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  • Mutual Information / Entropy Calculation Help

    - by Fillip
    Hi, Hoping someone can give me some pointers with this entropy problem. Say X is chosen randomly from the uniform integer distribution 0-32 (inclusive). I calculate the entropy, H(X) = 32 bits, as each Xi has equal probability of occurring. Now, say the following pseudocode executes. int r = rand(0,1); // a random integer 0 or 1 r = r * 33 + X; How would I work out the mutual information between the two variables r and X? Mutual Information is defined as I(X; Y) = H(X) - H(X|Y) but I don't really understand how to apply the conditional entropy H(X|Y) to this problem. Thanks

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  • What does it mean to do/determine something "programmatically"?

    - by Chris Lutz
    Programmatically. (alt. programmically) I've never used it, but I see it in questions a lot, i.e. "How to programmatically determine [insert task here]". Firefox immediately tells me that neither of these two words are real (at least, it doesn't recognize them). I've also never seen them used anywhere but here. 1) What does it mean to do/determine something "programmatically"? 2) Why do so many people ask how to do/determine something "programmatically"? Isn't it assumed that, if you're asking how to do something on a programming help board, you're asking how to do it "programmatically"? 3) Why is it that I've never seen the word "programmatically" anywhere else?

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  • Task vs. process, is there really any difference?

    - by DASKAjA
    Hi there, I'm studying for my final exams in my CS major on the subject distributed systems and operating systems. I'm in the need for a good definition for the terms task, process and threads. So far I'm confident that a process is the representation of running (or suspended, but initiated) program with its own memory, program counter, registers, stack, etc (process control block). Processes can run threads which share memory, so that communication via shared memory is possible in contrast to processes which have to communicate via IPC. But what's the difference between tasks and process. I often read that they're interchangable and that the term task isn't used anymore. Is that really true?

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  • Are .NET's regular expressions Turing complete?

    - by Robert
    Regular expressions are often pointed to as the classical example of a language that is not Turning complete. For example "regular expressions" is given in as the answer to this SO question looking for languages that are not Turing complete. In my, perhaps somewhat basic, understanding of the notion of Turning completeness, this means that regular expressions cannot be used check for patterns that are "balanced". Balanced meaning have an equal number of opening characters as closing characters. This is because to do this would require you to have some kind of state, to allow you to match the opening and closing characters. However the .NET implementation of regular expressions introduces the notion of a balanced group. This construct is designed to let you backtrack and see if a previous group was matched. This means that a .NET regular expressions: ^(?<p>a)*(?<-p>b)*(?(p)(?!))$ Could match a pattern that: ab aabb aaabbb aaaabbbb ... etc. ... Does this means .NET's regular expressions are Turing complete? Or are there other things that are missing that would be required for the language to be Turing complete?

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  • Approximate timings for various operations on a "typical desktop PC" anno 2010

    - by knorv
    In the article "Teach Yourself Programming in Ten Years" Peter Norvig (Director of Research, Google) gives the following approximate timings for various operations on a typical 1GHz PC back in 2001: execute single instruction = 1 nanosec = (1/1,000,000,000) sec fetch word from L1 cache memory = 2 nanosec fetch word from main memory = 10 nanosec fetch word from consecutive disk location = 200 nanosec fetch word from new disk location (seek) = 8,000,000 nanosec = 8 millisec What would the corresponding timings be for your definition of a typical PC desktop anno 2010?

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  • What is the best way to implement this composite GetHashCode()

    - by Frank Krueger
    I have a simple class: public class TileName { int Zoom, X, Y; public override bool Equals (object obj) { var o = obj as TileName; return (o != null) && (o.Zoom == Zoom) && (o.X == X) && (o.Y == Y); } public override int GetHashCode () { return (Zoom + X + Y).GetHashCode(); } } I was curious if I would get a better distribution of hash codes if I instead did something like: public override int GetHashCode () { return Zoom.GetHashCode() + X.GetHashCode() + Y.GetHashCode(); } This class is going to be used as a Dictionary key, so I do want to make sure there is a decent distribution.

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  • Detecting Markers Using OpenCV

    - by Hamza Yerlikaya
    I am trying to detect various objects containing colored markers, so a red blue green marker identifies object A, and a red blue red marker identifies object B. My problem is I can't use template matching cause objects can be rotated, currently I am thinking about check for each color then find the object by checking the distance between colors but it seems inefficient, so my question is there a better way to do this?

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  • O(log N) == O(1) - Why not?

    - by phoku
    Whenever I consider algorithms/data structures I tend to replace the log(N) parts by constants. Oh, I know log(N) diverges - but does it matter in real world applications? log(infinity) < 100 for all practical purposes. I am really curious for real world examples where this doesn't hold. To clarify: I understand O(f(N)) I am curious about real world examples where the asymptotic behaviour matters more than the constants of the actual performance. If log(N) can be replaced by a constant it still can be replaced by a constant in O( N log N). This question is for the sake of (a) entertainment and (b) to gather arguments to use if I run (again) into a controversy about the performance of a design.

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  • How to setup Ubuntu as a backup server for my Windows computer?

    - by derek
    I took my old computer (AMD 5600+, 2GB RAM, 880gt, 250GB SATA, etc) and decided to jump and try Ubuntu for the first time. I have very very little knowledge (Red Hat when I was younger) with Linux in general. My main desktop is Windows 7 and my plan is to use the Ubuntu computer as a file server sort of speak. I want to be able to setup back up schedules from my Windows PC to the Ubuntu PC (plan on leaving this on 24/7 to double as a Seedbox) How do I go on to doing this?

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  • how to merge file lines having the same first word in python?

    - by user1377135
    I have written a program to merge lines in a file containing the same first word in python. However I am unable to get the desired output. Can anyone please suggest me the mistake in my program? input "file.txt" line1: a b c line2: a b1 c1 line3: d e f line4: i j k line5: i s t line6: i m n ` output a b c a b1 c1 d e f i j k i s t i m n my code a = [line.split() for line in open('file.txt')] L=[] for i in range(0,len(a)): j=i while True: if a[j][0] == a[j+1][0]: L.append(a[j]) L.append(a[j+1]) j=j+2 else: print a[i] print L break

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  • How do I construct a 3D model of a room from 2 stereo cameras? What is the determining factor to an

    - by yasumi
    Currently, I have extracted depth points to construct a 3D model from 2 stereo cameras. The methods I have used are openCV graphCut method and a software from http://sourceforge.net/projects/reconststereo/. However, the generated 3D models are not very accurate, which leads me to question: 1) What is the problem with pixel-based method? 2) Should I change my pixel-based method to feature-based or object-recognition-based method? Is there a best method? 3) Are there any other ways to do such reconstruction? Additionally, the depth extracted comes only from 2 images. What if I am turning the camera 360 degrees to obtain a video? Looking forward to suggestion on how to combine this depth information. Thank you very much :)

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  • Optimally place a pie slice in a rectangle.

    - by Lisa
    Given a rectangle (w, h) and a pie slice with start angle and end angle, how can I place the slice optimally in the rectangle so that it fills the room best (from an optical point of view, not mathematically speaking)? I'm currently placing the pie slice's center in the center of the rectangle and use the half of the smaller of both rectangle sides as the radius. This leaves plenty of room for certain configurations. Examples to make clear what I'm after, based on the precondition that the slice is drawn like a unit circle: A start angle of 0 and an end angle of PI would lead to a filled lower half of the rectangle and an empty upper half. A good solution here would be to move the center up by 1/4*h. A start angle of 0 and an end angle of PI/2 would lead to a filled bottom right quarter of the rectangle. A good solution here would be to move the center point to the top left of the rectangle and to set the radius to the smaller of both rectangle sides. This is fairly easy for the cases I've sketched but it becomes complicated when the start and end angles are arbitrary. I am searching for an algorithm which determines center of the slice and radius in a way that fills the rectangle best. Pseudo code would be great since I'm not a big mathematician.

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  • How to do motion tracking of a object using video

    - by Niroshan
    Could someone direct me to a tutorial or guide me how to track motion of a object moving with 6 DOF. I am planing to use a video stream of a moving toy car. I want to calculate displacement and rotation angle of the toy car. I came across some research papers but couldn't find any libraries to the job. Is there a way to do this using OpenCV or Matlab or some other freely available software? Thank you

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  • Three most critical programming concepts

    - by Todd
    I know this has probably been asked in one form or fashion but I wanted to pose it once again within the context of my situation (and probably others here @ SO). I made a career change to Software Engineering some time ago without having an undergrad or grad degree in CS. I've supplemented my undergrad and grad studies in business with programming courses (VB, Java,C, C#) but never performed academic coursework in the other related disciplines (algorithms, design patterns, discrete math, etc.)...just mostly self-study. I know there are several of you who have either performed interviews and/or made hiring decisions. Given recent trends in demand, what would you say are the three most essential Comp Sci concepts that a developer should have a solid grasp of outside of language syntax? For example, I've seen blog posts of the "Absolute minimum X that every programmer must know" variety...that's what I'm looking for. Again if it's truly a redundancy please feel free to close; my feelings won't be hurt. (Closest ones I could find were http://stackoverflow.com/questions/164048/basic-programming-algorithmic-concepts- which was geared towards a true beginner, and http://stackoverflow.com/questions/648595/essential-areas-of-knowledge-which I didn't feel was concrete enough). Thanks in advance all! T.

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  • How to deal with users who think their computer could think?

    - by DavRob60
    Along my career, I had to deal with users who think their computer could think: My computer hates me! or He just do this so he could laugh at me! This is often a joke, but some users are serious. It's easy when I know the causes of the problem, but when it's unexpected behavior it's more complicated. In those cases, I usually turn it as a joke, putting that on the fault of moon phases and tide, but they are likely to prefer their explanations. Do you have any tricks to deal with those users?

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  • Standard term for a thread I/O reorder buffer?

    - by Crashworks
    I have a case where many threads all concurrently generate data that is ultimately written to one long, serial file. I need to somehow serialize these writes so that the file gets written in the right order. ie, I have an input queue of 2048 jobs j0..jn, each of which produces a chunk of data oi. The jobs run in parallel on, say, eight threads, but the output blocks have to appear in the file in the same order as the corresponding input blocks — the output file has to be in the order o0o1o2... The solution to this is pretty self evident: I need some kind of buffer that accumulates and writes the output blocks in the correct order, similar to a CPU reorder buffer in Tomasulo's algorithm, or to the way that TCP reassembles out-of-order packets before passing them to the application layer. Before I go code it, I'd like to do a quick literature search to see if there are any papers that have solved this problem in a particularly clever or efficient way, since I have severe realtime and memory constraints. I can't seem to find any papers describing this though; a Scholar search on every permutation of [threads, concurrent, reorder buffer, reassembly, io, serialize] hasn't yielded anything useful. I feel like I must just not be searching the right terms. Is there a common academic name or keyword for this kind of pattern that I can search on?

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  • Convert a post-order binary tree traversal index to an level-order (breadth-first) index

    - by strfry
    Assuming a complete binary tree, each node can be adressed with the position it appears in a given tree traversal algorithm. For example, the node indices of a simple complete tree with height 3 would look like this: breadth first (aka level-order): 0 / \ 1 2 / \ / \ 3 4 5 6 post-order dept first: 6 / \ 2 5 / \ / \ 0 1 3 4 The height of the tree and an index in the post-order traversal is given. How can i calculate the breadth first index from this information?

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  • My computer boots up with Ubuntu: How can I tell what's on my hard disk?

    - by Larry Harson
    I've acquired an old laptop (Acer TravelMate 4050 with an Italian keyboard) that boots up with the following options: Ubuntu, with Linux 3.0.0-12-generic Ubuntu, with Linux 3.0.0-12-generic (recovery mode) Memory test (memtest86+) Memory test (memtest86+, serial console 115200) When I choose the first option, the screen just goes blank with a flashing cursor. But I can go into grub command mode by typing 'c'. Now, I want to know what operating system is installed, and the files stored on my computer, so how do I do this? What can I do to maximise the use of this computer in its current state?

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  • Track Pedestrians

    - by 2vision2
    I am using OpenCV sample code “peopledetect.cpp” to detect and track pedestrians. The code uses HoG for feature extraction and SVM for classification. Please find the reference paper used here. The camera is mounted on the wall at a height of 10 feet and 45 degree down. There is no restriction on the pedestrian movement within the frame. I want to track the detected pedestrians’ movement within the frame. The issue I am facing is pedestrians are detected only in the middle region of the frame as most of the features are not visible as soon as the pedestrian enters the frame region. I want to track each person’s movement in the entire frame region. How to do it? Is tracking required? Can anyone give any reference to blogs/codes?

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  • How to create a bookmark under "computer" in the Sidebar of the nautilus file manager in 12.04?

    - by Jiskya
    Somehow, I removed the Downloads bookmark in the Sidebar under "Computer". Is there any way I can make a new one? Possibly with the same icon? I still have my Downloads directory. I just don't have the bookmark under "Computer" anymore, and it has the ordinary folder icon. I know it's not the most significant question, but it's a question nonetheless. Also, I'm not sure, but it may be important to note that I'm using unity 2d.

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  • CS Majors: Hardest concept(s) you learned in school?

    - by Mark Lubin
    For the CS majors out there what were the hardest CS classes or concepts that you learned in your undergraduate schooling? Did you find once you learned the basics,(data structs, OOP fundamentals, discrete math, pointers, recursion, etc) the rest followed naturally or did you hit a wall at any point in your higher classes like OS'es and Compilers? Thanks for the input!

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  • Regarding Standard Oxford Format for vlfeat sift

    - by Karl
    One of my upper classmen has gave me a data set for experimenting with vlfeat's SIFT, however, her extracted SIFT data for the frame part contains 5 dimensions. Recall from vl_sift function: [F,D] = VL_SIFT(I) Each column of D is the descriptor of the corresponding frame in F. F normally contains 4 dimensions which consists of x-coordinate, y-coordinate, scale, and orientation. So I asked her what is this 5th dimension, and she pointed me to search for "standard oxford format" for sift feature. The thing is I tried to search around regarding this standard oxford format and sift feature, but I got no luck in finding it at all. If somebody knows regarding this, could you please point me to the right direction?

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  • why IEEE floating point number calculate exponent using a biased form?

    - by lenatis
    let's say, for the float type in c, according to the IEEE floating point specification, there are 8-bit used for the fraction filed, and it is calculated as first taken these 8-bit and translated it into an unsigned number, and then minus the BIASE, which is 2^7 - 1 = 127, and the result is an exponent ranges from -127 to 128, inclusive. But why can't we just treat these 8-bit pattern as a signed number, since the resulting range is [-128,127], which is almost the same as the previous one.

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