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• How do you classify languages into regular, context free, and phrase-structure?

  - by confused

  If you're given a language, how do you figure out if it's regular, CF but not regular, or phrase-structure but not CF? Is there a good way to attack this problem? I could randomly try to make FAs or PDAs, but I feel like there's a better way to do it. Classic example: L = { a^n b^n c^n | n = 0 } Where would one start? Thanks.

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• What are logical and path queries

  - by NomeN

  I'm reading a paper which mentions that a language for refactoring has three specific requirements. functional features (like ML) logical queries (like Datalog) path queries (like Datalog) I know what they mean by functional features, but I'm not totally clear on the latter two and can't find a clear explanation either. Although I have a good idea after what I could find on the subjects, I need to be sure so here goes: Could the SO-community please clearly explain to me what logical queries and path queries are? Or at the very least what the people from the paper meant?

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• Add ability to provide list items to composite control with DropDownLIst

  - by Kyle

  I'm creating a composite control for a DropDownList (that also includes a Label). The idea being that I can use my control like a dropdown list, but also have it toss a Label onto the page in front of the DDL. I have this working perfectly for TextBoxes, but am struggling with the DDL because of the Collection (or Datasource) component to populate the DDL. Basically I want to be able to do something like this: <ecc:MyDropDownList ID="AnimalType" runat="server" LabelText="this is what will be in the label"> <asp:ListItem Text="dog" Value="dog" /> <asp:ListItem Text="cat" Value="cat" /> </ecc:MyDropDownList> The problem is, I'm not extending the DropDownList class for my control, so I can't simply work it with that magic. I need some pointers to figure out how I can turn my control (MyDropDownList), which is currently just a System.Web.UI.UserControl, into something that will accept List items within the tag and ideally, I'd like to be able to plug it into a datasource (the same functions that the regular DDL offers). I tried with no luck just extending the regular DDL, but couldn't get the Label component to fly with it.

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• How do I compute the approximate entropy of a bit string?

  - by dreeves

  Is there a standard way to do this? Googling -- "approximate entropy" bits -- uncovers multiple academic papers but I'd like to just find a chunk of pseudocode defining the approximate entropy for a given bit string of arbitrary length. (In case this is easier said than done and it depends on the application, my application involves 16,320 bits of encrypted data (cyphertext). But encrypted as a puzzle and not meant to be impossible to crack. I thought I'd first check the entropy but couldn't easily find a good definition of such. So it seemed like a question that ought to be on StackOverflow! Ideas for where to begin with de-cyphering 16k random-seeming bits are also welcome...) See also this related question: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/510412/what-is-the-computer-science-definition-of-entropy

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• Computationally simple Pseudo-Gaussian Distribution with varying mean and standard deviation?

  - by mstksg

  This picture from wikipedia has a nice example of the sort of functions I'd ideally like to generate http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Normal_Distribution_PDF.svg Right now I'm using the Irwin-Hall Distribution, which is more or less a Polynomial approximation of the Gaussian distribution...basically, you use uniform random number generator and iterate it x times, and take the average. The more iterations, the more like a Gaussian Distribution it is. It's pretty nice; however I'd like to be able to have one where I can vary the mean. For example, let's say I wanted a number between the range 0 and 10, but around 7. Like, the mean (if I repeated this function multiple times) would turn out to be 7, but the actual range is 0-10. Is there one I should look up, or should I work on doing some fancy maths with standard Gaussian Distributions?

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• Gaining information from nodes of tree

  - by jainp

  I am working with the tree data structure and trying to come up with a way to calculate information I can gain from the nodes of the tree. I am wondering if there are any existing techniques which can assign higher numerical importance to a node which appears less frequently at lower level (Distance from the root of the tree) than the same nodes appearance at higher level and high frequency. To give an example, I want to give more significance to node Book, at level 2 appearing once, then at level 3 appearing thrice. Will appreciate any suggestions/pointers to techniques which achieve something similar. Thanks, Prateek

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• Examples of useful or non-trival dual interfaces

  - by Scott Weinstein

  Recently Erik Meijer and others have show how IObservable/IObserver is the dual of IEnumerable/IEnumerator. The fact that they are dual means that any operation on one interface is valid on the other, thus providing a theoretical foundation for the Reactive Extentions for .Net Do other dual interfaces exist? I'm interested in any example, not just .Net based.

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• curious ill conditioned numerical problem

  - by aaa

  hello. somebody today showed me this curious ill conditioned problem (apparently pretty famous), which looks relatively simple ƒ = (333.75 - a^2)b^6 + a^2 (11a^2 b^2 - 121b^4 - 2) + 5.5b^8 + a/(2^b) where a = 77617 and b = 33096 can you determine correct answer?

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• What is an XYZ-complete problem?

  - by TheMachineCharmer

  EDIT: Diagram: http://www.cs.umass.edu/~immerman/complexity_theory.html There must be some meaning to the word "complete" its used every now and then. Look at the diagram. I tried reading previous posts about NP- My question is what does the word "COMPLETE" mean? Why is it there? What is its significance? N- Non-deterministic - makes sense' P- Polynomial - makes sense but the "COMPLETE" is still a mystery for me.

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• count of distinct acyclic paths from A[a,b] to A[c,d]?

  - by Sorush Rabiee

  I'm writing a sokoban solver for fun and practice, it uses a simple algorithm (something like BFS with a bit of difference). now i want to estimate its running time ( O and omega). but need to know how to calculate count of acyclic paths from a vertex to another in a network. actually I want an expression that calculates count of valid paths, between two vertices of a m*n matrix of vertices. a valid path: visits each vertex 0 or one times. have no circuits for example this is a valid path: but this is not: What is needed is a method to find count of all acyclic paths between the two vertices a and b. comments on solving methods and tricks are welcomed.

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• What exactly are administrative redexes after CPS conversion?

  - by eljenso

  In the context of Scheme and CPS conversion, I'm having a little trouble deciding what administrative redexes (lambdas) exactly are: all the lambda expressions that are introduced by the CPS conversion only the lambda expressions that are introduced by the CPS conversion but you wouldn't have written if you did the conversion "by hand" or through a smarter CPS-converter If possible, a good reference would be welcome.

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• Horizontally align rows in multiple tables using web user control

  - by goku_da_master

  I need to align rows in different tables that are layed out horizontally. I'd prefer to put the html code in a single web user control so I can create as many instances of that control as I want and lay them out horizontally. The problem is, the text in the rows needs to wrap. So some rows may expand vertically and some may not (see the example below). When that happens, the rows in the other tables aren't aligned horizontally. I know I can accomplish all this by using a single table, but that would mean I'd have to duplicate the name, address and phone html code instead of dynamically creating new instances of my user control (in reality there are many more fields than this, but I'm keeping it simple). Is there any way to do this whether with div's, tables or something else? Here's the problem: Mary Jane's address field expands 2 lines, causing her phone field to not align properly with John's and Bob's. Name: John Doe Name: Mary Jane Name: Bob Smith Address: 123 broadway Address: Some really long address Address: Short address Phone: 123-456 that takes up multiple lines Phone: 111-2222 Phone: 456-789 I'm not restricted in any way how to do this (other than using asp.net), but I'd prefer to use a single web control that I instantiate X times at design time (in this example, it's 3 times). I'm using VS2008, and .Net 3.5

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• .NET WebBrowser control with Adobe SVG Viewer

  I'm having problems with SVG files loading in a .NET 2.0 WebBrowser control. If I create a new WinForms application project, drag a WebBrowser control and a button onto the Form1.cs design surface, and add a line to the button's on-click handler to set the Url property of the WebBrowser control to an SVG file, I get two IE script errors at runtime (as in, the dialog you get when there is a Javascript problem). The only line of code I'm writing is therefore: webBrowser1.Url = new Uri(@"http://wiki.allegro.cc/pub/f/fb/Grozilla.svg"); This SVG file loads fine if I browse directly to the link with IE; the errors I get via my test app are: line 2, char 1, error: Invalid character, followed by line 1, char 1, error: Object expected (assuming I answer yes to the prompt to 'continue running scripts on this page'). I'm using IE 7.0.5730.13, Adobe SVG Viewer 3.03 build 94, Visual Studio 2008. Can anyone replicate this? Has anyone seen it/got any idea how to fix it? (edit: previously setting the URL in the constructor for the purposes of the example, but this raised the question of whether or not the control had finished initialising, so have changed the example to use a button - the problem still occurs. This bug originally appeared in production code so the example program I wrote was an attempt to isolate the issue and reproduce it as simply as possible.) (edit 2: having tested on several different machines, this problems seems to be related to IE7 - run IE6, and everything works fine.)

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• Create My own language with "Functional Programming Language"

  - by esehara

  I prefer Haskell. I already know How to create my own language with Procedural Language (for example: C, Java, Python, etc). But, I know How to create my own language with Functional Language (for example Haskell, Clojure and Scala). I've already read: Internet Resources Write Yourself a Scheme in 48 Hours Real World Haskell - Chapter 16.Using Persec Writing A Lisp Interpreter In Haskell Parsec, a fast combinator parser Implementing functional languages: a tutorial Books Introduction Functional Programming Using Haskell 2nd Edition -- Haskell StackOverflow (but with procedural language) Learning to write a compiler create my own programming language Source Libraries and tools/HJS -- Haskell Are there any other good sources? I wants to get more links,or sources.

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• How does a compiler first compile itself in the same language?

  - by jdk

  I recently read the Mono C# compiler is able to compile itself using the C# language. Cool. In the past I've heard of other languages doing the same. It twists my mind - at inception seems like a chicken and egg problem: syntax vs compiler. What comes first, second and third, etc?...

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• What does the q in a q-grammar stand for?

  - by Aru

  So I've been reading sites and the classic books on compilers, reading about s-grammar and q-grammars I wondered what the s and q stand for, I think the s stands for simple grammar. While the q...well, I have no idea. What does the q in a q-grammar stand for?

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• Finding the heaviest length-constrained path in a weighted Binary Tree

  - by Hristo

  UPDATE I worked out an algorithm that I think runs in O(n*k) running time. Below is the pseudo-code: routine heaviestKPath( T, k ) // create 2D matrix with n rows and k columns with each element = -8 // we make it size k+1 because the 0th column must be all 0s for a later // function to work properly and simplicity in our algorithm matrix = new array[ T.getVertexCount() ][ k + 1 ] (-8); // set all elements in the first column of this matrix = 0 matrix[ n ][ 0 ] = 0; // fill our matrix by traversing the tree traverseToFillMatrix( T.root, k ); // consider a path that would arc over a node globalMaxWeight = -8; findArcs( T.root, k ); return globalMaxWeight end routine // node = the current node; k = the path length; node.lc = node’s left child; // node.rc = node’s right child; node.idx = node’s index (row) in the matrix; // node.lc.wt/node.rc.wt = weight of the edge to left/right child; routine traverseToFillMatrix( node, k ) if (node == null) return; traverseToFillMatrix(node.lc, k ); // recurse left traverseToFillMatrix(node.rc, k ); // recurse right // in the case that a left/right child doesn’t exist, or both, // let’s assume the code is smart enough to handle these cases matrix[ node.idx ][ 1 ] = max( node.lc.wt, node.rc.wt ); for i = 2 to k { // max returns the heavier of the 2 paths matrix[node.idx][i] = max( matrix[node.lc.idx][i-1] + node.lc.wt, matrix[node.rc.idx][i-1] + node.rc.wt); } end routine // node = the current node, k = the path length routine findArcs( node, k ) if (node == null) return; nodeMax = matrix[node.idx][k]; longPath = path[node.idx][k]; i = 1; j = k-1; while ( i+j == k AND i < k ) { left = node.lc.wt + matrix[node.lc.idx][i-1]; right = node.rc.wt + matrix[node.rc.idx][j-1]; if ( left + right > nodeMax ) { nodeMax = left + right; } i++; j--; } // if this node’s max weight is larger than the global max weight, update if ( globalMaxWeight < nodeMax ) { globalMaxWeight = nodeMax; } findArcs( node.lc, k ); // recurse left findArcs( node.rc, k ); // recurse right end routine Let me know what you think. Feedback is welcome. I think have come up with two naive algorithms that find the heaviest length-constrained path in a weighted Binary Tree. Firstly, the description of the algorithm is as follows: given an n-vertex Binary Tree with weighted edges and some value k, find the heaviest path of length k. For both algorithms, I'll need a reference to all vertices so I'll just do a simple traversal of the Tree to have a reference to all vertices, with each vertex having a reference to its left, right, and parent nodes in the tree. Algorithm 1 For this algorithm, I'm basically planning on running DFS from each node in the Tree, with consideration to the fixed path length. In addition, since the path I'm looking for has the potential of going from left subtree to root to right subtree, I will have to consider 3 choices at each node. But this will result in a O(n*3^k) algorithm and I don't like that. Algorithm 2 I'm essentially thinking about using a modified version of Dijkstra's Algorithm in order to consider a fixed path length. Since I'm looking for heaviest and Dijkstra's Algorithm finds the lightest, I'm planning on negating all edge weights before starting the traversal. Actually... this doesn't make sense since I'd have to run Dijkstra's on each node and that doesn't seem very efficient much better than the above algorithm. So I guess my main questions are several. Firstly, do the algorithms I've described above solve the problem at hand? I'm not totally certain the Dijkstra's version will work as Dijkstra's is meant for positive edge values. Now, I am sure there exist more clever/efficient algorithms for this... what is a better algorithm? I've read about "Using spine decompositions to efficiently solve the length-constrained heaviest path problem for trees" but that is really complicated and I don't understand it at all. Are there other algorithms that tackle this problem, maybe not as efficiently as spine decomposition but easier to understand? Thanks.

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• What is a data structure for quickly finding non-empty intersections of a list of sets?

  - by Andrey Fedorov

  I have a set of N items, which are sets of integers, let's assume it's ordered and call it I[1..N]. Given a candidate set, I need to find the subset of I which have non-empty intersections with the candidate. So, for example, if: I = [{1,2}, {2,3}, {4,5}] I'm looking to define valid_items(items, candidate), such that: valid_items(I, {1}) == {1} valid_items(I, {2}) == {1, 2} valid_items(I, {3,4}) == {2, 3} I'm trying to optimize for one given set I and a variable candidate sets. Currently I am doing this by caching items_containing[n] = {the sets which contain n}. In the above example, that would be: items_containing = [{}, {1}, {1,2}, {2}, {3}, {3}] That is, 0 is contained in no items, 1 is contained in item 1, 2 is contained in itmes 1 and 2, 2 is contained in item 2, 3 is contained in item 2, and 4 and 5 are contained in item 3. That way, I can define valid_items(I, candidate) = union(items_containing[n] for n in candidate). Is there any more efficient data structure (of a reasonable size) for caching the result of this union? The obvious example of space 2^N is not acceptable, but N or N*log(N) would be.

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• efficacy of register allocation algorithms!

  - by aksci

  i'm trying to do a research/project on register allocation using graph coloring where i am to test the efficiency of different optimizing register allocation algorithms in different scenarios. how do i start? what are the prerequisites and the grounds with which i can test them. what all algos can i use? thank you!

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• Throughput measurements

  - by dotsid

  I wrote simple load testing tool for testing performance of Java modules. One problem I faced is algorithm of throughput measurements. Tests are executed in several thread (client configure how much times test should be repeated), and execution time is logged. So, when tests are finished we have following history: 4 test executions 2 threads 36ms overall time - idle * test execution 5ms 9ms 4ms 13ms T1 |-*****-*********-****-*************-| 3ms 6ms 7ms 11ms T2 |-***-******-*******-***********-----| <-----------------36ms---------------> For the moment I calculate throughput (per second) in a following way: 1000 / overallTime * threadCount. But there is problem. What if one thread will complete it's own tests more quickly (for whatever reason): 3ms 3ms 3ms 3ms T1 |-***-***-***-***----------------| 3ms 6ms 7ms 11ms T2 |-***-******-*******-***********-| <--------------32ms--------------> In this case actual throughput is much better because of measured throughput is bounded by the most slow thread. So, my question is how should I measure throughput of code execution in multithreaded environment.

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• determine if intersection of a set with conjunction of two other sets is empty

  - by koen

  For any three given sets A, B and C: is there a way to determine (programmatically) whether there is an element of A that is part of the conjunction of B and C? example: A: all numbers greater than 3 B: all numbers lesser than 7 C: all numbers that equal 5 In this case there is an element in set A, being the number 5, that fits. I'm implementing this as specifications, so this numerical range is just an example. A, B, C could be anything.

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• ASP.NET Loading a User Control in a Repeater

  - by user70192

  Hello, I have a Repeater control that loads instances of a custom control I have built. This repeater looks like this: <asp:Repeater ID="myRepeater" runat="server" OnLoad="myRepeater_Load"> <HeaderTemplate> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> </HeaderTemplate> <ItemTemplate> <tr><td><my:CustomControl ID="myControl" runat="server" OnLoad="myControl_Load" /> </td></tr> </ItemTemplate> <FooterTemplate> </table> </FooterTemplate> </asp:Repeater> I bind to the Repeater through the myRepeater_Load event handler. My custom control is used to render an item within the Repeater. Because of this, I am trying to set properties on the custom control during the myControl_Load event handler. However, I do not know how to access the current item during the myControl_Load event. Is there a way I can pass along the current item or access the current item during the myControl_Load event? If so, how? Thank you,

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• What is Turing Complete?

  - by david

  What does the expression Turing Complete means? Can you give a simple explanation, without going into too much theoretical details?

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• Could a truly random number be generated using pings to psuedo-randomly selected IP addresses?

  - by _ande_turner_

  The question posed came about during a 2nd Year Comp Science lecture while discussing the impossibility of generating numbers in a deterministic computational device. This was the only suggestion which didn't depend on non-commodity-class hardware. Subsequently nobody would put their reputation on the line to argue definitively for or against it. Anyone care to make a stand for or against. If so, how about a mention as to a possible implementation?

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• How to randomize a sorted list?

  - by Faken

  Here's a strange question for you guys, I have a nice sorted list that I wish to randomize. How would i go about doing that? In my application, i have a function that returns a list of points that describe the outline of a discretized object. Due to the way the problem is solved, the function returns a nice ordered list. i have a second boundary described in math and want to determine if the two objects intersect each other. I simply itterate over the points and determine if any one point is inside the mathematical boundary. The method works well but i want to increase speed by randomizing the point data. Since it is likely that that my mathematical boundary will be overlapped by a series of points that are right beside each other, i think it would make sense to check a randomized list rather than iterating over a nice sorted one (as it only takes a single hit to declare an intersection). So, any ideas on how i would go about randomizing an ordered list?

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