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• Can fragments of a packet be refragmented again?

  - by gsinha

  In IPv4, fragmentation is done by routers on way to the destination if DF(do not fragment) flag is not set in the IP packet. Once a packet is fragmented, its fragments may take different paths (due to various reasons like topology changes) to the destination. If, on some link again in the path to destination, one routers find that the link MTU is smaller than the frame size, then either the packet needs to be fragmented or dropped. Can fragments of a packet be refragmented again? If yes, what will be the value of MF flag in the new individual fragments created by this?

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• Is Internet routing (BGP) fully automated?

  - by Adal

  If all the routing tables on the Internet would be erased simultaneously, will the routers be able to rediscover them automatically? I'm having an argument with a colleague who says that the RIPE routing tables are essential, but I remember reading that if the tables disappeared, the BGP protocol will allow routers to rediscover working routes between nodes by querying their neighbors which in turn will query their neighbors until a working route will be detected. Then that route will be used to repopulate the routing tables. After a while, all the routes will be restored (not necessarily the optimal routes). Is that correct?

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• Why are they putting "processors" on hard drives?

  - by Celeritas

  What does it mean when they have a processor on the hard drive, how does it work, and what benfit does it have? I don't understand - the CPU is the processor and the hard drive transfers it's contents to RAM. Do have additional processors, preprocess the data some how? Here's some examples Western Digital WD Black WD1002FAEX 1TB "Dual processor speed" NETGEAR ReadyNAS 312 2-Bay Diskless Network Attached Storage "Dual-core Intel 2.1GHz processor and 2GB on-board memory" and routers now have processors too, why's that nescecary? I guess it sort of makes sense - some logic needs to happen for the packets to be read in to know which ports to send them out on, but why did old routers not need them? Example or wireless router with processor: "Dual-core processor"

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• Port-forwarding on livebox to router

  - by Yusuf

  Hello, At home, I have two routers, one Livebox and a Netgear. The reason why I need the Livebox is that the phone line cannot be connected to the Netgear router. So I have the Livebox connected to the phone line, the Netgear connected to the Livebox, and all PCs connected to the Netgear. My issue is that for every application or port that I want to give external access, I have to create entry in both the Livebox and the Netgear routers; so I would like to know if there's a way to automatically forward all requests to the Netgear router, from which I will then forward to the required IP:port. Thanks in advance.

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• Connect two subnets without router

  - by Shcheklein

  I got two Comcast routers with two different subnets on each. Every subnet contains 5 static IPs. Two questions: Are there any problems if both routers and machines from both subnets are connected into one switch? Security issues doesn't matter there. I need to know if there are some performance or other problems. Is it possible to make machines from different subnets to see each other if they all are connected into one switch? Some static routing, add ARP records or somethig else ... I just want to avoid configuring second ethernet adaptors, third router or something. And I need to connect these subnets vai high-speed local network.

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• DDWRT or similar as repeater in a network.

  - by Quantumplation

  I have a friend with sever connection issues due to her wireless router being on the bottom floor of her house, and the computer being a story or two away. I have several old Linksys routers lying about, one of which is currently running DDWRT for my network. Would it be a good idea (effective) to configure one of these routers as a wireless bridge of some kind in an intermediary floor to improve her connection? Is there any specific configuration beyond the standard DDWRT setup that I would need to do? Thanks for your help. =)

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• Backing up Initial and Running configurations for Nortel Baystack 325-24G

  - by i.h4d35

  I recently came across a Nortel Baystack 325-24G switch. This is the first time I've come across a Nortel device of any sort, so I am a little intimidated. My problem is that I have been trying to get the startup and running configurations via both the CLI and the Menus but its become quite apparent that it isn't like the Cisco Switches/Routers. I've searched online but have only found Configuration Guides by Avaya. Also I'd like to know - is there a way to take backups regularly (something like tftp)? Pardon me but I'm a n00b when it comes to routers and switches. Thanks in advance.. EDIT: Still havent found a way to get the running config via the CLI

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• auto-summarization: classful vs classless routing protocols

  - by yorble

  Suppose a router R1 is directly connected to the following subnets: 10.1.0.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 10.1.3.0/24 If it is running RIPv1, it will advertise: "i have the network 10.0.0.0" (implicitly understood by receiving RIPv1 routers as 10.0.0.0/8 because the protocol is classful) but suppose we changed the routing protocol to RIPv2 and turned ON auto-summarization. Would it behave in the same way? Would it advertise: "i have the network 10.0.0.0" (advertised WITHOUT subnet mask, and implicitly understood by other routers as 10.0.0.0/8) OR would it auto-summarize in a non classful way like: "i have 10.1.0.0/22" (advertised as network id and subnet mask pair) In other words, does turning on auto-summarization in RIPv2 (or other classless routing protocols) cause it to auto-summarize in a classful manner or simply auto-summarize classlessly to the best of its ability?

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• Planning home network

  - by gakhov

  I'm planning to setup my home network from scratch and want to ask professional opinions or tips. My home is connected to Internet with a cable connection (100 Mb/s). The devices I would like to connect are VoIP phone (RJ-45), TV (WiFi/LAN), 3 laptops (WiFi), 2 smartphones (WiFi), an iPad (WiFi), a Kindle (WiFi), a network printer and, probably, a home media storage (WiFi/LAN). As you can see, the most load will be on WiFi connections (probably, even if TV supports WiFi it's better to connect it by LAN?). So, I need help to choose the best router (or combination of routers) to support stable connections for all these devices and minimize the total number of routers/adapters. I like how Cisco/Linksys devices were working for me in the past, so preferably (but not obligatorily) I want to setup network with their solutions. Any thoughts?

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• Optimizing wireless router speed and minimizing interference.

  - by Tchalvak

  I've been experiencing problems with my wireless connectivity lately, and want to make sure that it's not related to the abundance of other wireless routers here in my building. So, what I'm looking for is a method (probably via some application or another) to audit the wireless channels (and other factors that might be important that I don't even know of yet) that are floating through the aether around me. Ubuntu or other linux apps are preferred, but some kind of windows/mac solution is possible, since I do have other OSes around me that I could install & test on. Router: netgear WGT624 v3 Hearsay tells me that channels 1, 6, and 11 are "non-overlapping" (I expect they aren't used for non-wireless-router purposes or something, not sure how they couldn't overlap with other routers using other channels), so perhaps my best choices of channel are limited, so if channels aren't really a big concern, I'd be happy to get links to other optimizations that I should look into.

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• Automatically allowing SSH into a machine behind a UPNP router?

  - by GJ

  Hi I have a MacBook connecting to the Internet from behind various routers from time to time (home, office, etc). All of the routers support UPNP. I need to allow a co-worker to SSH into the machine, without configuring each router each time to forward port 22 to the MacBook. Is there any way to get the MacBook to use UPNP (or some other method) to automatically configure any supporting router that it is behind to forward port 22 to itself? That would allow the co-worker to SSH into the MacBook but just knowing its external IP, which is easy.

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• GNS3 Cannot ping/resolve DNS record

  - by Eldad Cohen

  I set up an internet lab with GNS3, which has 3 routers, in each node there is a computer directly connected. One of the hosts is a DNS server, Windows 2003 Server. The other one is a Windows XP machine. Ping is good between routers and machines but no ability to ping domain.com record on DNS server 2003. I set a static nat on the router to route all traffic from gateway to the DNS server internal ip address, still no answer for the dns request. Any ideas or thoughts will be most welcome.

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• router propogation usng OSPF

  - by liv2hak

  I am using Juniper J-series routers to emulate a small telco and VPN customer.I need to use OSPF so that the path to each internal subnet is propogated to all PE nodes.The network topology is given below. To achieve this I am planning to run the following commands in UOW-TAU and UOW-HAM. set protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0 interface ge-0/0/0 set protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0 interface lo0.0 Do I need to do any additional configuration in TAU-PE1 and HAM-PE1 routers for it to receive the OSPF paths.? I am a beginner at the routing.Any help is appreciated.

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• ASA and cisco vs NSA sonic firewall

  - by Lbaker101

  Currently I’m trying to structure our network to fully support and be redundant with BGP/Multi homing. Our current company size is 40 employees but the major part of that is our Development department. We are a software company and continued connection to the internet is a requirement as 90% of work stops when the net goes down. The only thing hosted on site (that needs to remain up) is our exchange server. Right now i'm faced with 2 different directions and was wondering if I could get your opinions on this. We will have 2 ISPs that are both 20meg up/down and dedicated fiber (so 40megs combined). This is handed off as an Ethernet cable into our server room. ISP#1 first digital ISP#2 CenturyLink we currently have 2x ASA5505s but the 2nd one is not in use. It was there to be a failover and it just needs the security+ license to be matched with the primary device. But this depends on the network structure. I have been looking into the hardware that would be required to be fully redundant and I found that we will either of the following. 2x Cisco 2921+ series routers with failover licenses. They will go in front of the ASAs and either connects in a failover state or 1 ISP into each of the 2921 series routers and then 1 line into each of the ASAs (thus all 4 hardware components will be used actively). So 2x Cisco 2921+ series routers 2x Cisco ASA5505 firewalls The other route 2x SonicWalls NSA2400MX series. 1 primary and the secondary will be in a failover state. This will remove the ASAs from the network and be about 2k cheaper than the cisco route. This also brings down the points of failure because it’s just the 2x sonicwalls It will also allow us to scale all the way up to 200-400 users (depending on their configuration). This also makes so the Sonic walls. So the real question is with the added functionality ect of the sonicwall is there a point in paying so much more to stay the cisco route? Thanks!

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• Automatically updating routing table on server

  - by bramp

  I have a LAN with three routers on it, one connected to the Internet, one VPN router connected to a few remote sites, and a final route connected to a private network (using BGP to get prefix advertisements). On the same LAN I have multiple Linux servers which needs access to the networks behind each router. I have achieved this by configuring static routes on the server, pointing the different network prefixes to the correct router. This has worked well, but every time we connect to a new remote VPN, we have to change all the servers to be aware that the network is now accessible via the VPN, and not via the default Internet route. What I want is a way to automatically update the routes on all of the servers, when the route is added to a routers. Now, I could install Quagga or something similar on all the servers to receive router advertisements, but that seems like overkill. So my question is what is the easiest/simpliest way to update the routing tables on the server automatically, and what protocol is best suited for this purpose. thanks

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• Default Critique branch office setup: VPNTunnel->HQ, subnets for VOIP/PC, + several Q's

  - by CHickenTaragon

  We're setting up a new branch office. * ~10 users. * Each user has a VOIP phone provided by a hosted solution. * Users need access to resources on HQ (located in another state), so setting up VPN tunnel * HQ only supports certain Cisco/Juniper devices. VOIP provider only supports SonicWall, so current plan is to have two routers w/ separate subnets for VOIP vs. PC traffic. * PC's will plug into pass-thru Ethernet jacks on the VOIP phones, but the phones vs. PC's will point to different subnets. * Cable Modem is 50Mbps / 5Mbps DOCSIS 3.0 business line w/ 5 static IP's. * Each of the 2 subnets will map to one of the 5 public IP's. * May or may not also need to support a VPN tunnel with a second branch office because of a file server they have there that some in the new office use. I'm pushing to have them move the files to a server on the HQ's network so we don't have to worry about setting up an additional tunnel. Questions: Do you foresee any issues with the below set-up? Router recommendations by HQ IT staff: Cisco Router 2811, or Juniper SSG5 or SSG20. Any recommendations about these routers? We need Wi-Fi too – looks like the above routers have models that support this, any reason not to use this? Users need to be able to work from home. If so, how is authentication handled? Right now we use AD credentials for the HQ's domain, but we currently don't plan to have an AD system in the new location since it's only 10 users. We can't tie the authentication system from the new location's router to the AD system of the HQ. All the PC's that will be in the new location are currently in the existing office that is closing down, and are already joined to the domain of the HQ. Please confirm: this + the VPN tunnel will be sufficient for them to connect to authenticated resources on the HQ's network from the new location, correct? Mainly SQL servers and file servers, and a few remote desktop sessions. I'm sure I'll have some more questions, but can't think of them right now.

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• Router which can modify TTL

  - by TheMouse

  My ISP has set up the TTL to 1. My current router Linksys WRT120N can't change this and my computers don't have connection to Internet. I will return my current router and take another. I have some options: D-Link DIR-615 D-Link DIR-320 Linksys WRT54G2 Linksys WRT54GL Is the last router the only fix (among these routers) to my problem? ( I have to buy the router from this shop: http://laptop.bg/#/accessories/routers/ .. the site is in Bulgarian but at least the models which I can choose from are there in English.)

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• What are the advantages of OSPF vs nexthop self with iBGP?

  - by Matt Hamilton

  Assuming I have a fairly small network internally, but I have 4 routers each connected out to a different network. The routers are all sat next to each other connected via a switch. Each router uses BGP to speak to the outside networks. There is an iBGP mesh for each router to exchange the routes internally it knows about from each external network. The usual setup is to use OSPF to distribute the connected routes, as the routes via iBGP will still have the next hop set to their original value. What is the advantage of using OSPF in this scenario versus simply using 'set nexthop self' on the routes?

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• Windows RRAS multi-network routing

  - by Brent Pabst

  I am looking for advice, comments and suggestions from anyone who has used Windows RRAS (2008 R2 Pref.) as the primary routers for our multiple offices. We have multiple physical office locations and are looking into utilizing Windows Server 2008 R2 Core as redundant Active/Active routers/gateways for our network as opposed to a physical router from Cisco or Juniper, it costs a lot less! Any problems, issues or documentation anyone would recommend? We will still most likely have a firewall on the edge but the majority of our traffic will be inter-office with some external services. We will be using multiple Class B networks across our two offices.

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• Planning office network [closed]

  - by gakhov

  I'm planning to setup my office network from scratch and want to ask professional opinions or tips. My office is connected to Internet with Cable connection (100Mb/s). The devices i would like to connect are VoIP Phone (RJ-11), TV (WiFi/LAN), 3 laptops (WiFi), a few smartphones (WiFi), iPad (WiFi), Kindle (WiFi) and, probably, MediaServer (WiFi/LAN). As you can see, the most load will be on WiFi connections (probably, even if TV supports WiFi it's better to connect it by LAN?). So, i need help to choose the best routers combination (or even one?) to support stable connections for all these devices and minimize the total number of routers/adapters. Any thoughts? Thank you!

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• Is Samba "remote browse sync" possible across OpenVPN tunnel?

  - by John Reynolds

  I'm connecting 2 TomatoUSB (Shibby build on WNR3500L v2) routers with an OpenVPN routed connection: ----------------------- ----------------------- | Router 1, subnet 20 | <--tunnel--> | Router 2, subnet 21 | ----------------------- ----------------------- Router 1 is the OpenVPN server and Router 2 is a client. Clients attached to the routers on both subnets can ping clients on the other subnet, so the tunnel and routing works. I've enabled file sharing on both, in order to get their Samba WINS servers running. Is it possible to get name resolution across the tunnel? I've tried remote browse sync = 192.168.21.1 in /etc/smb.conf on the server side, to no avail. Also tried using the IP adress that the client gets from the OpenVPN address pool (usually 10.8.0.something), but still no joy.

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• Linux foxboard network monitor

  - by het.oosten

  I want to use a Foxboard a simple network monitor for multiple routers (all routers are connected to the internet). Foxboard is a mini pc with an embedded version of Debian. My idea is to use multiple virtual network devices like this: eth0 192.168.2.10 eth0:1 192.168.3.10 eth0:2 192.168.4.10 I found a nice Python script to ping an external host here (the solution from Ryan Cox): http://stackoverflow.com/questions/316866/ping-a-site-in-python Is it possible to configure Debian to use eth0 when I ping www.site-a.com and eth0:1 when I ping www.site-b.com?

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• Can I use static routing to allow me to use my public IP from my LAN?

  - by jnm2

  I would like to be able to use the same hostname to connect to my computer from my phone whether I'm at home or away. Currently I have to maintain duplicate entries for remote desktop, for instance. My router doesn't seem to have a NAT loopback option. I have two routers in fact, a cable modem which goes straight to my main router which does wireless. I can add to the static routing tables on each. Can I use this to loopback the public IP or do I need different routers?

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• Request to server x Reply from server y

  - by klaasio

  I need some advice from you guys: I'm dealing with a custom loadbalancer/software for which we will use 2 main servers and about 8 slave servers. In short: User sends request to main server, main server will receive and handle the requests, sends a request to a slave server and slave server should send data DIRECTLY to the "user". User - Main server Main server - Slave server Slave server - User The reason for which data should be send directly to the user and not through the main server is because of bandwidth and low budget. Now I have the following idea's: -IPinIP, but that is not possible in Layer7 (so far i know there some expensive routers for that) -IP Spoof, using C/C++ we will make it look like the reply came from main server. But I was thinking, perhaps the reply "slave server - User" could just come from a different IP without causing issues in the firewall from the user or his anti-virus. I don't know so well about "home" firewalls/routers and/or anti-virus software. I guess the user machine wouldn't handle it well?

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• Suggest Cisco Router for a small company of 60-100 Users

  - by user69154

  Trying to find the right router to use - we'd like to go Cisco. We have ~60 programmers that do alot of remote server work. Will grow to 100 programmers by the end of the year. We've talked to companies that sell Cisco routers. While they make recommendations, we feel that the sales guys may be selling us an overkill solution. What kind of company (that is not linked to sales of routers) can provide a service to recommend the right kind of router for our company? There are lots of network engineers out there, but am looking for some company that focuses on advising a network solution. Any suggestions of companies are welcome.

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