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  • Writing a printList method for a Scheme interpreter in C

    - by Rehan Rasool
    I am new to C and working on making an interpreter for Scheme. I am trying to get a suitable printList method to traverse through the structure. The program takes in an input like: (a (b c)) and internally represent it as: [""][ ][ ]--> [""][ ][/] | | ["A"][/][/] [""][ ][ ]--> [""][ ][/] | | ["B"][/][/] ["C"][/][/] Right now, I just want the program to take in the input, make the appropriate cell structure internally and print out the cell structure, thereby getting (a (b c)) at the end. Here is my struct: typedef struct conscell *List; struct conscell { char symbol; struct conscell *first; struct conscell *rest; }; void printList(char token[20]){ List current = S_Expression(token, 0); printf("("); printf("First Value? %c \n", current->first->symbol); printf("Second value? %c \n", current->rest->first->first->symbol); printf("Third value? %c \n", current->rest->first->rest->first->symbol); printf(")"); } In the main method, I get the first token and call: printList(token); I tested the values again for the sublists and I think it is working. However, I will need a method to traverse through the whole structure. Please look at my printList code again. The print calls are what I have to type, to manually get the (a (b c)) list values. So I get this output: First value? a First value? b First value? c It is what I want, but I want a method to do it using a loop, no matter how complex the structure is, also adding brackets where appropriate, so in the end, I should get: (a (b c)) which is the same as the input. Can anyone please help me with this?

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  • system crash after declaring global object of the class

    - by coming out of void
    hi, i am very new to c++. i am getting system crash (not compilation error) in doing following: i am declaring global pointer of class. BGiftConfigFile *bgiftConfig; class BGiftConfigFile : public EftBarclaysGiftConfig { } in this class i am reading tags from xml file. it is crashing system when this pointer is used to retrieve value. i am doing coding for verifone terminal. int referenceSetting = bgiftConfig->getreferencesetting(); //system error getreferencesetting() is member fuction of class EftBarclaysGiftConfig i am confused about behavior of pointer in this case. i know i am doing something wrong but couldn't rectify it. When i declare one object of class locally it retrieves the value properly. BGiftConfigFile bgiftConfig1; int referenceSetting = bgiftConfig1->getreferencesetting(); //working But if i declare this object global it also crashes the system. i need to fetch values at different location in my code so i forced to use someting global. please suggest me how to rectify this problem.

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  • C++, using one byte to store two variables

    - by 2di
    Hi All I am working on representation of the chess board, and I am planning to store it in 32 bytes array, where each byte will be used to store two pieces. (That way only 4 bits are needed per piece) Doing it in that way, results in a overhead for accessing particular index of the board. Do you think that, this code can be optimised or completely different method of accessing indexes can be used? c++ char getPosition(unsigned char* c, int index){ //moving pointer c+=(index>>1); //odd number if (index & 1){ //taking right part return *c & 0xF; }else { //taking left part return *c>>4; } } void setValue(unsigned char* board, char value, int index){ //moving pointer board+=(index>>1); //odd number if (index & 1){ //replace right part //save left value only 4 bits *board = (*board & 0xF0) + value; }else { //replacing left part *board = (*board & 0xF) + (value<<4); } } int main() { char* c = (char*)malloc(32); for (int i = 0; i < 64 ; i++){ setValue((unsigned char*)c, i % 8,i); } for (int i = 0; i < 64 ; i++){ cout<<(int)getPosition((unsigned char*)c, i)<<" "; if (((i+1) % 8 == 0) && (i > 0)){ cout<<endl; } } return 0; } I am equally interested in your opinions regarding chess representations, and optimisation of the method above, as a stand alone problem. Thanks a lot

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  • Does this have anything to do with endian-ness?

    - by eSKay
    This piece of code: #include<stdio.h> void hello() { printf("hello\n"); } void bye() { printf("bye\n"); } int main() { printf("%p\n", hello); printf("%p\n", bye); return 0; } output on my machine: 0x80483f4 0x8048408 [second address is bigger in value] on Codepad 0x8048541 0x8048511 [second address is smaller in value] Does this have anything to do with endian-ness of the machines? If not, Why the difference in the ordering of the addresses? Also, Why the difference in the difference? 0x8048541 - 0x8048511 = 0x30 0x8048408 - 0x80483f4 = 0x14 Btw, I just checked. This code (taken from here) says that both the machines are Little-Endian #include<stdio.h> int main() { int num = 1; if(*(char *)&num == 1) printf("Little-Endian\n"); else printf("Big-Endian\n"); return 0; }

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  • Access array of c-structs using Python ctypes

    - by sadris
    I have a C-function that allocates memory at the address passed to and is accessed via Python. The pointer contents does contain an array of structs in the C code, but I am unable to get ctypes to access the array properly beyond the 0th element. How can I get the proper memory offset to be able to access the non-zero elements? Python's ctypes.memset is complaining about TypeErrors if I try to use their ctypes.memset function. typedef struct td_Group { unsigned int group_id; char groupname[256]; char date_created[32]; char date_modified[32]; unsigned int user_modified; unsigned int user_created; } Group; int getGroups(LIBmanager * handler, Group ** unallocatedPointer); ############# python code below: class Group(Structure): _fields_ = [("group_id", c_uint), ("groupname", c_char*256), ("date_created", c_char*32), ("date_modified", c_char*32), ("user_modified", c_uint), ("user_created", c_uint)] myGroups = c_void_p() count = libnativetest.getGroups( nativePointer, byref(myGroups) ) casted = cast( myGroups, POINTER(Group*count) ) for x in range(0,count): theGroup = cast( casted[x], POINTER(Group) ) # this only works for the first entry in the array: print "~~~~~~~~~~" + theGroup.contents.groupname Related: Access c_char_p_Array_256 in Python using ctypes

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  • List<MyClass*> & array question

    - by Nano HE
    Hi, Assuming a definition like this, list<MyCommand*> subList ... MyCommand* pCmd = (MyCommand*)(m_treeSM.GetItemData(node)); I tried these statements below, but failed. pCmd->subList[2] (pCmd->subList)[2] How can I get the array member values(such as subList[2]). I want to replace the value of subList[2] with other same type value. Thank you.

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  • I can't get that `bus error` to stop sucking.

    - by Koning Baard XIV
    I have this a class called PPString: PPString.h #ifndef __CPP_PPString #define __CPP_PPString #include "PPObject.h" class PPString : public PPObject { char *stringValue[]; public: char *pointerToCharString(); void setCharString(char *charString[]); void setCharString(const char charString[]); }; #endif PPString.cpp #include "PPString.h" char *PPString::pointerToCharString() { return *stringValue; } void PPString::setCharString(char *charString[]) { *stringValue = *charString; } void PPString::setCharString(const char charString[]) { *stringValue = (char *)charString; } I'm trying to set the stringValue using std::cin: main.cpp PPString myString; myString.setCharString("LOLZ"); std::cout << myString.pointerToCharString() << std::endl; char *aa[1000]; std::cin >> *aa; myString.setCharString(aa); std::cout << myString.pointerToCharString() << std::endl; The first one, which uses a const char works, but the second one, with a char doesn't, and I get this output: copy and paste from STDOUT LOLZ im entering a string now... Bus error where the second line is what I entered, followed by pressing the return key. Can anyone help me fixing this? Thanks...

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  • C++: why a self pointer of a struct automatically changes to void*

    - by Stone
    struct ptr{ int node; ptr *next; ptr(){} ptr(int _node, ptr *_next){ node=_node; next=_next; } }; struct list_t{ ptr *sht; int size; void push(int node){ size++; sht=new ptr(node,sht); } }shthead[100001], comp[200001], tree[200001]; The struct ptr is a smart pointer, be used as a linked list. But when I debug the code in gdb, I found that the ptr*'s were all converted to void*. GDB output: (gdb) pt ptr type = struct ptr { int node; void *next; public: ptr(void); ptr(int, void *); } However, I can still see the data of the struct if I covert them back to ptr* in gdb. What's the reason for this please?

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  • C++ arrays as parameters, EDIT: now includes variable scoping

    - by awshepard
    Alright, I'm guessing this is an easy question, so I'll take the knocks, but I'm not finding what I need on google or SO. I'd like to create an array in one place, and populate it inside a different function. I define a function: void someFunction(double results[]) { for (int i = 0; i<100; ++i) { for (int n = 0; n<16; ++n) //note this iteration limit { results[n] += i * n; } } } That's an approximation to what my code is doing, but regardless, shouldn't be running into any overflow or out of bounds issues or anything. I generate an array: double result[16]; for(int i = 0; i<16; i++) { result[i] = -1; } then I want to pass it to someFunction someFunction(result); When I set breakpoints and step through the code, upon entering someFunction, results is set to the same address as result, and the value there is -1.000000 as expected. However, when I start iterating through the loop, results[n] doesn't seem to resolve to *(results+n) or *(results+n*sizeof(double)), it just seems to resolve to *(results). What I end up with is that instead of populating my result array, I just get one value. What am I doing wrong? EDIT Oh fun, I have a typo: it wasn't void someFunction(double results[]). It was: void someFunction(double result[])... So perhaps this is turning into a scoping question. If my double result[16] array is defined in a main.cpp, and someFunction is defined in a Utils.h file that's included by the main.cpp, does the result variable in someFunction then wreak havoc on the result array in main?

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  • c# Wrapper to native c++ code, wrapping a parameter which is a pointer to an array

    - by mb300dturbo
    Hi, I have the following simple DLL in c++ un-managed code; extern "C" __declspec(dllexport) void ArrayMultiplier(float (*pointerArray)[3], int scalar, int length); void ArrayMultiplier(float (*pointerArray)[3], int scalar, int length) { for (int i = 0 ; i < length ; length++) { for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) { pointerArray[i][j] = pointerArray[i][j] * scalar; } } } I have tried writing the following wrapper function for the above in c#: [DllImport("sample.dll")] public static extern void ArrayMultiplier(ref float elements, int scalar, int length); where elements is a 2 dimentional 3x3 array: public float[][] elements = { new float[] {2,5,3}, new float [] {4,8,6}, new float [] {5,28,3} }; The code given above compiles, but the program crashes when the wrapper function is called: Wrapper.ArrayMultiplier(ref elements, scalar, length); Please help me here, and tell me whats wrong with the code above, or how a wrapper can be written for a simple c++ function: void SimpleFunction(float (*pointerToArray)[3]); Thank you all in advance

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  • Detect pointer arithmetics because of LARGEADDRESSAWARE

    - by Suma
    I would like to switch my application to LARGEADDRESSAWARE. One of issues to watch for is pointer arithmetic, as pointer difference can no longer be represented as signed 32b. Is there some way how to find automatically all instances of pointer subtraction in a large C++ project? If not, is there some "least effort" manual or semi-automatic method how to achieve this?

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  • Determining if Memory Pointer is Valid - C++

    - by Jim Fell
    It has been my observation that if free( ptr ) is called where ptr is not a valid pointer to system-allocated memory, an access violation occurs. Let's say that I call free like this: LPVOID ptr = (LPVOID)0x12345678; free( ptr ); This will most definitely cause an access violation. Is there a way to test that the memory location pointed to by ptr is valid system-allocated memory? It seems to me that the the memory management part of the Windows OS kernel must know what memory has been allocated and what memory remains for allocation. Otherwise, how could it know if enough memory remains to satisfy a given request? (rhetorical) That said, it seems reasonable to conclude that there must be a function (or set of functions) that would allow a user to determine if a pointer is valid system-allocated memory. Perhaps Microsoft has not made these functions public. If Microsoft has not provided such an API, I can only presume that it was for an intentional and specific reason. Would providing such a hook into the system prose a significant threat to system security? Situation Report Although knowing whether a memory pointer is valid could be useful in many scenarios, this is my particular situation: I am writing a driver for a new piece of hardware that is to replace an existing piece of hardware that connects to the PC via USB. My mandate is to write the new driver such that calls to the existing API for the current driver will continue to work in the PC applications in which it is used. Thus the only required changes to existing applications is to load the appropriate driver DLL(s) at startup. The problem here is that the existing driver uses a callback to send received serial messages to the application; a pointer to allocated memory containing the message is passed from the driver to the application via the callback. It is then the responsibility of the application to call another driver API to free the memory by passing back the same pointer from the application to the driver. In this scenario the second API has no way to determine if the application has actually passed back a pointer to valid memory.

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  • casting char[][] to char** causes segfault?

    - by Earlz
    Ok my C is a bit rusty but I figured I'd make my next(small) project in C so I could polish back up on it and less than 20 lines in I already have a seg fault. This is my complete code: #define ROWS 4 #define COLS 4 char main_map[ROWS][COLS+1]={ "a.bb", "a.c.", "adc.", ".dc."}; void print_map(char** map){ int i; for(i=0;i<ROWS;i++){ puts(map[i]); //segfault here } } int main(){ print_map(main_map); //if I comment out this line it will work. puts(main_map[3]); return 0; } I am completely confused as to how this is causing a segfault. What is happening when casting from [][] to **!? That is the only warning I get. rushhour.c:23:3: warning: passing argument 1 of ‘print_map’ from incompatible pointer type rushhour.c:13:7: note: expected ‘char **’ but argument is of type ‘char (*)[5]’ Are [][] and ** really not compatible pointer types? They seem like they are just syntax to me.

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  • Accessing any structs members at run-time.

    - by jmgunn
    Is it possible to get access to an individual member of a struct or class without knowing the names of its member variables? I would like to do an "offsetof(struct, tyname)" without having the struct name or member variable name hard coded amoungst other things. thanks.

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  • A way of allocating multidimensional arrays dynamically

    - by C77431
    salute.. I am learning dynamic allocations for multidimensional arrays in a book and I found some ways for that, And now haven't problem in it. But the author of the book shows us a way, but it doesn't work correctly. It is this: pbeans = new double [3][4]; // Allocate memory for a 3x4 array And this is the error: error C2440: '=' : cannot convert from 'int (*)[4]' to 'int *' how should i define pbeans ( if this type of coding is legal)? and what is the problem exactly? Regards.

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  • C String input confusion

    - by ahref
    C really isn't my strong point and after reading 3 chapters of a book on the subject and spending ages trying to get stuff working it just doesn't: #include <stdio.h> char *a,*b; int main( ) { char input[10]; fgets(input,sizeof input, stdin); a = input; fgets(input,sizeof input, stdin); b = input; printf("%s : %s",a,b); } I've isolated the problem from my main project. This code is meant to read in two strings and then print them however it seems to be setting a and b to point to input. Sample output from this code when A and B are entered is(don't worry about the \n's i can remove them): A B B : B How do i store the value of input in another variable eg. a or b so that in the above case A B A : B Is output? Thanks

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  • C++ deleting a pointer

    - by eSKay
    On this page, its written that One reason is that the operand of delete need not be an lvalue. Consider: delete p+1; delete f(x); Here, the implementation of delete does not have a pointer to which it can assign zero. Adding a number to a pointer shifts it forward in memory by those many number of sizeof(*p) units. So, what is the difference between delete p and delete p+1, and why would making the pointer 0 only be a problem with delete p+1?

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  • Pointer to another classs as a property

    - by arjacsoh
    Why I receive an error when I try to create a property to another class through a pointer like that: #ifndef SQUARE_H #define SQUARE_H #include <string> //using namespace std; #include "Player.h" class Square { public: Square(int); void process(); protected: int ID; Player* PlayerOn; <--- }; #endif and the Player class is : #ifndef PLAYER_H #define PLAYER_H #include <string> //using namespace std; #include "Square.h" class Player { public: Player(int,int); // ~Player(void); int playDice(); private: int ID; int money; }; #endif I receive: syntax error missing ; before * (on the declaration of Player* PlayerOn;) and missing type specifier (on the same line...)

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  • Decayed multidimensional array return from function

    - by paul simmons
    related to http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2520535/gcc-multi-dim-array-or-double-pointer-for-warning-free-compile , is there a way to return so-called "decayed array pointer" from a function? in summary (suppose 2 dim array) returning int (*a)[5] format rather than int** format? as far as I see, when returned int** pointer is sent to another function waiting (int*)[] parameter, it is not working correctly.

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  • The unary increment operator in pointer arithmetic

    - by RhymesWithDuck
    Hello, this is my first post. I have this function for reversing a string in C that I found. void reverse(char* c) { if (*c != 0) { reverse(c + 1); } printf("%c",*c); } It works fine but if I replace: reverse(c + 1); with: reverse(++c); the first character of the original string is truncated. My question is why would are the statements not equivalent in this instance? Thanks

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  • Passing an array of an array of char to a function

    - by L.A. Rabida
    In my program, I may need to load a large file, but not always. So I have defined: char** largefilecontents; string fileName="large.txt"; When I need to load the file, the program calles this function: bool isitok=LoadLargeFile(fileName,largefilecontents); And the function is: bool LoadLargeFile(string &filename, char ** &lines) { if (lines) delete [] lines; ifstream largeFile; #ifdef LINUX largeFile.open(filename.c_str()); #endif #ifdef WINDOWS largeFile.open(filename.c_str(),ios::binary); #endif if (!largeFile.is_open()) return false; lines=new char *[10000]; if (!lines) return false; largeFile.clear(); largeFile.seekg(ios::beg); for (int i=0; i>-1; i++) { string line=""; getline(largeFile,line); if (largeFile.tellg()==-1) break; //when end of file is reached, tellg returns -1 lines[i]=new char[line.length()]; lines[i]=const_cast<char*>(line.c_str()); cout << lines[i] << endl; //debug output } return true; } When I view the debug output of this function, "cout << lines[i] << endl;", it is fine. But when I then check this in the main program like this, it is all messed up: for (i=0; i<10000; i++) cout << largefilecontents[i] << endl; So within the function LoadLargeFile(), the results are fine, but without LoadLargeFile(), the results are all messed up. My guess is that the char ** &lines part of the function isn't right, but I do not know what this should be. Could someone help me? Thank you in advance!

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  • Freeing a character pointer returns error

    - by Kraffs
    I'm trying to free a character pointer after having used it but it returns a strange error. The error says: "_CrtDbgREport: String too long or IO Error" The debugger itself returns no errors while compiling. The code currently looks like this: void RespondToUser(SOCKET client, SOCKET server) { char buffer[80]; char *temp = malloc(_scprintf("HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n%s\r\nServer: %s\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\nHi!", buffer, SERVER_NAME)); sprintf(temp, "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n%s\r\nServer: %s\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\nHi!", buffer, SERVER_NAME); send(client, temp, strlen(temp), 0); closesocket(client); free(temp); ListenToUsers(server); } The problem only occurs when I try to free the temp pointer from the memory and not otherwise. What might be causing this?

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