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• PE Header Requirements

  - by Pindatjuh

  What are the requirements of a PE file (PE/COFF)? What fields should be set, which value, at a bare minimum for enabling it to "run" on Windows (i.e. executing "ret" instruction and then close, without error). The library I am building first is the linker: Now, the problem I have is the PE file (PE/COFF). I don't know what is "required" for a PE file before it can actually execute on my platform. My testing platform is Vista. I get an error message, saying "This is not a valid Win32 executable." when I execute it by double-clicking, and I get an "Access Denied." when executing it with CLI cmd. I have two sections, .text and .data. I've implemented the PE headers as provided by several online documents, i.e. MSDN and some other thirdparty documentation. If I use a hex-editor, it looks almost like a regular PE file. I don't use any imports, nor IAT, nor any directories in the PE header. Edit: I've added an import table, still not a valid .exe-file, says my Windows. I've tried to use values which are also mentioned at the smallest PE-file guide. No luck. Really the only thing I can't seem to figure out is what is required and what isn't. Some guides tell me everything is required, whilst others say about deprications: and it can be zero. I hope this is enough information. Thank you, in advance. Raw data (as requested) of current PE header: 4D 5A 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 50 45 00 00 4C 01 02 00 C8 7A 55 4B 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 E0 00 82 01 0B 01 0D 25 00 10 00 00 00 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 00 00 00 10 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 10 00 00 00 02 00 00 01 00 0B 00 00 00 00 00 03 00 0A 00 00 00 00 00 00 22 00 00 38 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 0E 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 24 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2E 74 65 78 74 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 60 2E 69 64 61 74 61 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 C0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3C 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 24 20 00 00 34 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 4B 45 52 4E 45 4C 33 32 2E 64 6C 6C 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 80 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 80 00 00 00 00

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• Move million records from MEMORY table to MYISAM table.

  - by Prashant

  Hi, I am looking for a fast way to move records from a MEMORY table to MYISAM table. MEMORY table has around 0.5 million records. Both tables have exactly the same structure (same number of columns, data types etc.). But the MYISAM table is indexed (B-TREE) on a few columns. There are around 25 columns most of which are unsigned integers. I have already tried using "INSERT INTO SELECT * FROM " query. But is there any faster way to do this? Appreciate your help. Prashant

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• Drools Rules: How can I use a method on "when" section?

  - by manoelhc

  Hi, I need to execute a method on "when" section of a DSLR file and I´m not sure if it´s possible. Example: rule "WNPRules_10" when $reminder:Reminder(source == "HMI") $user:User(isInAgeRange("30-100")==true) Reminder(clickPercentual >= 10) User(haveAtLeastOptIns("1,2,3,4") == true) then $reminder.setPriority(1);update($reminder); end (note: isInAgeRange() and haveAtLeastOptIns() are methods of User) I tried with eval() and no errors appeared, but it didn´t execute. Like this: rule "WNPRules_10" when $reminder:Reminder(source == "HMI") $user:User(eval($user.isInAgeRange("30-100")==true)) Reminder(clickPercentual >= 10) User(eval($user.haveAtLeastOptIns("1,2,3,4") == true)) then $reminder.setPriority(1);update($reminder); end How can I resolve this problem?

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• How to figure out which jars are needed?

  - by Ari

  How can I systematically determine which jars I'll need, and thus should include in my pom.xml file (I'm using maven as my project management tool)? When learning spring, to keep things simple, added all the jars (even the ones I never used) to the classpath. Right now for the most part, I'm guessing which jars to include. For example, I know in my spring configuration file, I have: <tx:annotation-driven /> <context:annotation-config /> <aop:aspectj-autoproxy /> So, I guess I'll need: spring-context-x.x.x.jar, spring-tx-x.x.x.jar, spring-aop-x.x.x.jar Thanks.

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• How to create an eclipse plug-in?

  - by Amir Rachum

  I've decided that as a pet project meant for learning, I would create a new Eclipse plug-in that, for a given class, takes all private member names and adds a prefix to their name (it doesn't matter to me if it can already be done or not, this is meant to be a learning experience). I have never developed an Eclipse plug-in and I'm not sure where to begin. Do I need to install some application for this development? How does it work? Where do I begin? I did a Google search but all the tutorials and results I found were old and referred to antiquated versions of Eclipse, so I'm not sure if they're still accurate.

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• Wifi and 3G same time

  - by Skolleus

  For my App I need Data from both, a local Network and the Internet. The local Network (Wifi) has no connection to the internet so I have to use the mobile connection (3G for Example). But whenever I connect to the local Network, 3G stopps. After asking the Samsung Service, there is no way to change that in the UI. But they couldn't tell me, if there is a programmable Interface for that. There is a mobile access point inside, so there is a way to connect a Wifi device to the Internet (which means that both, a wifi and a 3G connection is possible the same time in that way). But for my App the phone/tab has to connect to the existing Network and use the 3G for Internet. So this is my question here. Is there a way to connect to an existing Network and using 3G for Internet the same time?

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• How do you get the selected value of a spinner -- Android

  - by Matthew Hall

  Hi everyone, I'm trying to get the selected items string out of a spinner. So far I've got this: bundle.putString(ListDbAdapter.DB_PRI, v.getText().toString()); This doesn'y work and gives a casting exception (I thought you could cast a view to a widget that inherits it... obviously not!). So how do you get the selected value of a spinner

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• DAO, Spring and Hibernate

  - by EugeneP

  Correct me if anything is wrong. Now when we use Spring DAO for ORM templates, when we use @Transactional attribute, we do not have control over the transaction and/or session when the method is called externally, not within the method. Lazy loading saves resources - less queries to the db, less memory to keep all the collections fetched in the app memory. So, if lazy=false, then everything is fetched, all associated collections, that is not effectively, if there are 10,000 records in a linked set. Now, I have a method in a DAO class that is supposed to return me a User object. It has collections that represent linked tables of the database. I need to get a object by id and then query its collections. Hibernate "failed to lazily initialize a collection" exception occurs when I try to access the linked collection that this DAO method returns. Explain please, what is a workaround here?

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• Persistence with Vaadin

  - by palto

  Hi I'm trying to learn vaadin. I'm really confused how to do any kind of application development with persistence because if I have a reference to my service layer objects, they get stored in session and I really don't want that. Persistence stuff just isn't serializable. My case is that I have an already made application that uses Spring and I'm creating a new UI for it with Vaadin. I can inject the spring stuff to my Vaadin application but that gets stored in the session. Any tips? By the way how do you post in the Vaadin forums? I can't find a post button or way to register :)

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• Should I use a collection here?

  - by Eva

  So I have code set up like this: public interface IInterface { public void setField(Object field); } public abstract class AbstractClass extends JPanel implements IInterface { private Object field_; public void setField(Object field) { field_ = field; } } public class ClassA extends AbstractClass { public ClassA() { // unique ClassA constructor stuff } public Dimension getPreferredSize() { return new Dimension(1, 1); } } public class ClassB extends AbstractClass { public ClassB() { // unique ClassB constructor stuff } public Dimension getPreferredSize() { return new Dimension(42, 42); } } public class ConsumerA { public ConsumerA(Collection<AbstractClass> collection) { for (AbstractClass abstractClass : collection) { abstractClass.setField(this); abstractClass.repaint(); } } } All hunky-dory so far, until public class ConsumerB { // Option 1 public ConsumerB(ClassA a, ClassB b) { methodThatOnlyTakesA(a); methodThatOnlyTakesB(b); } // Option 2 public ConsumerB(Collection<AbstractClass> collection) { for (IInterface i : collection) { if (i instanceof ClassA) { methodThatOnlyTakesA((ClassA) i); else if (i instanceof ClassB) { methodThatOnlyTakesB((ClassB) i); } } } } public class UsingOption1 { public static void main(String[] args) { ClassA a = new ClassA(); ClassB b = new ClassB(); Collection<AbstractClass> collection = Arrays.asList(a, b); ConsumerA consumerA = new ConsumerA(collection); ConsumerB consumerB = new ConsumerB(a, b); } } public class UsingOption2 { public static void main(String[] args) { Collection<AbstractClass> collection = Arrays.asList(new ClassA(), new ClassB()); ConsumerA = new ConsumerA(collection); ConsumerB = new ConsumerB(collection); } } With a lot more classes extending AbstractClass, both options get unwieldly. Option1 would make the constructor of ConsumerB really long. Also UsingOption1 would get long too. Option2 would have way more if statements than I feel comfortable with. Is there a viable Option3? If it helps, ClassA and ClassB have all the same methods, they're just implemented differently. Thanks for slogging through my code!

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• what are the difference between InnoDB and MyISAM.

  - by harigm

  what are the difference between InnoDB and MyISAM. Which one I can go for? any areas where one provides and other doesnot provide? IS there any technological limitations in any of the both types? Please help me to choose the right type for my project?

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• JSP Document/JSPX: what determines how space/linebreaks are removed in the output?

  - by NoozNooz42

  I've got a "JSP Document" ("JSP in XML") nicely formatted and when the webpage is generated and sent to the user, some linebreaks are removed. Now the really weird part: apparently the "main" .jsp always gets all its linebreak removed but for any subsequent .jsp included from the main .jsp, linebreaks seems to be randomly removed (some are there, others aren't). For example, if I'm looking at the webpage served from Firefox and ask to "view source", I get to see what is generated. So, what determines when/how linebreaks are kept/removed? This is just an example I made up... Can you force a .jsp to serve this: <body><div id="page"><div id="header"><div class="title">... or this: <body> <div id="page"> <div id="header"> <div class="title">... ? I take it that linebreaks are removed to save on bandwidth, but what if I want to keep them? And what if I want to keep the same XML indentation as in my .jsp file? Is this doable?

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• custom button: properties change, button should be redrawn

  - by Rutger

  Hi I'm developing an Android app. I have class derived from button to represent a special type of button. This special type has some properties (integers) and according to these one or more circles have to be drawn on top of the button. So I overrode the onDraw function, which looks the values up and accordingly draws the circles. But the class has a function to set new values for its properties. So new values are set but the changes are not reflected in the UI. It seems like the onDraw function is not called. When later I click the button or show a pop up message above my interface the onDraw function is called and the button is drawn correctly. So my question: when changing the properties how can I say that the button has to be redrawn? Thanks a lot!

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• How to inject JPA EntityManager using spring

  - by marcos

  Hello all! I have a few questions about jpa + spring integration running on tomcat, i've been looking fo some time and couldn't find any concrete answer, so here it goes: Is it possible to have spring to inject the JPA entityManager object into my DAO class without extending JpaDaoSupport? if yes, does spring manage the transaction in this case? I'm trying to keep spring configuration as simple as possible: <bean id="transactionManager" class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager"> <property name="entityManagerFactory" ref="em"/> </bean> <bean id="em" class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.LocalEntityManagerFactoryBean"> <property name="persistenceUnitName" value="myPU"/> </bean> EDIT: that was very helpfull, thank you all!

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• Preserve images in Excel headers using Apache POI

  - by ddm

  I am trying to generate Excel reports using Apache POI 3.6 (latest). Since POI has limited support for header and footer generation (text only), I decided to start from a blank excel file with the header already prepared and fill the Excel cells using POI (cf. question 714172). Unfortunately, when opening the workbook with POI and writing it immediately to disk (without any cell manpulation), the header seems to be lost. Here is the code I used to test this behavior: public final class ExcelWorkbookCreator { public static void main(String[] args) { FileOutputStream outputStream = null; try { outputStream = new FileOutputStream(new File("dump.xls")); InputStream inputStream = ExcelWorkbookCreator.class.getResourceAsStream("report_template.xls"); HSSFWorkbook workbook = new HSSFWorkbook(inputStream, true); workbook.write(outputStream); } catch (Exception exception) { throw new RuntimeException(exception); } finally { if (outputStream != null) { try { outputStream.close(); } catch (IOException exception) { // Nothing much to do } } } } }

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• getAudioInputStream can not convert [stereo, 4 bytes/frame] stream to [mono, 2 bytes/frame]

  - by brian_d

  Hello. I am using javasound and have an AudioInputStream of format PCM_SIGNED 8000.0 Hz, 16 bit, stereo, 4 bytes/frame, little-endian Using AudioSystem.getAudioInputStream(target_format, original_stream) produces an 'IllegalArgumentException: Unsupported Conversion' when the target_format is PCM_SIGNED 8000.0 Hz, 16 bit, mono, 2 bytes/frame, little-endian Is it possible to convert this stream manually after every read() call? And if yes, how? In general, how can you compare two formats and tell if a conversion is possible?

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• how to implement more functionality in webpage

  - by trans

  Dear All, I have a website in front page i m displaying 5 records ,for different options,i want that when user licks more he should be able to view next records.i would i keep track as whicg list has already been shown to user,since i m using an arraylist,can i ipmlement it through that.

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• How to display image within cell boundary

  - by Jessy

  How can I place an image within the cell boundary? I mean without taking the space of other cell? In the code below, random cells were selected to display images. One image in one cell. The problem is that, the image seems to take other cells as well. ... setPreferredSize(new Dimension(600,600)); final int ROWS = 6; final int COLS = 6; final int IMAGES = 10; setLayout(new GridBagLayout()); GridBagConstraints gc = new GridBagConstraints(); gc.weightx = 1d; gc.weighty = 1d; gc.insets = new Insets(0, 0, 0, 0);//top, left, bottom, and right gc.fill = GridBagConstraints.NONE; JLabel[][] label = new JLabel[ROWS][COLS]; Random rand = new Random(); // fill the panel with labels for (int i=0;i<IMAGES;i++){ ImageIcon icon = createImageIcon("myImage.jpg"); int r, c; do{ //pick random cell which is empty to avoid overlap image in the same cell r = (int)Math.floor(Math.random() * ROWS); c = (int)Math.floor(Math.random() * COLS); } while (label[r][c]!=null); //scale the image int x = rand.nextInt(20)+30; int y = rand.nextInt(20)+30; Image image = icon.getImage().getScaledInstance(x,y, Image.SCALE_SMOOTH); icon.setImage(image); JLabel lbl = new JLabel(icon); gc.gridx = r; gc.gridy = c; add(lbl, gc); //add image to the cell label[r][c] = lbl; }

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• How to display image within cell boundary

  - by Jessy

  How can I place an image within the cell boundary? I mean without taking the space of other cell? In the code below, random cells were selected to display images. One image in one cell. The problem is that, the image seems to take other cells as well. ... setPreferredSize(new Dimension(600,600)); final int ROWS = 6; final int COLS = 6; final int IMAGES = 10; setLayout(new GridBagLayout()); GridBagConstraints gc = new GridBagConstraints(); gc.weightx = 1d; gc.weighty = 1d; gc.insets = new Insets(0, 0, 0, 0);//top, left, bottom, and right gc.fill = GridBagConstraints.NONE; JLabel[][] label = new JLabel[ROWS][COLS]; Random rand = new Random(); // fill the panel with labels for (int i=0;i<IMAGES;i++){ ImageIcon icon = createImageIcon("myImage.jpg"); int r, c; do{ //pick random cell which is empty to avoid overlap image in the same cell r = (int)Math.floor(Math.random() * ROWS); c = (int)Math.floor(Math.random() * COLS); } while (label[r][c]!=null); //scale the image int x = rand.nextInt(20)+30; int y = rand.nextInt(20)+30; Image image = icon.getImage().getScaledInstance(x,y, Image.SCALE_SMOOTH); icon.setImage(image); JLabel lbl = new JLabel(icon); gc.gridx = r; gc.gridy = c; add(lbl, gc); //add image to the cell label[r][c] = lbl; }

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• EJB3 Caching Instance Variables

  - by Justin

  Hi, I've noticed some strange code on a project I am working on - its a SLSB EJB3, and it uses a private instance variable to maintain a cache of data (it even calls it dataCache or something), with a getter/setter. For EJB2 and bellow, this was a typical EJB antipattern - SLSBs are not meant to retain state in between invocations, theres no guarantee you'll see the same data on a subsequent invocation. One of my colleagues said maybe its ok in EJB3 (we don't have much EJB3 experience), but still, its a Stateless Session Bean - why is it trying to maintain state, this doesn't make sense. Can anyone confirm if this is still a bad idea in EJB3 land, or if somehow it is ok? Thanks if you can help, Justin

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• Recommended off-shore vendors for Extended Team Model?

  - by Dan Adams

  I'm looking for an off-shore vendor to augment a small development team in an extended team model. It's J2SE web development using modern frameworks and agile methods. Any that you would recommend (conversely any that you would not?)

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• Spring Weblfow 2 - Double Submit

  - by John W.

  Hello All, I am investigating a possible issue with double submits and I am looking at the possibilty of a double submit from a webflow execution. I have read many times that webflow will handle double submits, there are plenty references here. However I then came across I a forum response on the spring source forums contradicting what I read saying, SWF synchronizes on the conversation. Only one request will be processed at a time per conversation. Take note that if you're using snapshots, then it's possible repeatedly clicking on the submit button will generate a second request. I would recommend setting history to invalidate or discard in the transition from your view-state. We do have snapshots enabled but the book notes that using snapshots actually allows to solve the double submits. Does anyone have any insight on this? Thanks.

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• Does the Android API support KML files?

  - by Benju

  Is there a way in Android to load KML files from Google Earth into a map widget?

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• How to use a Spring config file in a Maven dependency

  - by javamonkey79

  In dependency A I have the following: <beans> <bean id="simplePersonBase" class="com.paml.test.SimplePerson" abstract="true"> <property name="firstName" value="Joe" /> <property name="lastName" value="Smith" /> </bean> </beans> And then in project B, I add A as a dependency and have the following config: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> <bean id="simplePersonAddress01" parent="simplePersonBase"> <property name="firstName" value="BillyBob" /> <property name="address" value="1060 W. Addison St" /> <property name="city" value="Chicago" /> <property name="state" value="IL" /> <property name="zip" value="60613" /> </bean> </beans> When I use ClassPathXmlApplicationContext like so: BeanFactory beanFactory = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext( new String[] { "./*.xml" } ); SimplePerson person = (SimplePerson)beanFactory.getBean( "simplePersonAddress01" ); System.out.println( person.getFirstName() ); Spring complains as it can not resolve the parent xml. Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No bean named 'simplePersonBase' is defined I am sure there is a way to do this, however, I have not found it. Does anyone know how?

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• Register all GUI components as Observers or pass current object to next object as a constructor argu

  - by Jack

  First, I'd like to say that I think this is a common issue and there may be a simple or common solution that I am unaware of. Many have probably encountered a similar problem. Thanks for reading. I am creating a GUI where each component needs to communicate (or at least be updated) by multiple other components. Currently, I'm using a Singleton class to accomplish this goal. Each GUI component gets the instance of the singleton and registers itself. When updates need to be made, the singleton can call public methods in the registered class. I think this is similar to an Observer pattern, but the singleton has more control. Currently, the program is set up something like this: class c1 { CommClass cc; c1() { cc = CommClass.getCommClass(); cc.registerC1( this ); C2 c2 = new c2(); } } class c2 { CommClass cc; c2() { cc = CommClass.getCommClass(); cc.registerC2( this ); C3 c3 = new c3(); } } class c3 { CommClass cc; c3() { cc = CommClass.getCommClass(); cc.registerC3( this ); C4 c4 = new c4(); } } etc. Unfortunately, the singleton class keeps growing larger as more communication is required between the components. I was wondering if it's a good idea to instead of using this singleton, pass the higher order GUI components as arguments in the constructors of each GUI component: class c1 { c1() { C2 c2 = new c2( this ); } } class c2 { C1 c1; c2( C1 c1 ) { this.c1 = c1 C3 c3 = new c3( c1, this ); } } class c3 { C1 c1; C2 c2; c3( C1 c1, C2 c2 ) { this.c1 = c1; this.c2 = c2; C4 c4 = new c4( c1, c2, this ); } } etc. The second version relies less on the CommClass, but it's still very messy as the private member variables increase in number and the constructors grow in length. Each class contains GUI components that need to communicate through CommClass, but I can't think of a good way to do it. If this seems strange or horribly inefficient, please describe some method of communication between classes that will continue to work as the project grows. Also, if this doesn't make any sense to anyone, I'll try to give actual code snippets in the future and think of a better way to ask the question. Thanks.

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