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• Apache and linux file permissions

  - by morpheous

  I recently moved a Symfony 1.3.2 website (a PHP web framework), from a windows machine to Linux (Ubuntu 9.10). Ever since then, I have had all kinds of problems involving file permission (even though the app run without any of these problems on windows). I run symfony fix-perms which applied a 777 mask to the web directory (presumably, including its sub folders) - (as an aside) I think that is a potential security hole ... I have been meaning to come in here to ask how to correctly set permissions. Currently, when attempting to save a file from my website, I am getting the following error: PHP Warning: imagejpeg() [0function.imagejpeg0]: Unable to open '/home/morpheous/work/webdev/frameworks/symfony/sites/project1/web/uploads/../images/thumbnail/959cd604cf6115014a3703bef5a50486a5520642.jpg' for writing: Permission denied in /home/morpheous/work/webdev/frameworks/symfony/sites/project1/apps/frontend/lib Here are the permissions on the folders: web drwxr-xr-x 16 morpheous morpheous 4096 2010-02-24 21:01 web web/uploads/../images drwxr-xr-x 13 morpheous morpheous 12288 2010-04-09 15:25 images web/uploads/../images/thumbnail drwxr-xr-x 3 morpheous morpheous 4096 2010-02-24 20:44 thumbnail Can someone kindly tell me how to set the permissions so that my website (presumably running as the Apache daemon) can write the files to the directory required above?

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• Hostname problems in CentOS 5.5

  - by spoon16

  I just set up a CentOS 5.5 machine on my local network and attempted to modify the hostname by editing /etc/sysconfig/network file. When I'm logged in locally the change to the hostname is reflected and seems to be working fine. When I open a SSH session via PuTTY from Windows this is what I see at the prompt: [root@? ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network NETWORKING=yes NETWORKING_IPV6=yes HOSTNAME=mini.local [root@? ~]# sysctl kernel.hostname kernel.hostname = ? [root@? ~]# hostname ? [root@? ~]# hostname -f hostname: Unknown server error A couple of other symptoms that may be helpful in troubleshooting this problem. I can ping the CentOS box from my Windows machine via IP but not hostname. Also, my Netgear router does not display the hostname when I view the "Connected Devices", I do see the mac address and the proper IP listed though. How can I make it so that the hostname is properly propagated throughout my network?

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• Munin "Available entropy" when using address space layout randomization

  - by clawspoon

  Having just configured Munin for statistics logging on my gentoo server (hardened profile), I am noticing that my "Available entropy" is consitently in the 200-300 range. This seems way to low, so I checked it manually using the command $ cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/entropy_avail 3544 Odd. Consistently very low values in Munin and practically filled up when checking manually. After thinking about the problem for a while I came to the conclusion that the problem is probably that I'm using Adress Space Layout Randomization which is using the entropy when running commands/programs. Since Munin runs a whole slew of programs all the entropy is used up, and Munin then measures how much entropy there is, resulting in the low values. Does anyone have any experience with this? How can this be avoided?

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• Setfacl configuration issue in Linux

  - by Balualways

  I am configuring a Linux Server with ACL[Access Control Lists]. It is not allowing me to perform setfacl operation on one of the directoriy /xfiles. I am able to perform the setfacl on other directories as /tmp /op/applocal/. I am getting the error as : root@asifdl01devv # setfacl -m user:eqtrd:rw-,user:feedmgr:r--,user::---,group::r--,mask:rw-,other:--- /xfiles/change1/testfile setfacl: /xfiles/change1/testfile: Operation not supported I have defined my /etc/fstab as /dev/ROOTVG/rootlv / ext3 defaults 1 1 /dev/ROOTVG/varlv /var ext3 defaults 1 2 /dev/ROOTVG/optlv /opt ext3 defaults 1 2 /dev/ROOTVG/crashlv /var/crash ext3 defaults 1 2 /dev/ROOTVG/tmplv /tmp ext3 defaults 1 2 LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 /dev/ROOTVG/swaplv swap swap defaults 0 0 /dev/APPVG/home /home ext3 defaults 1 2 /dev/APPVG/archives /archives ext3 defaults 1 2 /dev/APPVG/test /test ext3 defaults 1 2 /dev/APPVG/oracle /opt/oracle ext3 defaults 1 2 /dev/APPVG/ifeeds /xfiles ext3 defaults 1 2 I have a solaris server where the vfstab is defined as cat vfstab #device device mount FS fsck mount mount #to mount to fsck point type pass at boot options # fd - /dev/fd fd - no - /proc - /proc proc - no - /dev/vx/dsk/bootdg/swapvol - - swap - no - swap - /tmp tmpfs - yes size=1024m /dev/vx/dsk/bootdg/rootvol /dev/vx/rdsk/bootdg/rootvol / ufs 1 no logging /dev/vx/dsk/bootdg/var /dev/vx/rdsk/bootdg/var /var ufs 1 no logging /dev/vx/dsk/bootdg/home /dev/vx/rdsk/bootdg/home /home ufs 2 yes logging /dev/vx/dsk/APP/test /dev/vx/rdsk/APP/test /test vxfs 3 yes - /dev/vx/dsk/APP/archives /dev/vx/rdsk/APP/archives /archives vxfs 3 yes - /dev/vx/dsk/APP/oracle /dev/vx/rdsk/APP/oracle /opt/oracle vxfs 3 yes - /dev/vx/dsk/APP/xfiles /dev/vx/rdsk/APP/xfiles /xfiles vxfs 3 yes - I am not able to find out the issue. Any help would be appreciated.

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• locate doesn't find all the files it should

  - by neubert

  I type in locate gmp.h at the prompt and get the following: /usr/src/linux-headers-3.13.0-24/include/linux/igmp.h /usr/src/linux-headers-3.13.0-24/include/uapi/linux/igmp.h /usr/src/linux-headers-3.13.0-24-generic/include/linux/igmp.h But when I do ls /usr/include/x86-64-linux-gnu/ I see this: a.out.h asm bits c++ fpu_control.h gmp.h gnu ieee754.h sys Why isn't locate locating /usr/include/x86-64-linux-gnu/gmp.h? edit: ls -l /usr/include/x64-64-linux-gnu/gmp.h says this: ls: cannot access /usr/include/x64-64-linux-gnu/gmp.h: No such file or diretory Why would ls /usr/include/x86-64-linux-gnu/ say it exists when ls -l /usr/include/x64-64-linux-gnu/gmp.h says it doesn't? A screenshot:

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• What made Ubuntu so popular?

  - by kemp

  I am a long time Debian user and I have no direct experience on Ubuntu, but I see it's now popular as no other distribution has ever been. What characteristics made it so popular?

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• Shrink a Volume Group in LVM / Linux in order to install Windows on the freed space

  - by Stephan Kristyn

  I have a Volume Group with Unused space. This 40Gig should become an entidy in order to install Microsoft windows 7 on it. I do not have extra space on the drive - that is why I want to shrink the VG! LVG berta resides on sda2 and consists of lv_root lv_swap unused_space I want it to become lv_root lv_swap and have a seperate entidy made out of unused_space. Microsoft Windows 7 has to get installed on this entidy. I do not understand why Linux made simple things complicated. I utterly hate LVM and think its absolute bollocks. Useful Sources: http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Deployment_Guide-en-US/s1-system-config-lvm.html Edit: I found the answer. The necessary steps depict how complicated LVM really is. In my opinion it is best to avoiding LVM until pvresize matures as promised in its man pages. Answer: http://fedorasolved.org/Members/zcat/shrink-lvm-for-new-partition If you run into problems when you want to remove lvswap even if in resuce mode, then try swapoff /dev/vg_1/lv_swap lvchange -an /dev/vg_1/lv_swap

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• linux hardware raid 10 / lvm / virtual machine partition alignment and filesystem optimization

  - by Jason Ward

  I've been reading everything I can find about partition alignment and filesystem optimization (ext4 and xfs) but still don't know enough to be confident in setting up my current configuration. My remaining confusion comes from the LVM layer and if I should use raid parameters on the filesystem in guest os'es. My main questions are: When I use 'pvcreate --dataalignment' do I use the stripe-width as calculated for a filesystem on RAID (128kB for ext4 in my situation), the Stripe size of the RAID set (256kB), something else altogether, or do I not need this? When I create ext2/3/4 or xfs filesystems in guests on the Logical Volumes, should I add the settings for the underlying RAID (e.g. mkfs.ext4 -b 4096 -E stride=64,stripe-width=128)? Does anyone see any glaring errors in my set up below? I'm running some benchmarks now but haven't done enough to start comparing results. I have four drives in RAID 10 on a 3ware 9750-4i controller (more details on the settings below) giving me a 6.0TB device at /dev/sda. Here is my partition table: Model: LSI 9750-4i DISK (scsi) Disk /dev/sda: 5722024MiB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: gpt Number Start End Size File system Name Flags 1 1.00MiB 257MiB 256MiB ext4 BOOTPART boot 2 257MiB 4353MiB 4096MiB linux-swap(v1) 3 4353MiB 266497MiB 262144MiB ext4 4 266497MiB 4460801MiB 4194304MiB Partition 1 is to be the /boot partition for my xen host. Partition 2 is swap. Partition 3 is to be the root (/) for my xen host. Partition 4 is to be (the only) physical volume to be used by LVM (for those who are counting, I left about 1.2TB unallocated for now) For my Xen guests, I usually create a Logical Volume of the needed size and present it to the guests for them to partition as needed. I know there are other ways of handling that but this method works best for my situation. Here's the hardware of interest on my CentOS 6.3 Xen Host: 4x Seagate Barracuda 3TB ST3000DM001 Drives (sector size: 512 logical/4096 physical) 3ware 9750-4i w/BBU (sector size reported: 512 logical/512 physical) All four drives make up a RAID 10 array. Stripe: 256kB Write Cache enabled Read Cache: intelligent StoreSave: Balance Thanks!

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• VMWare Workstation Linux Host performance tuning

  - by Hoghweed

  I need to improve my linux hosted vmware workstation for using multiple virtual machines at the same time. I feel very stupid I lost a great blog post link which I found last month (and I'm not able to find it again..) so I try to ask here if anyone can help me: This is my host (laptop): 16GB DDR3 Ram HDD Hybrid 750GB 7200 (8GB SSD Cache) Mint 15 x64 Kernel 3.9.7 swappiness set to 10 The above are the important things about the host. So, My need is the ability to run 2 or 3 VMs at the same time. The lack of performance is about the disk, The last time from that blog post I lost, I setup /tmp to be mounted ad a memory partition and in my previous installation that was good, now I'm not able to find a good solution to tweak the things. I think with 16GB o RAM there will be no problems to run multiple VMs, but whe they start to swap or use the /tmp things going bad (guest cursor going too fast after a freeze, guest freeze and so on) Anyone can help me to fit a good host tweak and configuration to get better performance? Thanks in advance

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• Looking for an application to record audio and video on a linux "embedded" device

  - by Luke404

  I am working with a linux x86 device with limited CPU resources (as a prototype we just use a pentium-m netbook). We'd like to record video from one V4L2 device (we'll probably end up using just USB Video Class devices like all modern webcams) and one audio stream from an ALSA source. The thing will not have screen and keyboard, and obviously no X11 environment. Goals are: do as little work as possible to cope with little cpu resources - for example I'd like to record video in the native MJPEG I get out of the UVC devices encoding audio to MPEG3 Layer-2 (aka mp2) is ok since it let us save a lot of space (compared to raw pcm samples) and does use little cpu power I don't mind loosing some video frames here and there (UVC devices do that) as long as I can get audio and video streams syncronized not require user input to start the thing (a python script takes care of initialization, startup, shutdown, etc...) be able to open the resulting files for postprocessing without too much effort (ie, if mplayer or vlc can play it, it's fine) So far the only app I found that could be started from command line and record V4L2 video + ALSA audio is mencoder but I'm having some difficulties with it. It should be able to do that but I cannot record audio and video together - just one of the two. And if I use two different processes to record to two different files I have no means to get them in sync (audio is more or less always correct, but video framerate will vary over time and it seems to lack timestamps to correctly play it back to the correct time). Long story short, how do you record an unconverted MJPEG stream (from an UVC device) and an audio stream (from an ALSA device, possibly encoding to any standard format) using a command line tool, to a single file (MPEG or any other container), keeping audio and video in sync?

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• How can I use dynamic routing with openvpn tunnels?

  - by pQd

  i'm thinking about using dynamic routing [ OSPF or RIP ] via OpenVPN tunnels. right now i have few offices connected in full mesh, but this is not scalable solution as we add more locations. i would like to avoid situation when plenty of internal traffic is affected if one of two vpn termination points that i plan to use is down. do you have similar configuration working in production? if so - what routing daemon did you use - quagga? something else? did you encounter any problems? thanks!

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• Chrooted pygopherd fails to find new directories and files

  - by Carsten R

  I tried to setup a Pygopherd on my server. The default setup works fine, but when I try to change the gophermap to point to a new directory with a new file, I get an error message in my gopher client: --- [1] '/path/to/gopher/newdir' does not exist (no handler found) First I thought this is caused by the chroot in which pygopherd runs as default. But when I disable the chroot, the same error comes up. Did anyone successfully set up pygopherd or knows about a better gopher server?

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• Linux And NTFS Permissions

  - by VGE IT

  Trying to restrict a folder within a directory created in linux filesystem. I have changed the permissions to: root rwx, a special active directory group rwx and all others r. Upon doing so, people that are not in the special AD group can access the directory and modify files. Upon doing so the group changes to "Domain Users" when the user modifies documents within the directory. I have to manualy change the documents default group back to my AD group. I have tried to create another AD group and modify permissons to deny write access. When doing so through windows explorer, the settings seem to take affect until I go back in a look at permissions for the restricted group. No permissions show when I view for the second time. Please assist. Samba share properties [MyShare] comment = "blah blah blah" browseable = yes guest ok = no read only = no path = /xxx/xxxxx/ create mask = 0640 directory mask = 0750 admin users = @"domain\Domain Admins", @"domain\group A", @"domain\group B" valid users = @"domain\Domain Admins", @"domain\group A", @"domain\group B" nt acl support = Yes inherit acls = yes inherit owner = yes inherit permissions = yes

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• KVM Virtual guest Paused on Reboot

  - by David Hamilton

  I'm running REHL 6 and just installed a Ubuntu Server Guest via KVM set to start at boot. This works correctly and the guest loads, but it loads "paused" and requires that I manually un-pause it. Can someone give me a hint as to how I can I get the Guest OS to actually become active on boot? Here is the libvert dump as requested...Also tried libvert auto-start --- no effect. <domain type='kvm' id='1'> <name>MailServer</name> <uuid>a61dae75-1f5c-d536-718f-3c615d9b4868</uuid> <memory>4194304</memory> <currentMemory>4194304</currentMemory> <vcpu>4</vcpu> <os> <type arch='x86_64' machine='rhel6.0.0'>hvm</type> <boot dev='hd'/> </os> <features> <acpi/> <apic/> <pae/> </features> <clock offset='utc'/> <on_poweroff>destroy</on_poweroff> <on_reboot>restart</on_reboot> <on_crash>restart</on_crash> <devices> <emulator>/usr/libexec/qemu-kvm</emulator> <disk type='file' device='disk'> <driver name='qemu' type='raw' cache='none'/> <source file='/home/MailServer/MailServer-1.img'/> <target dev='hda' bus='ide'/> <alias name='ide0-0-0'/> <address type='drive' controller='0' bus='0' unit='0'/> </disk> <disk type='block' device='cdrom'> <driver name='qemu' type='raw'/> <target dev='hdc' bus='ide'/> <readonly/> <alias name='ide0-1-0'/> <address type='drive' controller='0' bus='1' unit='0'/> </disk> <controller type='ide' index='0'> <alias name='ide0'/> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x01' function='0x1'/> </controller> <interface type='bridge'> <mac address='52:54:00:cd:f9:9f'/> <source bridge='br0'/> <target dev='vnet0'/> <model type='virtio'/> <alias name='net0'/> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x03' function='0x0'/> </interface> <serial type='pty'> <source path='/dev/pts/1'/> <target port='0'/> <alias name='serial0'/> </serial> <console type='pty' tty='/dev/pts/1'> <source path='/dev/pts/1'/> <target port='0'/> <alias name='serial0'/> </console> <input type='mouse' bus='ps2'/> <graphics type='vnc' port='5900' autoport='yes'/> <sound model='ac97'> <alias name='sound0'/> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x04' function='0x0'/> </sound> <video> <model type='cirrus' vram='9216' heads='1'/> <alias name='video0'/> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x02' function='0x0'/> </video> <memballoon model='virtio'> <alias name='balloon0'/> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x05' function='0x0'/> </memballoon> </devices> <seclabel type='dynamic' model='selinux'> <label>system_u:system_r:svirt_t:s0:c211,c271</label> <imagelabel>system_u:object_r:svirt_image_t:s0:c211,c271</imagelabel> </seclabel></domain>

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• Backup plan for linux webserver in small business?

  - by radman

  Hi, I am currently in the process of writing a backup plan for the webserver in use by my business. I am very new to this area and have a few ideas about how things should work but am unsure of what tools to use and what sort of restore process is appropriate. I'm looking for something relatively simplistic and it doesn't have to be 100% paranoid just enough to give me a reliable backup. Speed is not of the essence and there is not going to be a live fallback in place. The backup will be onto a single hdd that will be stored onsite (no option for offsite as yet). Backups will be taking place weekly. I am constrained by both time and money which is why I'm aiming for a good enough solution. Is taking an image of the webserver system drive periodically and using that as the backup appropriate? Should I be testing that the backups restore correctly every time that I perform one? This is a bit broad but what setup would you use if you were in my place, given the services I am running? Should I add additonal machines and split the services? Any advice is much appreciated! See below for server details Webserver Platform Linux Ubuntu server Running mail-server svn-server mediawiki wordpress apache-webserver Hardware single 500gb sata drive Architecture Single machine behind router (with firewall) accessible to the internet.

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• Bridging Wireless and Wired Interfaces in Linux

  - by The Daemons Advocate

  My network setup is something like: Wireless Router <---> Netbook <---> Ubuntu Desktop ...or, more verbosely (with interfaces): Wireless Router <--(wireless)--> (eth2) Ubuntu Netbook Ubuntu Netbook (eth0) <---(wired)----> (eth0) Ubuntu Desktop In a perfect world, I'd have the desktop wired, but weird circumstances combined with my wanting to understand more about networking in linux make me want to figure out how to bridge these two devices. A bit of googling has given me this example using bridge-utils, and here's how I'm (failing) to setup the bridge (on the netbook): sudo -i ifconfig eth0 0.0.0.0 ifconfig eth2 0.0.0.0 brctl addbr bridget brctl addif bridget eth0 brctl addif bridget eth2 ifconfig bridget up ...then, trying to make sure that the netbook can still get on the internets... route add default gateway 192.168.2.1 dhclient bridget What happens after this is that the dhclient command above (netbook) doesn't get served an IP, and the Desktop, if I run dhclient, it doesn't get served an IP. Some weird considerations might be that I'm running the Network Manager Applet that comes with Ubuntu. While I'm sure I can get a command line wireless configuration setup, it's a bit complex. Can someone give me a shout as to where I'm going wrong? I'd also like to note another related question titled 'Bridging my laptop’s wireless and wired adaptors', however the setup is different to mine.

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• Setting up MongoDB in High Performance Computing LSF linux cluster

  - by Dnaiel

  I am trying to run mongo in a LSF cluster computing environment where I have no admin control. Our sysadmin installed mongodb, but it is not running. Any ideas on what should I ask the server admin to do for it to run? Or if I could run it locally? [node1382]allelix> mongod --dbpath /users/dnaiel/ma/mongodb/ Tue Oct 2 21:33:48 [initandlisten] MongoDB starting : pid=22436 port=27017 dbpath=/seq/epigenome01/allelix/ma/mongodb/ 64-bit host=node1382 Tue Oct 2 21:33:48 [initandlisten] Tue Oct 2 21:33:48 [initandlisten] ** WARNING: You are running on a NUMA machine. Tue Oct 2 21:33:48 [initandlisten] ** We suggest launching mongod like this to avoid performance problems: Tue Oct 2 21:33:48 [initandlisten] ** numactl --interleave=all mongod [other options] Tue Oct 2 21:33:48 [initandlisten] Tue Oct 2 21:33:48 [initandlisten] db version v2.2.0, pdfile version 4.5 Tue Oct 2 21:33:48 [initandlisten] git version: f5e83eae9cfbec7fb7a071321928f00d1b0c5207 Tue Oct 2 21:33:48 [initandlisten] build info: Linux ip-10-2-29-40 2.6.21.7-2.ec2.v1.2.fc8xen #1 SMP Fri Nov 20 17:48:28 EST 2009 x86_64 BOOST_LIB_VERSION=1_49 Tue Oct 2 21:33:48 [initandlisten] options: { dbpath: "/users/dnaiel/ma/mongodb/" } Tue Oct 2 21:33:48 [initandlisten] journal dir=users/dnaiel/ma/mongodb/journal Tue Oct 2 21:33:48 [initandlisten] recover begin Tue Oct 2 21:33:48 [initandlisten] info no lsn file in journal/ directory Tue Oct 2 21:33:48 [initandlisten] recover lsn: 0 Tue Oct 2 21:33:48 [initandlisten] recover /seq/epigenome01/allelix/ma/mongodb/journal/j._0 Tue Oct 2 21:33:48 [initandlisten] recover cleaning up Tue Oct 2 21:33:48 [initandlisten] removeJournalFiles Tue Oct 2 21:33:48 [initandlisten] recover done Tue Oct 2 21:33:48 [websvr] admin web console waiting for connections on port 28017 Tue Oct 2 21:33:48 [initandlisten] waiting for connections on port 27017 It basically waits forever and cannot start mongodb. These servers are not webservers but they do have network access, it's a cloud computing LSF environment system. Any advice would be welcome, thanks in advance.

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• dns queries not using nscd for caching

  - by xenoterracide

  I'm trying to use nscd (Nameservices Cache Daemon) to cache dns locally so I can stop using bind to do it. I've gotten it started and ntpd seems to attempt to use it. But everything else for hosts seems to ignore it. e.g if I do dig apache.org 3 times none of them will hit the cache. I'm viewing the cache stats using nscd -g to determine whether it's been used. I've also turned the debug log level up to see if I can see it hitting and the queries don't even hit nscd. nsswitch.conf # Begin /etc/nsswitch.conf passwd: files group: files shadow: files publickey: files hosts: cache files dns networks: files protocols: files services: files ethers: files rpc: files netgroup: files # End /etc/nsswitch.confenter code here nscd.conf # # /etc/nscd.conf # # An example Name Service Cache config file. This file is needed by nscd. # # Legal entries are: # # logfile <file> # debug-level <level> # threads <initial #threads to use> # max-threads <maximum #threads to use> # server-user <user to run server as instead of root> # server-user is ignored if nscd is started with -S parameters # stat-user <user who is allowed to request statistics> # reload-count unlimited|<number> # paranoia <yes|no> # restart-interval <time in seconds> # # enable-cache <service> <yes|no> # positive-time-to-live <service> <time in seconds> # negative-time-to-live <service> <time in seconds> # suggested-size <service> <prime number> # check-files <service> <yes|no> # persistent <service> <yes|no> # shared <service> <yes|no> # max-db-size <service> <number bytes> # auto-propagate <service> <yes|no> # # Currently supported cache names (services): passwd, group, hosts, services # logfile /var/log/nscd.log threads 4 max-threads 32 server-user nobody # stat-user somebody debug-level 9 # reload-count 5 paranoia no # restart-interval 3600 enable-cache passwd yes positive-time-to-live passwd 600 negative-time-to-live passwd 20 suggested-size passwd 211 check-files passwd yes persistent passwd yes shared passwd yes max-db-size passwd 33554432 auto-propagate passwd yes enable-cache group yes positive-time-to-live group 3600 negative-time-to-live group 60 suggested-size group 211 check-files group yes persistent group yes shared group yes max-db-size group 33554432 auto-propagate group yes enable-cache hosts yes positive-time-to-live hosts 3600 negative-time-to-live hosts 20 suggested-size hosts 211 check-files hosts yes persistent hosts yes shared hosts yes max-db-size hosts 33554432 enable-cache services yes positive-time-to-live services 28800 negative-time-to-live services 20 suggested-size services 211 check-files services yes persistent services yes shared services yes max-db-size services 33554432 resolv.conf # Generated by dhcpcd from eth0 nameserver 127.0.0.1 domain westell.com nameserver 192.168.1.1 nameserver 208.67.222.222 nameserver 208.67.220.220 as kind of a side note I'm using archlinux.

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• Traffic shaping on Linux with HTB: weird results

  - by DADGAD

  I'm trying to have some simple bandwidth throttling set up on a Linux server and I'm running into what seems to be very weird stuff despite a seemingly trivial config. I want to shape traffic coming to a specific client IP (10.41.240.240) to a hard maximum of 75Kbit/s. Here's how I set up the shaping: # tc qdisc add dev eth1 root handle 1: htb default 1 r2q 1 # tc class add dev eth1 parent 1: classid 1:1 htb rate 75Kbit # tc class add dev eth1 parent 1:1 classid 1:10 htb rate 75kbit # tc filter add dev eth1 parent 1:0 protocol ip prio 1 u32 match ip dst 10.41.240.240 flowid 1:10 To test, I start a file download over HTTP from the said client machine and measure the resulting speed by looking at Kb/s in Firefox. Now, the behaviour is rather puzzling: the DL starts at about 10Kbyte/s and proceeds to pick up speed until it stabilizes at about 75Kbytes/s (Kilobytes, not Kilobits as configured!). Then, If I start several parallel downloads of that very same file, each download stabilizes at about 45Kbytes/s; the combined speed of those downloads thus greatly exceeds the configured maximum. Here's what I get when probing tc for debug info [root@kup-gw-02 /]# tc -s qdisc show dev eth1 qdisc htb 1: r2q 1 default 1 direct_packets_stat 1 Sent 17475717 bytes 1334 pkt (dropped 0, overlimits 2782 requeues 0) rate 0bit 0pps backlog 0b 12p requeues 0 [root@kup-gw-02 /]# tc -s class show dev eth1 class htb 1:1 root rate 75000bit ceil 75000bit burst 1608b cburst 1608b Sent 14369397 bytes 1124 pkt (dropped 0, overlimits 0 requeues 0) rate 577896bit 5pps backlog 0b 0p requeues 0 lended: 1 borrowed: 0 giants: 1938 tokens: -205561 ctokens: -205561 class htb 1:10 parent 1:1 prio 0 **rate 75000bit ceil 75000bit** burst 1608b cburst 1608b Sent 14529077 bytes 1134 pkt (dropped 0, overlimits 0 requeues 0) **rate 589888bit** 5pps backlog 0b 11p requeues 0 lended: 1123 borrowed: 0 giants: 1938 tokens: -205561 ctokens: -205561 What I can't for the life of me understand is this: how come I get a "rate 589888bit 5pps" with a config of "rate 75000bit ceil 75000bit"? Why does the effective rate get so much higher than the configured rate? What am I doing wrong? Why is it behaving the way it is? Please help, I'm stumped. Thanks guys.

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• My linux server "Number of processes created" and "Context switches" are growing incredibly fast

  - by Jorge Fuentes González

  I have a strange behaviour in my server :-/. Is a OpenVZ VPS (I think is OpenVZ, because /proc/user_beancounters exists and df -h returns /dev/simfs drive. Also ifconfig returns venet0). When I do cat /proc/stat, I can see how each second about 50-100 processes are created and happens about 800k-1200k context switches! All that info is with the server completely idle, no traffic nor programs running. Top shows 0 load average and 100% idle CPU. I've closed all non-needed services (httpd, mysqld, sendmail, nagios, named...) and the problem still happens. I do ps -ALf each second too and I don't see any changes, only a new ps process is created each time and the PID is just the same as before + 1, so new processes are not created, so I thought that process growing in cat /proc/stat must be threads (Yes, seems that processes in /proc/stat counts threads creation too as this states: http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:8NLgzKEzHQQJ:www.linuxhowtos.org/System/procstat.htm&hl=es&tbo=d&gl=es&strip=1). I've changed to /proc dir and done cat [PID]\status with all PIDs listed with ls (Including kernel ones) and in any process voluntary_ctxt_switches nor nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches are growing at the same speed as cat /proc/stat does (just a few tens/second), Threads keeps the same also. I've done strace -p PID to all process too so I can see if any process is crating threads or something but the only process that has a bit of movement is ssh and that movement is read/write operations because of the data is sending to my terminal. After that, I've done vmstat -s and saw that forks is growing at the same speed processes in /proc/stat does. As http://linux.die.net/man/2/fork says, each fork() creates a new PID but my server PID is not growing! The last thing I can think of is that all process data that proc/stat and vmstat -s show is shared with all the other VPS stored in the same machine, but I don't know if that is correct... If someone can throw some light on this I would be really grateful.

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• Simulating audio playback on headless linux server

  - by afro

  Hi people, We have a headless linux server (Debian 5) we use for runnin integration tests of our web-page code. Among these tests are ones implemented using Selenium, which practically simulates a user browsing our pages and clicking on things. One of these tests is failing now, because it involves starting a flash-based audio player and checking to see whether the progress bar gets displayed properly. The reason this test fails is that there is no way to play the audio, and no sound card on the machine, which has simple webserver hardware. So, my question would be: Is there a simple way of giving a program the impression that its audio output is being processed, and playback is taking place? I don't have to record the playback, or redirect it or anything like that, just a dummy soundcard, like the dummy X-server we aer using, which actually does not need to display stuff. I have tried using JACK, but it's too complicated, and the documentation does not even answer this very simple question. I also installed alsa on the server; it 'pretends' to run, but when a program tries to play audio, just spews error and debug information having to do with the non-existence of a soundcard. It would be really awesome if one of you has a simple answer to this question. Cheers, Ulas

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• RTL8192SU + RTL8191E Linux Issue Installing Driver

  - by s32ialx

  OK I've read tons of fourms of people getting the onboard RTL8191E working and the RTL8192SU working dif is U = USB they are both N and i have both Toshiba L500D-00T pre-installed Win Vistax64-HP and i have obtained the free Win7x64-HP upgrade the onboard wificard sucks and can't hold a stable connection for more then 20minutes in windows but the usb is amazing. Now problem is i tried both Ubuntu and Mandriva with no resolve the issue is the onboard drive detects and actually SHOWS that it's there but no wireless networks detect so it's saying no SSID's are broadcasting which i know is a lie since I'm running a 2wire bell dsl modem with built in wifi and a Linksys wrt54g w/ DD-WRT firmware and both are broadcasting fine. Why don't i use the USB? new in Mandriva Linux Control Center 2010.0 it shows up in Other/Unknown as RTL8191S WLAN Adapter and on the right pane this shows up Identification Vendor: ?Manufacturer Realtek Description: ?RTL8191S WLAN Adapter Media class: ? Connection Bus: ?USB Bus PCI #: ?1 PCI device #: ?5 Vendor ID: ?0x0bda Device ID: ?0x8172 Sub vendor ID: ?0x0000 Sub device ID: ?0x0000 Misc Module: ?rtl819xU In the hardware device manager in mandriva it shows up as unknown but shows that it's realtek and that it's a 8192 chipset. but no option to for a driver install and when i do a make in terminal i get this error and no clue what it means [root@John-PC rtl8192se_linux_2.6.0010.1020.2009_64bit]# make make: *** /lib/modules/2.6.31.12-desktop-3mnb/build: No such file or directory. Stop. make: *** [all] Error 2 [root@John-PC rtl8192se_linux_2.6.0010.1020.2009_64bit]# any help appreciated. and just encase I'm running currently Mandriva Spring 2010 Free

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• High load average due to high system cpu load (%sys)

  - by Nick

  We have server with high traffic website. Recently we moved from 2 x 4 core server (8 cores in /proc/cpuinfo), 32 GB RAM, running CentOS 5.x, to 2 x 4 core server (16 cores in /proc/cpuinfo), 32 GB RAM, running CentOS 6.3 Server running nginx as a proxy, mysql server and sphinx-search. Traffic is high, but mysql and sphinx-search databases are relatively small, and usually everything works blazing fast. Today server experienced load average of 100++. Looking at top and sar, we noticed that (%sys) is very high - 50 to 70%. Disk utilization was less 1%. We tried to reboot, but problem existed after the reboot. At any moment server had at least 3-4 GB free RAM. Only message shown by dmesg was "possible SYN flooding on port 80. Sending cookies.". Here is snippet of sar 11:00:01 CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle 11:10:01 all 21.60 0.00 66.38 0.03 0.00 11.99 We know that this is traffic issue, but we do not know how to proceed future and where to check for solution. Is there a way we can find where exactly those "66.38%" are used. Any suggestions would be appreciated.

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• Debian/Ubuntu - No network connection

  - by leviathanus

  I have a very weird situation on my Ubuntu 12.04 LTS Server. I can not access (ping) my gateway, although I believe my config is ok - I attach the outputs. Any hints where to look? (I changed the beginning of the IP to something different, just obfuscation) ping 5.9.10.129 PING 5.9.10.129 (5.9.10.129) 56(84) bytes of data. From 5.9.10.129 (5.9.10.129) icmp_seq=2 Destination Host Unreachable From 5.9.10.129 (5.9.10.129) icmp_seq=3 Destination Host Unreachable From 5.9.10.129 (5.9.10.129) icmp_seq=4 Destination Host Unreachable uname -r 3.2.0-29-generic ifconfig eth0 eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 3c:97:0e:0e:54:d7 inet addr:5.9.10.142 Bcast:5.9.10.159 Mask:255.255.255.224 inet6 addr: fe80::8e70:5aff:feda:c4ac/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:1216 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:490 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:107470 (107.4 KB) TX bytes:34344 (34.3 KB) Interrupt:17 Memory:d2500000-d2520000 ip route default via 5.9.10.129 dev eth0 metric 100 5.9.10.128/27 via 5.9.10.129 dev eth0 5.9.10.128/27 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 5.9.10.142 route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 5.9.10.129 0.0.0.0 UG 1000 0 0 eth0 5.9.10.128 5.9.10.129 255.255.255.224 UG 0 0 0 eth0 5.9.10.128 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.224 U 0 0 0 eth0 iptables -L Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination UPD: Eric, this is how routing information looks on a working server: 0.0.0.0 78.47.198.49 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eth0 78.47.198.48 78.47.198.49 255.255.255.240 UG 0 0 0 eth0 78.47.198.48 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.240 U 0 0 0 eth0 As I understand it, Hetzner tries to ensure security by this, so I can not take over an IP by changing my MAC. But this is another server, which has another netmask (255.255.255.240) UPD2: BatchyX, on the working server: 78.47.198.49 dev eth0 src 78.47.198.60 cache on the broken: 5.9.10.129 dev eth0 src 5.9.10.142 cache

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• Can't install or update Ubuntu after using parameter acpi_osi = Linux

  - by Lucas Leitão

  I recently had an issue with my acer 4736z notebook because I was having a blank screen after booting the OS, then someone told me to use the parameter GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT = "quiet splash acpi_osi = Linux" after quiet splash inside the grub. It worked for me, but since then I can't install a thing or update anything on Linux because it says Removing linux-image-extra-3.5.0-17-generic ... Examining /etc/kernel/postrm.d . run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/initramfs-tools 3.5.0-17-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-17-generic update-initramfs: Deleting /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-17-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub 3.5.0-17-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-17-generic /usr/sbin/grub-mkconfig: 11: /etc/default/grub: GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT: not found run-parts: /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub exited with return code 127 Failed to process /etc/kernel/postrm.d at /var/lib/dpkg/info/linux-image-extra-3.5.0-17-generic.postrm line 328. dpkg: erro ao processar linux-image-extra-3.5.0-17-generic (--remove): sub-processo script post-removal instalado retornou estado de saída de erro 1 Removendo linux-image-3.5.0-17-generic ... Examining /etc/kernel/postrm.d . run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/initramfs-tools 3.5.0-17-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-17-generic update-initramfs: Deleting /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-17-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub 3.5.0-17-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-17-generic /usr/sbin/grub-mkconfig: 11: /etc/default/grub: GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT: not found run-parts: /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub exited with return code 127 Failed to process /etc/kernel/postrm.d at /var/lib/dpkg/info/linux-image-3.5.0-17-generic.postrm line 328. dpkg: erro ao processar linux-image-3.5.0-17-generic (--remove): sub-processo script post-removal instalado retornou estado de saída de erro 1 Erros foram encontrados durante o processamento de: linux-image-extra-3.5.0-17-generic linux-image-3.5.0-17-generic E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1) I already tried to remove older kernels but it gives me the same message. Do you have a clue about what should I do?

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