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  • Why can't `main` return a double or String rather than int or void?

    - by sunny
    In many languages such as C, C++, and Java, the main method/function has a return type of void or int, but not double or String. What might be the reasons behind that? I know a little bit that we can't do that because main is called by runtime library and it expects some syntax like int main() or int main(int,char**) so we have to stick to that. So my question is: why does main have the type signature that it has, and not a different one?

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  • Implementing AS 2.0 with FSM?

    - by Up2u
    i have seen many of references of AI and FSM like : http://www.richardlord.net/blog/fini...n-actionscript and sadly im still can't understand the point of the FSM on AS2.0 is it a must to create a class of each state ? i have a project of game and also it has an AI, the AI has 3 state n i said the state is distanceCheck, ChaseTarget, and Hit the target, the game that i create is FPS game and play via by mouse so what i mean is i have create an AI ( and is success ) but i want to convert it to FSM method ... i create : function of CheckDistanceState() and in that function i have to locked the target with an array, and sort it with the nearest distance and locked it and it trigger the function ChaseState(), and in the ChaseState() i insert the Hit() function to destroy the enemy, the 3 function that i created , i call it in the AI_cursor.onEnterframe, ( FPS game that only have a cursor in stage ) is there any chance to implement FSM to my code without to create a class ?? from what i read before , to create a class mean to create an external code outside of the frame ( i used to code in frame) and i stil dont understand about it. sorry if my explaination not clear ...

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  • How do I get a new license for gDEBugger after the 1 free year?

    - by Byte56
    I downloaded the gDEBugger from gremedy over a year ago, with their one year free license. The license has since expired and their site says that I'll be presented with the option for 1 year free license the first time I run it after install. This doesn't happen when re-installing, it just tells me the license has expired. How do I get a new license? I use this regularly for debugging shader problems and performance testing my game.

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  • Older PHP v/s newer PHP version [closed]

    - by Monty
    My company is building a website with database. Programmer's used PHP 5.0. My Service Provider (shared) in the meantime upgraded to PHP 5.3.0. Fixes have been on going and seem endless... Do I move to VPS and install older PHP or should we rebuild with newer PHP? When working remotely with programers what is the protocol regarding delivery of all code? Please what is the industry standard? I need an independent to review their work. How should this be approached?

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  • In Search Data Structure And Algorithm Project Title Based on Topic

    - by Salehin Suhaimi
    As the title says, my lecturer gave me a project that i needed to finish in 3 weeks before final semester exams. So i thought i will start now. The requirement is to "build a simple program that has GUI based on all the chapter that we've learned." But i got stuck on WHAT program should i build. Any idea a program that is related to this chapter i've learned? Any input will help. list, array list, linked list, vectors, stacks, Queues, ADT, Hashing, Binary Search Tree, AVL Tree, That's about all i can remember. Any idea where can i start looking?

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  • AND is better or using Internal "IF"

    - by BDotA
    In a situation like this:" if ((metadata != null) && (metadata.TypeEnum != VariantInfoMetadata.CellTypeEnum.Status)) do you recommend to keep the code as it is above or do you think it is better to make an internal "if" statement and brake that AND into two sections where "outer if" makes sure metadata is not null and inner if does the rest of the checking. I think this way will take care of possible null refrence exception if value of metadata gets null?

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  • How to switch off? [closed]

    - by Xophmeister
    While I've programmed software for many years, I've only recently started doing so professionally and have noticed a bit of a problematic pattern. I hope this is the best place to pose such a question, as I am interested in others' experiences and solutions... Writing software is, by its nature, a cerebral exercise. When coding for my own sake, I would do so until I was satisfied; even if that meant going all night. Now I'm coding in exchange for goods and services, on projects that are inherently uninteresting to me, I want to 'switch off' when it's time to go home. Maybe you consider that to be a 'bad attitude', but I just don't feel that whatever I'm working on is worth caring about after-hours. Besides, my employer doesn't exactly have the infrastructure required to make out-of-office changes; I can't just clone a repo and even remote login is a PITA. Anyway, the problem I'm experiencing is that, while I'm not particularly overworked or stressed, if I'm faced with a problem, my brain will work on a solution. Generally, it won't give up. Hence I can't switch off and, sometimes, the problem or the solution is significant enough that it disrupts my sleep. While, paradoxically, this doesn't seem to affect my coding ability, it can have a profound impact of the rest of my life. I get increasingly low as I get tired. So far, the best solutions I've found are writing little notes on the matter (and, say, e-mailing them back to my work address) and exercise. Neither of these can switch me off entirely and, as the week progresses, exercise especially becomes untenable due to tiredness. TL;DR How can you stop from being a coding zombie?

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  • Logic or Algorithm to solve this problem [closed]

    - by jade
    I have two lists. List1 {a,b,c,d,e} and List2 {f,g,h,i,j} The relation between the two list is as follows a->g,a->h,h->c,h->d,d->i,d->j Now I have these two lists displayed. Based on the relation above on selecting element a from List1, List2 shows g,h. On selecting h from List2, in List1 c,d are shown in List1. On selecting d from List1 it shows i,j in List2. How to trace back to initial state by deselecting the elements in reverse order in which they have been selected?

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  • Necessary Infrastructure for large project with many components communicating through IPCs

    - by jluzwick
    I have a fairly in depth question which probably doesn't have an exact answer. As a software engineer, I am usually tasked with working on a program or project with minimal understanding of how other components or programs in the project interact with each other. When one program fails in a sea of multiple components and processes, what infrastructure elements are necessary to ensure that the problem can be accurately tracked to the violating application? More specifically, what infrastructure elements should be necessary for this large project and which are optional but very helpful. One such example I can think of is some form of a common logging infrastructure that allows for a developer or tester to easily browse through a log that contains numerous components for messages that might allude to the culprit program along with a "trail" of what happened before the issue occurred. I'm thinking of something similar to Androids alogcat tool. These necessary infrastructure elements should be language-agnostic. While these elements should be understood by all engineers on the team in question, which elements should be understood at great detail by the technical system engineers and what should the individual software engineers be responsible for adding to their tools to allow for such infrastructures to take hold? Please feel free to ask for clarification if something does not make sense as I understand this question is very broad and needs some refinement. I will refine as necessary from the answers and comments I receive. Thanks for any help!

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  • What am I missing about PHP?

    - by Aerovistae
    It's like this mythical thing that a dominating portion of developers say is just the best option for back-end development, a part of development about which I know virtually nothing beyond the absolute basics. So I've looked up PHP tutorials a bunch of times, trying to figure out why it's so powerful and common, but it's annoying as hell-- all the tutorials treat you like a new programmer. You know, this is how you make an If Else statement, here's a for loop, etc. The "Advanced Topics" show you how to make POST and GET statements and whatnot. But there must be more to it! I don't get it! That's practically no different from JavaScript. What am I missing about this language? What else can it do? Where's the power and versatility? I've heard it called a function soup; where are all the functions? Please chide me. I'm clearly missing something.

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  • OO Software Architecture - base class that everything inherits from. Bad/good idea?

    - by ale
    I am reviewing a proposed OO software architecture that looks like this: Base Foo Something Bar SomethingElse Where Base is a static class. My immediate thought was that every object in any class will inherit all the methods in Base which would create a large object. Could this cause problems for a large system? The whole architecture is hierarchical.. the 'tree' is much bigger than this really. Does this sort of architecture have a name (hierarchical?!). What are the known pros and cons?

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  • Looking for menu-driven coding platforms

    - by user2634047
    Can anyone point me to an application development environment that uses menu-driven coding? This would mean where commands, variable names, etc. are not keyed in, but rather are selected from a menu of context-specific options. For example, the user selects an If...then command from a menu of commands, and is then presented with a menu of variables to choose from for the the 'if' conditions(s) (or creates new variable(s) on the fly via the menu), and is then presented with a menu of applicable functions that are applicable to the selected variable (e.g., val()), and so on until the If...then statement has been fully coded. The idea is that the user never types any portion of the code, but selects all code elements from a menu, or defines them on the fly via the menu. Thanks.

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  • Can decoupling hurt maintainability in certain situations?

    - by Ceiling Gecko
    Can the fact that the business logic is mapped to interfaces instead of implementations actually hinder the maintenance of the application in certain situations? A naive example with the Java's Hibernate framework would be, that for example (provided I don't have the whole code-base in my head, the project structure is a mess and classes are named with arbitrary names) if I wish to see what's going on in a certain DAO, to see if it actually is doing what it's supposed to do, then instead of traversing backwards up the tree from the point where the data service is invoked (where the tree will end in an interface with no implementation details whatsoever apart from the signature) I have to for example go and look for a configuration XML file to see which class is mapped to said interface as the implementation before being able to access the actual implementation details. Are there any situations where having loose coupling can actually hurt maintainability?

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  • How to write comments to explain the "why" behind the callback function when the function and parameter names are insufficient for that?

    - by snowmantw
    How should I approach writing comments for callback functions? I want to explain the "why" behind the function when the function and parameter names are insufficient to explain what's going on. I have always wonder why comments like this can be so ordinary in documents of libraries in dynamic languages: /** * cb: callback // where's the arguments & effects? */ func foo( cb ) Maybe the common attitude is "you can look into source code on your own after all" which pushes people into leaving minimalist comments like this. But it seems like there should be a better way to comment callback functions. I've tried to comment callbacks in Haskell way: /** * cb: Int -> Char */ func foo(cb) And to be fair, it's usually neat enough. But it gets into trouble when I need to pass some complex structure. The problem being partly due to the lack of type system: /** * cb: Int -> { err: String -> (), success: () -> Char } // too long... */ func foo(cb) Or I have tried this too: /** * cb: Int -> { err: String -> (), * success: () -> Char } // better ? */ func bar(cb) The problem is that you may put the structure in somewhere else, but you must give it a name to reference it. But then when you name a structure you're about to use immediately looks so redundant: // Somewhere else... // ResultCallback: { err: String -> (), success: () -> Char } /** * cb: Int -> ResultCallback // better ?? */ func foo(cb) And it bothers me if I follow the Java-doc like commenting style since it still seems incomplete. The comments don't tell you anything that you couldn't immediately see from looking at the function. /** * @param cb {Function} yeah, it's a function, but you told me nothing about it... * @param err {Function} where should I put this callback's argument ?? * Not to mention the err's own arguments... */ func foo(cb) These examples are JavaScript like with generic functions and parameter names, but I've encountered similar problems in other dynamic languages which allow complex callbacks.

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  • Languages with C/C++ output [closed]

    - by Vag
    Which languages have compilers able to emit plain standard C/C++ code? For a start: Haxe // uses Boehm GC Haskell (JHC) Haskell (old GHC) // -fvia-c, removed recently (emitted code is super ugly) Clay ATS Cython RPython (Shed Skin) // experimental RPython (PyPy) Python (Nuitka) // although author claims there are no speedups Common Lisp (ECL) COBOL (OpenCobol) Scheme (Chicken) APL // So far I've not found working implementation available for free download Ur/Web // GCC-specific output, and intended to be used only for web developments (included for completeness only) I'd like to build comprehensive up-to-date list but found only these ones so far. I've tested only Haxe and it works pretty well and quite fast. What about other ones? What is your expirience? How much ugly is generated code? Update. Any language chains (e.g. X - Scheme - C) will be perfectly OK as answer if its use is practical enough and suited for production use.

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  • What Scripting Program would you choose to recover deleted and missing files?

    - by Steven Graf
    For a private project I'm looking for a command line tool to scan and recover files. I'm working on Gnome 3 (but I could also change my OS if it helps reaching my goal) and must be able to find and recover files on attached devices with formats such as NTFS, Fat32, MAC OS Extended and ext3. Is there a command line script to cover all of them or do I need to use different programs to reach my goal? can you recommend command line tools for these kind of tasks? is one of you willing and able to show me some examples and teach me further?

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  • How to deal with elimination of duplicate logic vs. cost of complexity increase?

    - by Gabriel
    I just wrote some code that is very representative of a recurring theme (in my coding world lately): repeated logic leads to an instinct to eliminate duplication which results in something that is more complex the tradeoff seems wrong to me (the examples of the negative side aren't worth posting - but this is probably the 20th console utility I've written in the past 12 months). I'm curious if I'm missing some techniques or if this is really just on of those "experience tells you when to do what" type of issues. Here's the code... I'm tempted to leave it as is, even though there will be about 20 of those if-blocks when I'm done. static void Main(string[] sargs) { try { var urls = new DirectTrackRestUrls(); var restCall = new DirectTrackRestCall(); var logger = new ConsoleLogger(); Args args = (Args)Enum.Parse(typeof(Args), string.Join(",", sargs)); if (args.HasFlag(Args.Campaigns)) { var getter = new ResourceGetter(logger, urls.ListAdvertisers, restCall); restCall.UriVariables.Add("access_id", 1); getter.GotResource += new ResourceGetter.GotResourceEventHandler(getter_GotResource); getter.GetResources(); SaveResources(); } if (args.HasFlag(Args.Advertisers)) { var getter = new ResourceGetter(logger, urls.ListAdvertisers, restCall); restCall.UriVariables.Add("access_id", 1); getter.GotResource += new ResourceGetter.GotResourceEventHandler(getter_GotResource); getter.GetResources(); SaveResources(); } if (args.HasFlag(Args.CampaignGroups)) { var getter = new ResourceGetter(logger, urls.ListCampaignGroups, restCall); getter.GotResource += new ResourceGetter.GotResourceEventHandler(getter_GotResource); getter.GetResources(); SaveResources(); } } catch (Exception e) { Console.WriteLine(e.InnerException); Console.WriteLine(e.StackTrace); }

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  • Problem with Update(GameTime) Methods and Pause implementation

    - by Adam
    I have the pause function implemented and it works correctly in that it dims the player screen and stops updating the gameplay. The problem is that GameTime continues to increase while it is paused, so my method that checks gameTime versus previousSpawnTime before spawning another enemy gets messed up and if the game is paused too long it is noticeable that the next enemy draws far too early. Here is my code for the enemy update. private void UpdateEnemies(GameTime gameTime) { // Spawn a new enemy every 1.5 seconds if (gameTime.TotalGameTime - previousSpawnTime > enemySpawnTime) { previousSpawnTime = gameTime.TotalGameTime; // Add an Enemy AddEnemy(); } ... I also have other methods that depend on gameTime. I've tried getting the total pause time and subtracting that from the total game time, but I can't seem to get it to work correctly if that is the way I should go about solving this. If you need to see any other code let me know. Thank you.

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  • Game Asset Storage: Archive vs Individual files

    - by David Colson
    As I am in the process of creating a 3D c++ game and I was wondering what would be more beneficial when dealing with game assets with regards to storage. I have seen some games have a single asset file compressed with everything in it and other with lots of little compressed files. If I had lots of individual files I would not need to load a large file at once and use up memory but the code would have to go about file seeking when the level loads to find all the correct files needed. There is no file seeking needed when dealing with one large file, but again, what about all the assets not currently needed that would get loaded with the one file? I could also have an asset file for each level, but then how do I deal with shared assets This has been bothering me for a while so tell me what other advantages and disadvantages are there to either way of doing things.

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  • What are some good debugging techniques [closed]

    - by Brad Bruce
    I frequently run into situations where I'm working with other programmers, helping out with debugging issues. Over the years, I've acquired my own techniques for logically breaking down a problem and tracing through it. I see several others who are great at writing programs, but freeze up when debugging. Are there any good resources I can point people to that describe some good debugging techniques?

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  • Automatic language transformation in editor or IDE [on hold]

    - by Rumca
    Are there any tools that are capable of editing code but in different language? To be more concrete, I want to parse java source file in editor, compile it to my language X, edit in X and compile back to java on save. Or edit pom.xml file using non-XML syntax. Which editor or IDE would be easiest to use for implementing such prototype? Option to transform only a snippet would be ideal to limit effort on parsing. For one example, Intellij IDEA can display anonymous class so it looks like lambda expression hiding some of boilerplate.

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  • Is return-type-(only)-polymorphism in Haskell a good thing?

    - by dainichi
    One thing that I've never quite come to terms with in Haskell is how you can have polymorphic constants and functions whose return type cannot be determined by their input type, like class Foo a where foo::Int -> a Some of the reasons that I do not like this: Referential transparency: "In Haskell, given the same input, a function will always return the same output", but is that really true? read "3" return 3 when used in an Int context, but throws an error when used in a, say, (Int,Int) context. Yes, you can argue that read is also taking a type parameter, but the implicitness of the type parameter makes it lose some of its beauty in my opinion. Monomorphism restriction: One of the most annoying things about Haskell. Correct me if I'm wrong, but the whole reason for the MR is that computation that looks shared might not be because the type parameter is implicit. Type defaulting: Again one of the most annoying things about Haskell. Happens e.g. if you pass the result of functions polymorphic in their output to functions polymorphic in their input. Again, correct me if I'm wrong, but this would not be necessary without functions whose return type cannot be determined by their input type (and polymorphic constants). So my question is (running the risk of being stamped as a "discussion quesion"): Would it be possible to create a Haskell-like language where the type checker disallows these kinds of definitions? If so, what would be the benefits/disadvantages of that restriction? I can see some immediate problems: If, say, 2 only had the type Integer, 2/3 wouldn't type check anymore with the current definition of /. But in this case, I think type classes with functional dependencies could come to the rescue (yes, I know that this is an extension). Furthermore, I think it is a lot more intuitive to have functions that can take different input types, than to have functions that are restricted in their input types, but we just pass polymorphic values to them. The typing of values like [] and Nothing seems to me like a tougher nut to crack. I haven't thought of a good way to handle them. I doubt I am the first person to have had thoughts like these. Does anybody have links to good discussions about this Haskell design decision and the pros/cons of it?

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  • How would I go about implementing a globe-like "ballish" map?

    - by rFactor
    I am new to 3D development and I have this idea of having the game world like our globe is - a ball. So, there would be no corners in the map and the game is top-down RTS game. I would like the camera to go on and on and never stop even though you are moving the camera to the same direction all the time. I am not sure if this is even possible, but I would really like to build a globe-like map without borders. Can this be done, and how exactly? I am using XNA, C#, and DirectX. Any tutorials or links or help is greatly appreciated!

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  • Is this high coupling?

    - by Bono
    Question I'm currently working a on an assignment for school. The assignment is to create a puzzle/calculator program in which you learn how to work with different datastructures (such as Stacks). We have generate infix math strings suchs as "1 + 2 * 3 - 4" and then turn them in to postfix math strings such as "1 2 + 3 * 4 -". In my book the author creates a special class for converting the infix notation to postfix. I was planning on using this but whilst I was about to implement it I was wondering if the following is what you would call "high coupling". I have read something about this (nothing that is taught in the book or anything) and was wondering about the aspect (since I still have to grasp it). Problem I have created a PuzzleGenerator class which generates the infix notation of the puzzle (or math string, whatever you want to call it) when it's instantiated. I was going to make a method getAnswer() in which I would instantiate the InToPost class (the class from the book) to convert the infix to postfox notation and then calculate the answer. But whilst doing this I thought: "Is using the InToPost class inside this method a form a high coupling, and would it be better to place this in a different method?" (such as a "convertPostfixToInfix" method, inside the PuzzleGenerator class) Thanks in advance.

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  • Is it ethical for a programmer to promote his/her own library?

    - by Kit Menke
    Fairly recently I started maintaining my own open source JavaScript library. I created it to solve a pretty specific need but fairly regularly see questions that can be solved (in whole/part) by using my library. I've always gone ahead to post my answer including my library and make sure to always include a disclosure specifying that I maintain it. I feel for open source projects this may not be such a big deal but where do you draw the line? (ex: commercial products) Is it ethical for a programmer to promote is own library? When is it not?

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