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  • Code Golf: Easter Spiral

    - by friol
    What's more appropriate than a Spiral for Easter Code Golf sessions? Well, I guess almost anything. The Challenge The shortest code by character count to display a nice ASCII Spiral made of asterisks ('*'). Input is a single number, R, that will be the x-size of the Spiral. The other dimension (y) is always R-2. The program can assume R to be always odd and = 5. Some examples: Input 7 Output ******* * * * *** * * * * ***** * Input 9 Output ********* * * * ***** * * * * * * *** * * * * * ******* * Input 11 Output *********** * * * ******* * * * * * * * *** * * * * * * * * ***** * * * * * ********* * Code count includes input/output (i.e., full program). Any language is permitted. My easily beatable 303 chars long Python example: import sys; d=int(sys.argv[1]); a=[d*[' '] for i in range(d-2)]; r=[0,-1,0,1]; x=d-1;y=x-2;z=0;pz=d-2;v=2; while d>2: while v>0: while pz>0: a[y][x]='*'; pz-=1; if pz>0: x+=r[z]; y+=r[(z+1)%4]; z=(z+1)%4; pz=d; v-=1; v=2;d-=2;pz=d; for w in a: print ''.join(w); Now, enter the Spiral...

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  • Improper integral calculation using numerical intergration

    - by Andrei Taptunov
    I'm interested in calculation of Improper Integral for a function. Particularly it's a Gauss Integral. Using a numerical integration does make sense for a definite integrals but how should I deal with improper integrals ? Is there any was to extrapolate the function "around" negative infinity or should I just remove this part and start integration from some particular value because cumulative sum near "negative infinity" is almost non-existent for Gauss integral? Perhaps there are some algorithms that I'm not aware about.

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  • Programmer Puzzle: Encoding a chess board state throughout a game

    - by Andrew Rollings
    Not strictly a question, more of a puzzle... Over the years, I've been involved in a few technical interviews of new employees. Other than asking the standard "do you know X technology" questions, I've also tried to get a feel for how they approach problems. Typically, I'd send them the question by email the day before the interview, and expect them to come up with a solution by the following day. Often the results would be quite interesting - wrong, but interesting - and the person would still get my recommendation if they could explain why they took a particular approach. So I thought I'd throw one of my questions out there for the Stack Overflow audience. Question: What is the most space-efficient way you can think of to encode the state of a chess game (or subset thereof)? That is, given a chess board with the pieces arranged legally, encode both this initial state and all subsequent legal moves taken by the players in the game. No code required for the answer, just a description of the algorithm you would use. EDIT: As one of the posters has pointed out, I didn't consider the time interval between moves. Feel free to account for that too as an optional extra :) EDIT2: Just for additional clarification... Remember, the encoder/decoder is rule-aware. The only things that really need to be stored are the player's choices - anything else can be assumed to be known by the encoder/decoder. EDIT3: It's going to be difficult to pick a winner here :) Lots of great answers!

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  • What is a good standard exercise to learn the OO features of a language?

    - by FarmBoy
    When I'm learning a new language, I often program some mathematical functions to get used to the control flow syntax. After that, I like to implement some sorting algorithms to get used to the array/list constructs. But I don't have a standard exercise for exploring the languages OO features. Does anyone have a stock exercise for this? A good answer would naturally lend to inheritance, polymorphism, etc., for a programmer already comfortable with these concepts. An ideal answer would be one that could be communicated in a few words, without ambiguity, in the way that "implement mergesort" is completely unambiguous. (As an example, answering "design a game" is so vague as to be useless.) Any ideas? EDIT: I have to remark that the results here are somewhat ironic. 10 upvotes and (originally) 5 favorites suggest that this is a question others are interested in. Yet the most upvoted answer is one that says there is no good answer. Oh well. I think I'll look at the textbook below, I've found games useful in the past for OO.

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  • reconstructing a tree from its preorder and postorder lists.

    - by NomeN
    Consider the situation where you have two lists of nodes of which all you know is that one is a representation of a preorder traversal of some tree and the other a representation of a postorder traversal of the same tree. I believe it is possible to reconstruct the tree exactly from these two lists, and I think I have an algorithm to do it, but have not proven it. As this will be a part of a masters project I need to be absolutely certain that it is possible and correct (Mathematically proven). However it will not be the focus of the project, so I was wondering if there is a source out there (i.e. paper or book) I could quote for the proof. (Maybe in TAOCP? anybody know the section possibly?) In short, I need a proven algorithm in a quotable resource that reconstructs a tree from its pre and post order traversals. Note: The tree in question will probably not be binary, or balanced, or anything that would make it too easy. Note2: Using only the preorder or the postorder list would be even better, but I do not think it is possible. Note3: A node can have any amount of children. Note4: I only care about the order of siblings. Left or right does not matter when there is only one child.

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  • How would you go about tackling this problem?

    - by incrediman
    I have a programming contest coming up in about half a week, and I've been prepping :) I found a bunch of questions from this canadian competition, they're great practice: http://cemc.math.uwaterloo.ca/contests/computing/2009/stage2/day1.pdf I'm looking at problem B ("Dinner"). Any idea where to start? I can't really think of anything besides the naive approach (ie. trying all permutations) which would take too long to be a valid answer. Btw, the language there says c++ and pascal I think, but i don't care what language you use - I mean really all I want is a brief description of how to tackle the problem. Like "use X technique treating each programmer as a Y" or something :)

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  • Good implementations of reinforced learning?

    - by Paperino
    For an ai-class project I need to implement a reinforcement learning algorithm which beats a simple game of tetris. The game is written in Java and we have the source code. I know the basics of reinforcement learning theory but was wondering if anyone in the SO community had hands on experience with this type of thing. What would your recommended readings be for an implementation of reinforced learning in a tetris game? Are there any good open source projects that accomplish similar things that would be worth checking out? Thanks in advanced Edit: The more specific the better, but general resources about the subject are welcomed. Follow up: Thought it would be nice if I posted a followup. Here's the solution (code and writeup) I ended up with for any future students :). Paper / Code

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  • Why do you enjoy programming?

    - by Earlz
    Some of us here(or is it just me?) enjoy programming. Even if we're not being paid for it, and in some cases, even though the end result will not do anything for us. For example, many people do the Project Euler problems just for fun, and in the end nothing was really "accomplished" materially. What is it that makes us enjoy programming? How is programming different from another job? You don't see an accountant going home to do some accounting on their own time just for the pure joy of it. How are we different? (also, if anyone has some ideas on how to tag this, then please do correct it for me.. )

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  • Genetic Programming Online Learning

    - by Lirik
    Has anybody seen a GP implemented with online learning rather than the standard offline learning? I've done some stuff with genetic programs and I simply can't figure out what would be a good way to make the learning process online. Please let me know if you have any ideas, seen any implementations, or have any references that I can look at.

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  • Tooltips with infinite timeout?

    - by romkyns
    I'm thinking of setting the timeout on all my tooltips in a WinForms application to infinity (or an extremely large value). The motivation is that it's annoying for the user if the tooltip disappears while I'm still reading it, without providing any extra value whatsoever as far as I can tell. Normally I wouldn't ask something like this on StackOverflow, but the overwhelming majority of all software sets timeouts on tooltips, so it makes me wonder whether perhaps there is some important consideration I'm missing? Or is this just an old convention that nobody gives further thought to? If you would hate infinite timeout as opposed to a short timeout, please explain why. (If you just think tooltips are a bad idea altogether then that's a separate consideration; this question is specifically about the infinite timeout.)

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  • Fastest sorting algorithm for a specific situation

    - by luvieere
    What is the fastest sorting algorithm for a large number (tens of thousands) of groups of 9 positive double precision values, where each group must be sorted individually? So it's got to sort fast a small number of possibly repeated double precision values, many times in a row. The values are in the [0..1] interval. I don't care about space complexity or stability, just about speed.

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  • Code Golf: Zigzag pattern scanning

    - by fbrereto
    The Challenge The shortest code by character count that takes a single input integer N (N = 3) and returns an array of indices that when iterated would traverse an NxN matrix according to the JPEG "zigzag" scan pattern. The following is an example traversal over an 8x8 matrix (referenced from here:) Examples (The middle matrix is not part of the input or output, just a representation of the NxN matrix the input represents.) 1 2 3 (Input) 3 --> 4 5 6 --> 1 2 4 7 5 3 6 8 9 (Output) 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 (Input) 4 --> 5 6 7 8 --> 1 2 5 9 6 3 4 7 10 13 14 11 8 12 15 16 (Output) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Notes: The resulting array's base should be appropriate for your language (e.g., Matlab arrays are 1-based, C++ arrays are 0-based). This is related to this question.

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  • Manipulating multi-track ogg files programatically

    - by Chad Birch
    I'm planning to create a program for manipulating multi-track OGG files, but I don't have any experience with the relevant libraries, so I'm looking for recommendations about which language/library to use for this. I don't really have any preference for the language, I'll happily code it in C, C#, Python, whatever makes things the easiest (or even possible). Perhaps it's even a possibility to automate Audacity somehow? In terms of requirements, I'm not looking for anything particularly fancy. It will probably be a command-line program, I don't need to be able to play the audio, draw image representations of the waveforms, etc. The program will basically be used as a converter, but I need to do some processing before outputting. That is, I need the ability to programatically remove some tracks, set panning per-track, change track volumes, etc. Nothing too complex, just some basic processing, and then output the result in either MP3 or a format easily converted to MP3, such as WAV. Any suggestions or general information would be appreciated, thanks.

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  • Graph Algorithm To Find All Paths Between N Arbitrary Vertices

    - by russtbarnacle
    I have an graph with the following attributes: Undirected Not weighted Each vertex has a minimum of 2 and maximum of 6 edges connected to it. Vertex count will be < 100 I'm looking for paths between a random subset of the vertices (at least 2). The paths should simple paths that only go through any vertex once. My end goal is to have a set of routes so that you can start at one of the subset vertices and reach any of the other subset vertices. Its not necessary to pass through all the subset nodes when following a route. All of the algorithms I've found (Dijkstra,Depth first search etc.) seem to be dealing with paths between two vertices and shortest paths. Is there a known algorithm that will give me all the paths (I suppose these are subgraphs) that connect these subset of vertices?

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  • Do you still limit line length in code?

    - by Noldorin
    This is a matter on which I would like to gauge the opinion of the community: Do you still limit the length of lines of code to a fixed maximum? This was certainly a convention of the past for many languages; one would typically cap the number of characters per line to a value such as 80 (and more recnetly 100 or 120 I believe). As far as I understand, the primary reasons for limiting line length are: Readability - You don't have to scroll over horizontally when you want to see the end of some lines. Printing - Admittedly (at least in my experience), most code that you are working on does not get printed out on paper, but by limiting the number of characters you can insure that formatting doesn't get messed up when printed. Past editors (?) - Not sure about this one, but I suspect that at some point in the distant past of programming, (at least some) text editors may have been based on a fixed-width buffer. I'm sure there are points that I am still missing out, so feel free to add to these... Now, when I tend to observe C or C# code nowadays, I often see a number of different styles, the main ones being: Line length capped to 80, 100, or even 120 characters. As far as I understand, 80 is the traditional length, but the longer ones of 100 and 120 have appeared because of the widespread use of high resolutions and widescreen monitors nowadays. No line length capping at all. This tends to be pretty horrible to read, and I don't see it too often, though it's certainly not too rare either. Inconsistent capping of line length. The length of some lines are limited to a fixed maximum (or even a maximum that changes depending on the file/location in code), while others (possibly comments) are not at all. My personal preference here (at least recently) has been to cap the line length to 100 in the Visual Studio editor. This means that in a decently sized window (on a non-widescreen monitor), the ends of lines are still fully visible. I can however see a few disadvantages in this, especially when you end up writing code that's indented 3 or 4 levels and then having to include a long string literal - though I often take this as a sign to refactor my code! In particular, I am curious what the C and C# coders (or anyone who uses Visual Studio for that matter) think about this point, though I would be interested in hearing anyone's thoughts on the subject. Edit Thanks for the all answers - I appreciate the variety of opinions here, all presenting sound reasons. Consensus does seem to be tipping in the direction of always (or almost always) limit the line length. Interestingly, it seems to be in various coding standards to limit the line length. Judging by some of the answers, both the Python and Google CPP guidelines set the limit at 80 chars. I haven't seen anything similar regarding C# or VB.NET, but I would be curious to see if there are ones anywhere.

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  • Encode complex number as RGB pixel

    - by Vi
    How is it better to encode a complex number into RGB pixel and vice versa? Probably (logarithm of) an absolute value goes to brightness and an argument goes to hue. Desaturated pixes should receive randomized argument in reverse transformation. Something like: 0 - (0,0,0) 1 - (255,0,0) -1 - (0,255,255) 0.5 - (128,0,0) i - (255,255,0) -i - (255,0,255) (0,0,0) - 0 (255,255,255) - e^(i * random) (128,128,128) - 0.5 * e^(i *random) (0,128,128) - -0.5 Are there ready-made formulas for that?

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  • Design to distribute work when generating task oriented input for legacy dos application?

    - by TheDeeno
    I'm attempting to automate a really old dos application. I've decided the best way to do this is via input redirection. The legacy app (menu driven) has many tasks within tasks with branching logic. In order to easily understand and reuse the input for these tasks, I'd like to break them into bit size pieces. Since I'll need to start a fresh app on each run, repeating a context to consume a bit might be messy. I'd like to create an object model that: allows me to concentrate on the task at hand allows me to reuse common tasks from different start points prevents me from calling a task from the wrong start point To be more explicit, given I have the following task hierarchy: START A A1 A1a A1b A2 A2a B B1 B1a I'd like an object model that lets me generate an input file for task "A1b" buy using building blocks like: START -> do_A, do_A1, do_A1b but prevents me from: START -> do_A1 // because I'm assuming a different call chain from above This will help me write "do_A1b" because I can always assume the same starting context and will simplify writing "do_A1a" because it has THE SAME starting context. What patterns will help me out here? I'm using ruby at the moment so if dynamic language features can help, I'm game.

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  • What every web developer should know?

    - by arikfr
    Let's say you got a new intern, who's a third-year CS student. He has firm knowledge of the basics, has some experience with C/Java from the courses he took and a lot of desire to learn more. What would you teach him in order to become a good web developer? What I had in mind is: HTML/CSS and the importance of writing semantic markup Javascript, some JS framework (jQuery), JSON Basics of Git/Subversion (whatever you use) The language we use (Ruby, Python, PHP, C#, whatever) Introduction the web framework we use (Rails, Django, ASP.NET MVC...) MVC - what/why/who RESTful web services - how to consume them and how to create one What's on your list?

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  • File Fix-it codegolf (GCJ 2010 1B-A)

    - by KirarinSnow
    Last year (2009), the Google Code Jam featured an interesting problem as the first problem in Round 1B: Decision Tree As the problem seemed tailored for Lisp-like languages, we spontaneously had an exciting codegolf here on SO, in which a few languages managed to solve the problem in fewer characters than any Lisp variety, using quite a number of different techniques. This year's Round 1B Problem A (File Fix-it) also seems tailored for a particular family of languages, Unix shell scripts. So continuing the "1B-A tradition" would be appropriate. :p But which language will end up with the shortest code? Let us codegolf and see! Problem description (adapted from official page): You are given T test cases. Each test case contains N lines that list the full path of all directories currently existing on your computer. For example: /home/awesome /home/awesome/wheeeeeee /home/awesome/wheeeeeee/codegolfrocks /home/thecakeisalie Next, you are given M lines that list the full path of directories you would like to create. They are in the same format as the previous examples. You can create a directory using the mkdir command, but you can only do so if the parent directory already exists. For example, to create the directories /pyonpyon/fumufumu/yeahyeah and /pyonpyon/fumufumu/yeahyeahyeah, you would need to use mkdir four times: mkdir /pyonpyon mkdir /pyonpyon/fumufumu mkdir /pyonpyon/fumufumu/yeahyeah mkdir /pyonpyon/fumufumu/yeahyeahyeah For each test case, return the number of times you have to call mkdir to create all the directories you would like to create. Input Input consists of a text file whose first line contains the integer T, the number of test cases. The rest of the file contains the test cases. Each test case begins with a line containing the integers N and M, separated by a space. The next N lines contain the path of each directory currently existing on your computer (not including the root directory /). This is a concatenation of one or more non-empty lowercase alphanumeric strings, each preceded by a single /. The following M lines contain the path of each directory you would like to create. Output For each case, print one line containing Case #X: Y, where X is the case number and Y is the solution. Limits 1 = T = 100. 0 = N = 100. 1 = M = 100. Each path contains at most 100 characters. Every path appears only once in the list of directories already on your computer, or in the list of desired directories. However, a path may appear on both lists, as in example case #3 below. If a directory is in the list of directories already on your computer, its parent directory will also be listed, with the exception of the root directory /. The input file is at most 100,000 bytes long. Example Larger sample test cases may be downloaded here. Input: 3 0 2 /home/sparkle/pyon /home/sparkle/cakes 1 3 /z /z/y /z/x /y/y 2 1 /moo /moo/wheeeee /moo Output: Case #1: 4 Case #2: 4 Case #3: 0 Code Golf Please post your shortest code in any language that solves this problem. Input and output may be handled via stdin and stdout or by other files of your choice. Please include a disclaimer if your code has the potential to modify or delete existing files when executed. Winner will be the shortest solution (by byte count) in a language with an implementation existing prior to the start of Round 1B 2010.

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  • What are five things you hate about your favorite language?

    - by brian d foy
    There's been a cluster of Perl-hate on Stackoverflow lately, so I thought I'd bring my "Five things you hate about your favorite language" question to StackOverflow. Take your favorite language and tell me five things you hate about it. Those might be things that just annoy you, admitted design flaws, recognized performance problems, or any other category. You just have to hate it, and it has to be your favorite language. Don't compare it to another language, and don't talk about languages that you already hate. Don't talk about the things you like in your favorite language. I just want to hear the things that you hate but tolerate so you can use all of the other stuff, and I want to hear it about the language you wished other people would use. I ask this whenever someone tries to push their favorite language on me, and sometimes as an interview question. If someone can't find five things to hate about his favorite tool, he don't know it well enough to either advocate it or pull in the big dollars using it. He hasn't used it in enough different situations to fully explore it. He's advocating it as a culture or religion, which means that if I don't choose his favorite technology, I'm wrong. I don't care that much which language you use. Don't want to use a particular language? Then don't. You go through due diligence to make an informed choice and still don't use it? Fine. Sometimes the right answer is "You have a strong programming team with good practices and a lot of experience in Bar. Changing to Foo would be stupid." This is a good question for code reviews too. People who really know a codebase will have all sorts of suggestions for it, and those who don't know it so well have non-specific complaints. I ask things like "If you could start over on this project, what would you do differently?" In this fantasy land, users and programmers get to complain about anything and everything they don't like. "I want a better interface", "I want to separate the model from the view", "I'd use this module instead of this other one", "I'd rename this set of methods", or whatever they really don't like about the current situation. That's how I get a handle on how much a particular developer knows about the codebase. It's also a clue about how much of the programmer's ego is tied up in what he's telling me. Hate isn't the only dimension of figuring out how much people know, but I've found it to be a pretty good one. The things that they hate also give me a clue how well they are thinking about the subject.

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  • Code Golf Christmas Edition: How to print out a Christmas tree of height N

    - by TheSoftwareJedi
    Given a number N, how can I print out a Christmas tree of height N using the least number of code characters? N is assumed constrained to a min val of 3, and a max val of 30 (bounds and error checking are not necessary). N is given as the one and only command line argument to your program or script. All languages appreciated, if you see a language already implemented and you can make it shorter, edit if possible - comment otherwise and hope someone cleans up the mess. Include newlines and whitespace for clarity, but don't include them in the character count. A Christmas tree is generated as such, with its "trunk" consisting of only a centered "*" N = 3: * *** ***** * N = 4: * *** ***** ******* * N = 5: * *** ***** ******* ********* * N defines the height of the branches not including the one line trunk. Merry Christmas SO!

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  • Algorithm to fill slots

    - by Peter Lang
    I am searching for an algorithm to fill several slots, which are already filled to some level. The current levels and the available quantity to fill are known Resulting levels should be as equal as possible, but existing level cannot be reduced Slots are filled from left to right, so left slots get higher level if equal level is impossible       The image above shows six examples, each column represents a slot. The grey area is already filled, the blue are is the expected position of the new elements. I could iterate through my slots and increase the quantity on the lowest slot by 1 until the available quantity is consumed, but I wonder about how to actually calculate the new filling levels. I am going to implement this with SQL/PL/SQL, other code is just as welcome though :)

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