array, percentage) another_array = param_array.to_a.sort r = percentage.to_f * (param_array.size.to_f - 1) + 1 if r <= 1 then return another_array[0] elsif r >= another_array.size then return another_array[another_array.size - 1] end ir = r.truncate another_array[ir] + fraction?((another_array[ir].to_f - another_array[ir - 1].to_f).abs) end Example usage: test_array = [95.1772, 95.1567, 95.1937, 95.1959, 95.1442, 95.061, 95.1591, 95.1195, 95.1065, 95.0925, 95.199, 95.1682] test_values = [0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0] test_values.each do |value| puts value.to_s + ": " + percentile(test_array, value).to_s end Output: 0.0: 95.061 0.1: 95.1205 0.2: 95.1325 0.3: 95.1689 0.4: 95.1692 0.5: 95.1615 0.6: 95.1773 0.7: 95.1862 0.8: 95.2102 0.9: 95.1981 1.0: 95.199 The problem here is that the 80th percentile is higher than the 90th and the 100th. However, as far as I can tell my implementation is as described, and it returns the right answer for the example given (0.9). Is there an error in my code I'm not seeing? Or is there a better way to do this?

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  • How to get a handle/reference to the current controller object inside a rails functional test?

    - by Dave Paroulek
    I must be missing something very simple, but can't find the answer to this. I have a method named foo inside bar_controller. I simply want to call that method from inside a functional test. Here's my controller: class BarsController < ApplicationController def foo # does stuff end end Here's my functional test: class BarsControllerTest << ActionController::TestCase def "test foo" do # run foo foo # assert stuff end end When I run the test I get: NameError: undefined local variable or method `foo' for #<BarsControllerTest:0x102f2eab0> All the documentation on functional tests describe how to simulate a http get request to the bar_controller which then runs the method. But I'd just like to run the method without hitting it with an http get or post request. Is that possible? There must be a reference to the controller object inside the functional test, but I'm still learning ruby and rails so need some help.

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  • Rest Web Service with App Engine and Webapp

    - by fceruti
    I want to build a REST web service on app engine. Currently i have this: from google.appengine.ext import webapp from google.appengine.ext.webapp import util class UsersHandler(webapp.RequestHandler): def get(self, name): self.response.out.write('Hello '+ name+'!') def main(): util.run_wsgi_app(application) #Map url like /rest/users/johnsmith application = webapp.WSGIApplication([(r'/rest/users/(.*)',UsersHandler)] debug=True) if __name__ == '__main__': main() And i would like to retreive for example all my users when the path /rest/users is accessed. I Imagine I can do this by building another handler, but I want to know if is possible to do it inside of this handler.

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  • Unable to reverse seemingly simple rails migration - getting "altered_table.column may not be NULL"

    - by brad
    I have a table 'invoices' in my development database (sqlite3) populated with a small amount of test data. I wanted to add a column 'invoice_number' to it and set up a migration like so: class AddInvoiceNumberColumnToInvoices < ActiveRecord::Migration def self.up add_column :invoices, :invoice_number, :integer end def self.down remove_column :invoices, :invoice_number end end I ran rake db:migrate and it seemed to migrate just fine. However, when I tried to access this column through ActiveRecord it didn't seem to be there. I decided to undo this migration and try again (not sure what I was going to try but I thought I'd start by undoing it) with rake db:migrate VERSION='whatever_the_migration_before_this_one_was_called'. This failed with the error message == AddInvoiceNumberColumnToInvoices: reverting =============================== -- remove_column(:invoices, :invoice_number) rake aborted! An error has occurred, this and all later migrations canceled: altered_invoices.invoice_number may not be NULL I can't find any documentation of this error. Is anyone able to explain what I have done wrong, and more importantly how I can fix this?

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  • django admin app error (Model with property field): global name 'full_name' is not defined

    - by rxin
    This is my model: class Author(models.Model): first_name = models.CharField(max_length=200) last_name = models.CharField(max_length=200) middle_name = models.CharField(max_length=200, blank=True) def __unicode__(self): return full_name def _get_full_name(self): "Returns the person's full name." if self.middle_name == '': return "%s %s" % (self.first_name, self.last_name) else: return "%s %s %s" % (self.first_name, self.middle_name, self.last_name) full_name = property(_get_full_name) Everything is fine except when I go into admin interface, I see TemplateSyntaxError at /bibbase2/admin/bibbase2/author/ Caught an exception while rendering: global name 'full_name' is not defined It seems like the built-in admin app doesn't work with a property field. Is there something wrong with my code?

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  • How to use custom drawing in QGraphicsViews in PyQt?

    - by DSblizzard
    I need to view QGraphicsScene in 2 QGraphicsViews with condition that they have different scale factors for items in scene. Closest function which I found is drawItems(), but as far I can understand, it must be called manually. How to repaint views automatically? I have these two code fragments in program: class TGraphicsView(QGraphicsView): def __init__(self, parent = None): print("__init__") QGraphicsView.__init__(self, parent) def drawItems(self, Painter, ItemCount, Items, StyleOptions): print("drawItems") Brush = QBrush(Qt.red, Qt.SolidPattern) Painter.setBrush(Brush) Painter.drawEllipse(0, 0, 100, 100) ... Mw.gvNavigation = TGraphicsView(Mw) # Mw - main window Mw.gvNavigation.setGeometry(0, 0, Size1, Size1) Mw.gvNavigation.setScene(Mw.Scene) Mw.gvNavigation.setSceneRect(0, 0, Size2, Size2) Mw.gvNavigation.show() _init_ works, Mw.gvNavigation is displayed and there are Mw.Scene items in it, but drawItems() isn't called.

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  • How does this ruby custom accessor work

    - by ennuikiller
    So the method below in class_eval dynamically creates accessors for attributes defined at runtime. It can be used, for example, to create configuration objects with attributes read from a config file (and unknown until runtime). I understanding all of it except for the else branch. If I am correct the else branch returns the attribute value (val[0]) if there is one value passed in *val. However the way its written I would expect it to return an array (val) if there is more then one value passed in *var. In particular, if I have something like the following: value = 5 then from reading the code I would expect "#{@value}" to be [=,5]. However "#{@value}" returns 5 and not the array [=,5]. How is this possible? class Module def dsl_accessor(*symbols) symbols.each do |sym| class_eval %{ def #{sym}(*val) if val.empty? @#{sym} else @#{sym} = val.size == 1 ? val[0] : val end end } end end end

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  • adding model validation errors in rescue

    - by ash34
    I have the following model with a virtual attribute class Mytimeperiod < ActiveRecord::Base validates presence of :from_dt validates_format_of :from_dt, :with => /\A\d{2}\/\d{2}\/\d{4}\Z/, :message => "format is mm/dd/yyyy" def from_dt self.from_date.strftime("%m/%d/%Y") if !self.from_date.blank? end def from_dt=(from_dt) self.from_date = Date.parse(from_dt) rescue self.errors.add_to_base("invalid from dt") end end I am using <%= f.error_messages %> to display the error messages on the form. I am using from_dt as a virtual attribute (string). The 'presence of' and 'format of' validation errors show up on the form, but when the user enters an invalid date format on the form and Date.Parse raises an exception I have a 'errors.add_to_base' statement in the rescue clause. Can anyone tell me why this error does not show up in the form error messages when I disable the 'format of' validation. thanks.

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  • Run web.py as daemon.

    - by mamcx
    I have a simple web.py program to load data. In the server I don't want to install apache or any webserver. I try to put it as a background service with http://www.jejik.com/articles/2007/02/a_simple_unix_linux_daemon_in_python/ And subclassing: (from http://www.jejik.com/files/examples/daemon.py) class Daemon: def start(self): """ Start the daemon """ ... PID CHECKS.... # Start the daemon self.daemonize() self.run() #My code class WebService(Daemon): def run(self): app.run() if __name__ == "__main__": if DEBUG: app.run() else: service = WebService(os.path.join(DIR_ACTUAL,'ElAdministrador.pid')) if len(sys.argv) == 2: if 'start' == sys.argv[1]: service.start() elif 'stop' == sys.argv[1]: service.stop() elif 'restart' == sys.argv[1]: service.restart() else: print "Unknown command" sys.exit(2) sys.exit(0) else: print "usage: %s start|stop|restart" % sys.argv[0] sys.exit(2) However, the web.py software not load (ie: The service no listen) If I call it directly (ie: No using the daemon code) work fine.

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  • How do I memoize expensive calculations on Django model objects?

    - by David Eyk
    I have several TextField columns on my UserProfile object which contain JSON objects. I've also defined a setter/getter property for each column which encapsulates the logic for serializing and deserializing the JSON into python datastructures. The nature of this data ensures that it will be accessed many times by view and template logic within a single Request. To save on deserialization costs, I would like to memoize the python datastructures on read, invalidating on direct write to the property or save signal from the model object. Where/How do I store the memo? I'm nervous about using instance variables, as I don't understand the magic behind how any particular UserProfile is instantiated by a query. Is __init__ safe to use, or do I need to check the existence of the memo attribute via hasattr() at each read? Here's an example of my current implementation: class UserProfile(Model): text_json = models.TextField(default=text_defaults) @property def text(self): if not hasattr(self, "text_memo"): self.text_memo = None self.text_memo = self.text_memo or simplejson.loads(self.text_json) return self.text_memo @text.setter def text(self, value=None): self.text_memo = None self.text_json = simplejson.dumps(value)

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  • R how to find NA values after using addNA function

    - by screechOwl
    I have a data frame with a bunch of categorical variables. Some of them contain NA's and I use the addNA function to convert them to an explicit factor level. My problem comes when I try to treat them as NA's they don't seem to register. Here's my example data set and attempts to 'find' NA's: df1 <- data.frame(id = 1:200, y =rbinom(200, 1, .5), var1 = factor(rep(c('abc','def','ghi','jkl'),50))) df1$var2 <- factor(rep(c('ab c','ghi','jkl','def'),50)) df1$var3 <- factor(rep(c('abc','ghi','nop','xyz'),50)) df1[df1$var1 == 'abc','var1'] <- NA df1$var1 <- addNA(df1$var1) df1$isNaCol <- ifelse(df1$var1 == NA, 1, 0);summary(df1$isNaCol) df1$isNaCol <- ifelse(is.na(df1$var1), 1, 0);summary(df1$isNaCol) df1$isNaCol <- ifelse(df1$var1 == 'NA', 1, 0);summary(df1$isNaCol) df1$isNaCol <- ifelse(df1$var1 == '<NA>', 1, 0);summary(df1$isNaCol) Also when I type ??addNA I don't get any matches. Is this a gray-market function or something? Any suggestions would be appreciated.

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  • replace XmlSlurper tag with arbitrary XML

    - by Misha Koshelev
    Dear All: I am trying to replace specific XmlSlurper tags with arbitrary XML strings. The best way I have managed to come up with to do this is: #!/usr/bin/env groovy import groovy.xml.StreamingMarkupBuilder def page=new XmlSlurper(new org.cyberneko.html.parsers.SAXParser()).parseText(""" <html> <head></head> <body> <one attr1='val1'>asdf</one> <two /> <replacemewithxml /> </body> </html> """.trim()) import groovy.xml.XmlUtil def closure closure={ bind,node-> if (node.name()=="REPLACEMEWITHXML") { bind.mkp.yieldUnescaped "<replacementxml>sometext</replacementxml>" } else { bind."${node.name()}"(node.attributes()) { mkp.yield node.text() node.children().each { child-> closure(bind,child) } } } } println XmlUtil.serialize( new StreamingMarkupBuilder().bind { bind-> closure(bind,page) } ) However, the only problem is the text() element seems to capture all child text nodes, and thus I get: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <HTML>asdf<HEAD/> <BODY>asdf<ONE attr1="val1">asdf</ONE> <TWO/> <replacementxml>sometext</replacementxml> </BODY> </HTML> Any ideas/help much appreciated. Thank you! Misha p.s. Also, out of curiosity, if I change the above to the "Groovier" notation as follows, the groovy compiler thinks I am trying to access the ${node.name()} member of my test class. Is there a way to specify this is not the case while still not passing the actual builder object? Thank you! :) def closure closure={ node-> if (node.name()=="REPLACEMEWITHXML") { mkp.yieldUnescaped "<replacementxml>sometext</replacementxml>" } else { "${node.name()}"(node.attributes()) { mkp.yield node.text() node.children().each { child-> closure(child) } } } } println XmlUtil.serialize( new StreamingMarkupBuilder().bind { closure(page) } )

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  • Python key word arguments

    - by pythonic metaphor
    I have several layers of function calls, passing around a common dictionary of key word arguments: def func1(**qwargs): func2(**qwargs) func3(**qwargs) I would like to supply some default arguments in some of the subsequent function calls, something like this: def func1(**qwargs): func2(arg = qwargs.get("arg", default), **qwargs) func3(**qwargs) The problem with this approach is that if arg is inside qwargs, a TypeError is raised with "got multiple values for keyword argument". I don't want to set qwargs["arg"] to default, because then func3 gets this argument without warrant. I could make a copy.copy of the qwargs and set "arg" in the copy, but qwargs could have large data structures in it and I don't want to copy them (maybe copy.copy wouldn't, only copy.deepcopy?). What's the pythonic thing to do here?

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  • Add JSON support to Rails app

    - by Meltemi
    I am experimenting with Rails and was wondering what's needed to allow/add support for JSON requests? I have a vanilla installation of Rails 2.3.5 and the default scaffolding seem to provide support for HTML & XML requests but not JSON. class EventsController < ApplicationController # GET /events # GET /events.xml def index @events = Event.all respond_to do |format| format.html # index.html.erb format.xml { render :xml => @events } end end # GET /events/1 # GET /events/1.xml def show @event = Event.find(params[:id]) respond_to do |format| format.html # show.html.erb format.xml { render :xml => @event } end end ... I'm new to this but it would appear as though i would need to add a format line in each method along the lines of: format.js { render :js => @event.json } couldn't this be done automatically? perhaps there's a template somewhere i need to update...or a flag i can set? Or perhaps, and most likely, I've missed the boat entirely?!?

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  • Constructor overriding

    - by demas
    I have a library with a class: class One def initialize puts "one initialize" end end I can not change the declaration and difinition of this class. I need create new class with my own constructor. Like this: class Two < One def initialize(some) puts some super end end one = One.new one = Two.new("thing") But when I launch code I got error: [[email protected]][~/temp]% ruby test.rb one initialize thing test.rb:10:in `initialize': wrong number of arguments (1 for 0) (ArgumentError) from test.rb:15:in `new' from test.rb:15:in `<main>'

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  • How to override a class method of the gem in rails Application ?

    - by Srinivas Iyer
    Hi, Best practice to Override a class method of the gem in rails Application . I need to override the behaviour of the find method of a gem. following is the code in the gem module Youtube class display attr_accessor :base def find(id, options = {}) detailed = convert_to_number(options.delete(:detailed)) options[:detailed] = detailed unless detailed.nil? base.send :get, "/get_youtube", options.merge(:youtube_id => id) end end end How do i override the above find method in my YoutubeSearch Controller of Rails Application ? def find(id, options = {}) //Code here end Thanks

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  • Is it Pythonic to have a class keep track of its instances?

    - by Lightbreeze
    Take the following code snippet class Missile: instances = [] def __init__(self): Missile.instances.append(self) Now take the code: class Hero(): ... def fire(self): Missile() When the hero fires, a missile needs to be created and appended to the main list. Thus the hero object needs to reference the list when it fires. Here are a few solutions, although I'm sure there are others: Make the list a global, Use a class variable (as above), or Have the hero object hold a reference to the list. I didn't post this on gamedev because my question is actually more general: Is the previous code considered okay? Given a situation like this, is there a more Pythonic solution?

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  • __getattr__ on a module

    - by Matt Joiner
    How can implement the equivalent of a __getattr__ on a class, on a module? Example When calling a function that does not exist in a module's statically defined attributes, I wish to create an instance of a class in that module, and invoke the method on it with the same name as failed in the attribute lookup on the module. class A(object): def salutation(self, accusative): print "hello", accusative def __getattr__(mod, name): return getattr(A(), name) if __name__ == "__main__": salutation("world") Which gives: matt@stanley:~/Desktop$ python getattrmod.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "getattrmod.py", line 9, in <module> salutation("world") NameError: name 'salutation' is not defined Evidently something is not right about my assumed implementation.

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  • How to add a another value to a key in python

    - by Nanowatt
    First I'm sorry this might be a dumb question but I'm trying to self learn python and I can't find the answer to my question. I want to make a phonebook and I need to add an email to an already existing name. That name has already a phone number attached. I have this first code: phonebook = {} phonebook ['ana'] = '12345' phonebook ['maria']= '23456' , '[email protected]' def add_contact(): name = raw_input ("Please enter a name:") number = raw_input ("Please enter a number:") phonebook[name] = number Then I wanted to add an email to the name "ana" for example: ana: 12345, [email protected]. I created this code but instead of addend a new value (the email), it just changes the old one, removing the number: def add_email(): name = raw_input("Please enter a name:") email = raw_input("Please enter an email:") phonebook[name] = email I tried .append() too but it didn't work. Can you help me? And I'm sorry if the code is bad, I'm just trying to learn and I'm a bit noob yet :)

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  • POST with HTTPBuilder -> NullPointerException?

    - by Stefan Kendall
    I'm trying to make a simple HTTP POST request, and I have no idea why the following is failing. I tried following the examples here, and I don't see where I'm going wrong. Exception java.lang.NullPointerException at groovyx.net.http.HTTPBuilder$RequestConfigDelegate.setBody(HTTPBuilder.java:1131) ... Code def List<String> search(String query, int maxResults) { def http = new HTTPBuilder("mywebsite") http.request(POST) { uri.path = '/search/' body = [string1: "", query: "test"] requestContentType = URLENC headers.'User-Agent' = 'Mozilla/5.0 Ubuntu/8.10 Firefox/3.0.4' response.success = { resp, InputStreamReader reader -> assert resp.statusLine.statusCode == 200 String data = reader.readLines().join() println data } } [] }

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  • Why is this the output of this python program?

    - by Andrew Moffat
    Someone from #python suggested that it's searching for module "herpaderp" and finding all the ones listed as its searching. If this is the case, why doesn't it list every module on my system before raising ImportError? Can someone shed some light on what's happening here? import sys class TempLoader(object): def __init__(self, path_entry): if path_entry == 'test': return raise ImportError def find_module(self, fullname, path=None): print fullname, path return None sys.path.insert(0, 'test') sys.path_hooks.append(TempLoader) import herpaderp output: 16:00:55 $> python wtf.py herpaderp None apport None subprocess None traceback None pickle None struct None re None sre_compile None sre_parse None sre_constants None org None tempfile None random None __future__ None urllib None string None socket None _ssl None urlparse None collections None keyword None ssl None textwrap None base64 None fnmatch None glob None atexit None xml None _xmlplus None copy None org None pyexpat None problem_report None gzip None email None quopri None uu None unittest None ConfigParser None shutil None apt None apt_pkg None gettext None locale None functools None httplib None mimetools None rfc822 None urllib2 None hashlib None _hashlib None bisect None Traceback (most recent call last): File "wtf.py", line 14, in <module> import herpaderp ImportError: No module named herpaderp

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  • In Google App Engine, what is the simplest way to keep a record of items that you have put into memc

    - by Chris Boesch
    I am starting to use memcache more frequently to avoid having to recalculate things between page requests. When the memcache periodically clears, as it is designed to do, I have to start all over rebuilding various items that I have placed in memcache. What I would like to do is create a very simple model that enables me to periodically save the items that I put into memcache based on the memcache keys that I'm using along with a datetime that is related to the data being memcached. What is the best way to do this? I'm looking for something like this: class MemcacheRecord(db.Model): key = db.StringProperty(required=True) value = #Something that can store whatever memcache can validThru = db.DateTimeProperty(required=True) def set(self, key, value, validThru): #Save a new memcache record newMemcacheRecord = MemcacheRecord(key=key, value=value, validThru=validThru) .. return True # or False def get_latest(self, key): #Get the memcache record with the most recent validThru datetime latestMemcacheRecord = MemcacheRecord.all().order('-validThru').get() return {'validThru':latestMemcacheRecord.validThru, 'value':latestMemcachRecord.value}

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