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• After interruption, delayed audio route change notifications when recording

  - by Frank Shearar

  My iPhone application requires that I know when a user has/has not plugged in her headphones. That's easy. AudioSessionAddPropertyListener with a callback listening to kAudioSessionProperty_AudioRouteChange. I write logs with NSLog as things happen. User plugs the headphones in? Get a notification, and a line in the gdb console. User unplugs the headphones? Ditto. At the same time I'm sensing the noise level of the environment by starting a recording audio queue. This, too, works great: I can get the mic noise level and listen for audio route changes just fine. What I find is that after an interruption, and I've reactivated the audio session and restored the audio category to kAudioSessionCategory_RecordAudio, the audio route notifications go a bit haywire. When I plug in the headphones, I see no notification. When I unplug the headphones I see BOTH the "plugged in" notification AND the "unplugged" notification, in rapid succession. It's like the "plugged in" notification's delayed and, when the "unplugged" notification arrives, the queue of pending notifications is flushed. What am I doing wrong? How do I correctly restore the audio session to get timeous notifications? EDIT: iPhone OS 3.1.2, running on an iPhone 3G. I'm running a program compiled with the 3.0 SDK (from within XCode 3.1.2).

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• How to determine values saved on the stack?

  - by Brian

  I'm doing some experimenting and would like to be able to see what is saved on the stack during a system call (the saved state of the user land process). According to http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.30.1/arch/x86/kernel/entry_32.S it shows that the various values of registers are saved at those particular offsets to the stack pointer. Here is the code I have been trying to use to examine what is saved on the stack (this is in a custom system call I have created): asm("movl 0x1C(%esp), %ecx"); asm("movl %%ecx, %0" : "=r" (value)); where value is an unsigned long. As of right now, this value is not what is expected (it is showing a 0 is saved for the user value of ds). Am I correctly accessing the offset of the stack pointer? Another possibility might be could I use a debugger such as GDB to examine the stack contents while in the kernel? I don't have much extensive use with debugging and am not sure of how to debug code inside the kernel. Any help is much appreciated.

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• SIGABRT on iPhone when changing xib

  - by Boz

  I've just finished off an app for the iPhone which, until today, ran fine on the iPhone simulator and actual devices. I tried changing the xib which is loaded in the applicationDidFinishLaunching method in my application delegate class - all I did was change the string in initWithNibName. When I launch the app on the simulator, the Default.png image is shown, then the app crashes with an uncaught exception. When running on a device, the Default.png image is shown for about 10 seconds, the UI is never loaded and I get 'GDB: Program received signal: "SIGABRT".' on the Xcode status bar. Debugging shows that applicationDidFinishLaunching is never actually reached before the app crashes. Setting the starting xib back to the original solves the issue, but now I've made a change and saved it in the Interface Builder and the app shows the same issues as above - I've made no code changes at all. Is this a memory issue, or a known issue of a common mistake? NOTE: I've made no code changes whatsoever, and the only changes I've made to the xib are cosmetic, the IBOutlets are all intact.

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• Can I use a keyPath in a predicate?

  - by dontWatchMyProfile

  For some reason, this didn't work (although the keypath does exist): NSPredicate *predicate = [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat:@"department.departmentName == %@", departmentName]; [fetchRequest setPredicate:predicate]; NSError *fetchError = nil; NSUInteger count = [moc countForFetchRequest:fetchRequest error:&fetchError]; // execution simply stops at this line, with no error or console log Execution just stops at the last line above when asking for the count. I don't get an console log. Also I don't get any kind of exception. The execution just stops. There are no objects in the persistent store yet. So maybe it crashes because of it tries to follow a keypath in a nonexisting object? Does that make sense? The line where GDB stops is this: 0x002a31cb <+0459> test %eax,%eax Previously to that, I see a lot of NSSQLAdapter... calls in the stack trace. There's definitely something wrong. Well, but when I set the Entity to the destination of the key path and then just do something like NSPredicate *predicate = [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat:@"departmentName == %@", departmentName]; then there is no problem and count simply is 0.

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• Creating a cocoa Application without nib files/fully pragmatic

  - by Moddy

  Yes, I know this goes against the whole MVC principle! However, I'm just trying to whip up a pretty trivial application - and I've pretty much implemented it pragmatically. However, I have a problem... I create an Empty Project, copy all the frameworks over and set the build settings - and I get errors about the executable.. or lack of executable. The build settings all appear fine, but it tells me there is no executable - it will build + run fine.. however it doesn't run. There is no error either - it just appears to run very fast and cleanly! Unless I try and run gdb which politely tells me I need to give it a file first.. Running… No executable file specified. Use the "file" or "exec-file" command. So I created a Cocoa Application, removed all the stuff I didn't need (i.e the MainMenu.xib file..) and now I can compile my code perfectly.. however it dies with complaining that its "Unable to load nib file: MainMenu, exiting" I have gone through the Project Symbols and see that the code actually relies upon the nib file heavily, even if you don't touch it code-wise. (MVC again I guess..) So my question is - is there a simple way to compile just what you code, no added nib files, just the code you write and the frameworks you add? I assume it would be a blank project but my experience tells me otherwise?!

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• Object does not exist after constructor?

  - by openbas

  Hello, I have a constructor that looks like this (in c++): Interpreter::Interpreter() { tempDat == new DataObject(); tempDat->clear(); } the constructor of dataObject does absolutely nothing, and clear does this: bool DataObject::clear() { //clear the object if (current_max_id > 0) { indexTypeLookup.clear(); intData.clear(); doubleData.clear(); current_max_id = 0; } } Those members are defined as follows: std::map<int, int> indexTypeLookup; std::map<int, int> intData; std::map<int, double> doubleData; Now the strange thing is that I'm getting a segfault on tempDat-clear(); gdb says tempDat is null. How is that possible? The constructor of tempDat cannot fail, it looks like this: DataObject::DataObject() : current_max_id(0) { } I know there are probably better way's of making such a data structure, but I really like to know where this segfault problem is coming from..

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• Linux C debugging library to detect memory corruptions

  - by calandoa

  When working sometimes ago on an embedded system with a simple MMU, I used to program dynamically this MMU to detect memory corruptions. For instance, at some moment at runtime, the foo variable was overwritten with some unexpected data (probably by a dangling pointer or whatever). So I added the additional debugging code : at init, the memory used by foo was indicated as a forbidden region to the MMU; each time foo was accessed on purpose, access to the region was allowed just before then forbidden just after; a MMU irq handler was added to dump the master and the address responsible of the violation. This was actually some kind of watchpoint, but directly self-handled by the code itself. Now, I would like to reuse the same trick, but on a x86 platform. The problem is that I am very far from understanding how is working the MMU on this platform, and how it is used by Linux, but I wonder if any library/tool/system call already exist to deal with this problem. Note that I am aware that various tools exist like Valgrind or GDB to manage memory problems, but as far as I know, none of these tools car be dynamically reconfigured by the debugged code. I am mainly interested for user space under Linux, but any info on kernel mode or under Windows is also welcome!

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• Differences between Assembly Code output of the same program

  - by ultrajohn

  I have been trying to replicate the buffer overflow example3 from this article aleph one I'm doing this as a practice for a project in a computer security course i'm taking so please, I badly need your help. I've been the following the example, performing the tasks as I go along. My problem is the assembly code dumped by gdb in my computer (i'm doing this on a debian linux image running on VM Ware) is different from that of the example in the article. There are some constructs which I find confusing. Here is the one from my computer: here is the one from the article... Dump of assembler code for function main: 0x8000490 <main>: pushl %ebp 0x8000491 <main+1>: movl %esp,%ebp 0x8000493 <main+3>: subl $0x4,%esp 0x8000496 <main+6>: movl $0x0,0xfffffffc(%ebp) 0x800049d <main+13>: pushl $0x3 0x800049f <main+15>: pushl $0x2 0x80004a1 <main+17>: pushl $0x1 0x80004a3 <main+19>: call 0x8000470 <function> 0x80004a8 <main+24>: addl $0xc,%esp 0x80004ab <main+27>: movl $0x1,0xfffffffc(%ebp) 0x80004b2 <main+34>: movl 0xfffffffc(%ebp),%eax 0x80004b5 <main+37>: pushl %eax 0x80004b6 <main+38>: pushl $0x80004f8 0x80004bb <main+43>: call 0x8000378 <printf> 0x80004c0 <main+48>: addl $0x8,%esp 0x80004c3 <main+51>: movl %ebp,%esp 0x80004c5 <main+53>: popl %ebp 0x80004c6 <main+54>: ret 0x80004c7 <main+55>: nop As you can see, there are differences between the two. I'm confuse and I can't understand totally the assembly code from my computer. I would like to know the differences between the two. How is pushl different from push, mov vs movl , and so on... what does the expression 0xhexavalue(%register) means? I am sorry If I'm asking a lot, But I badly need your help. Thanks for the help really...

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• G++ Multi-platform memory leak detection tool

  - by indyK1ng

  Does anyone know where I can find a memory memory leak detection tool for C++ which can be either run in a command line or as an Eclipse plug-in in Windows and Linux. I would like it to be easy to use. Preferably one that doesn't overwrite new(), delete(), malloc() or free(). Something like GDB if its gonna be in the command line, but I don't remember that being used for detecting memory leaks. If there is a unit testing framework which does this automatically, that would be great. This question is similar to other questions (such as http://stackoverflow.com/questions/283726/memory-leak-detection-under-windows-for-gnu-c-c ) however I feel it is different because those ask for windows specific solutions or have solutions which I would rather avoid. I feel I am looking for something a bit more specific here. Suggestions don't have to fulfill all requirements, but as many as possible would be nice. Thanks. EDIT: Since this has come up, by "overwrite" I mean anything which requires me to #include a library or which otherwise changes how C++ compiles my code, if it does this at run time so that running the code in a different environment won't affect anything that would be great. Also, unfortunately, I don't have a Mac, so any suggestions for that are unhelpful, but thank you for trying. My desktop runs Windows (I have Linux installed but my dual monitors don't work with it) and I'd rather not run Linux in a VM, although that is certainly an option. My laptop runs Linux, so I can use that tool on there, although I would definitely prefer sticking to my desktop as the screen space is excellent for keeping all of the design documentation and requirements in view without having to move too much around on the desktop. NOTE: While I may try answers, I won't mark one as accepted until I have tried the suggestion and it is satisfactory. EDIT2: I'm not worried about the cross-platform compatibility of my code, it's a command line application using just the C++ libraries.

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• Socket Read In Multi-Threaded Application Returns Zero Bytes or EINTR (-1)

  - by user309670

  Hi. Am a c-coder for a while now - neither a newbie nor an expert. Now, I have a certain daemoned application in C on a PPC Linux. I use PHP's socket_connect as a client to connect to this service locally. The server uses epoll for concurrent connections via a Unix socket. A user submitted string is parsed for certain characters/words using strstr() and if found, spawns 4 joinable threads to different websites simultaneously. I use socket, connect, write and read, to interact with the said webservers via TCP on port 80 in each thread. All connections and writes seems successful. Reads to the webserver sockets fail however, with either (A) all 3 threads seem to hang, and only one thread returns -1 and errno is set to 104. The responding thread takes like 10 minutes - an eternity long:-(. *I read somewhere that the 104 (is EINTR) suggests that ...'the connection was reset by peer', or (B) 0 bytes from 3 threads, and only 1 of the 4 threads actually returns some data. Isn't the socket read/write thread-safe? Otherwise, use thread-safe (and reentrant) libc functions such as strtok_r, gethostbyname_r, etc. *I doubt that the said webhosts are actually resetting the connection, because when I run a single-threaded standalone (everything else equal) all things works perfectly right. There's a second problem too (oops), I can't write back to the client who connect to my epoll-ed Unix socket. My daemon application will hang and hog CPU 100% for ever. Yet nothing is written to the clients end. Am sure the client (a very typical PHP socket application) hasn't closed the connection whenever this is happening - no error(s) detected either. I cannot figure-out whatever is wrong even with Valgrind or GDB

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• Problem when use compiled .A with simulator mode

  - by Paska

  Hi all, i have a lib .a that run only in device mode. My sdk vers is 4.2 with xcode 3.2.x. In simulator, compile correctle with no warning and no errors, but in run mode (simulator) it crash with this error: Detected an attempt to call a symbol in system libraries that is not present on the iPhone: strtod$UNIX2003 called from function pj_init in image MyAPP. If you are encountering this problem running a simulator binary within gdb, make sure you 'set start-with-shell off' first Program received signal: “SIGABRT”. I try to clean, rebuild and set "set start-with-shell off" from terminal in this way: cd ~ echo '' >> .gdbinit echo 'set start-with-shell 0' >> .gdbinit Restarted all, but nothing. The problem don't wont to resolve! Is there any tag or property that i forgotted to set in the options? In other linker flag is there only "-ObjC". It's very important to solve this issue... any idea please? thanks, A EDIT: It's my lib, compiled in simulator mode! EDIT: It run only with Simulator 4.1. Don't work with iphone 4.0, 4.2 and ipad 3.2 (all simulator).

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• Makefile - Dependency generation

  - by Profetylen

  I am trying to create a makefile that automatically compiles and links my .cpp files into an executable via .o files. What I can't get working is automated (or even manual) dependency generation. When i uncomment the below commented code, nothing is recompiled when i run make build. All i get is make: Nothing to be done for 'build'., even if x.h (or any .h file) has changed. I've been trying to learn from this question: Makefile, header dependencies, dmckee's answer, especially. Why isn't this makefile working? Clarification: I can compile everything, but when I modify any header file, the .cpp files that depend on it aren't updated. So, if I for instance compile my entire source, then I change a #define in the header file, and then run make build, and I get Nothing to be done for 'build'. (when I have uncommented either commented chunks of the below code). CC=gcc CFLAGS=-O2 -Wall LDFLAGS=-lSDL -lstdc++ SOURCES=$(wildcard *.cpp) OBJECTS=$(patsubst %.cpp, obj/%.o,$(SOURCES)) TARGET=bin/test.bin # Nothing happens when i uncomment the following. (automated attempt) #depend: .depend # #.depend: $(SOURCES) # rm -f ./.depend # $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -MM $^ >> ./.depend; # #include .depend # And nothing happens when i uncomment the following. x.cpp and x.h are files in my project. (manual attempt) #x.o: x.cpp x.h clean: rm -f $(TARGET) rm -f $(OBJECTS) run: build ./$(TARGET) debug: build nm $(TARGET) gdb $(TARGET) build: $(TARGET) $(TARGET): $(OBJECTS) @mkdir -p $(@D) $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(OBJECTS) -o $@ obj/%.o: %.cpp @mkdir -p $(@D) $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $< -o $@ include $(DEPENDENCIES)

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• Retruning reference to object not changing the address in c++

  - by ashish-sangwan

  I am trying to understand function returning reference. For that i have written a simple program :- include using namespace std; class test { int i; friend test& func(); public: test(int j){i=j;} void show(){cout< }; test& func() { test temp(10); return temp; //// Address of temp=0xbfcb2874 } int main() { test obj1(50); // Address of obj1=0xbfcb28a0 func()=obj1; <= Problem:The address of obj1 is not changing obj1.show(); // // Address of obj1=0xbfcb28a0 return 0; } I run the program using gdb and observed that the address of obj1 still remains same but i expect it to get changed to 0xbfcb2874. I am not clear with the concept. Please help. Thanks in advance

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• Returning reference to object is not changing the address in c++

  - by ashish-sangwan

  I am trying to understand functions returning a reference. For that I have written a simple program: #include<iostream> using namespace std; class test { int i; friend test& func(); public: test(int j){i=j;} void show(){cout<<i<<endl;} }; test& func() { test temp(10); return temp; //// Address of temp=0xbfcb2874 } int main() { test obj1(50); // Address of obj1=0xbfcb28a0 func()=obj1; <= Problem:The address of obj1 is not changing obj1.show(); // // Address of obj1=0xbfcb28a0 return 0; } I ran the program using gdb and observed that the address of obj1 still remains same, but I expect it to get changed to 0xbfcb2874. I am not clear with the concept. Please help.

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• Cocoa memory management - object going nil on me

  - by SirRatty

  Hi all, Mac OS X 10.6, Cocoa project, with retain/release gc I've got a function which: iterates over a specific directory, scans it for subfolders (included nested ones), builds an NSMutableArray of strings (one string per found subfolder path), and returns that array. e.g. (error handling removed for brevity). NSMutableArray * ListAllSubFoldersForFolderPath(NSString *folderPath) { NSMutableArray *a = [NSMutableArray arrayWithCapacity:100]; NSString *itemName = nil; NSFileManager *fm = [NSFileManager defaultManager]; NSDirectoryEnumerator *e = [fm enumeratorAtPath:folderPath]; while (itemName = [e nextObject]) { NSString *fullPath = [folderPath stringByAppendingPathComponent:itemName]; BOOL isDirectory; if ([fm fileExistsAtPath:fullPath isDirectory:&isDirectory]) { if (isDirectory is_eq YES) { [a addObject: fullPath]; } } } return a; } The calling function takes the array just once per session, keeps it around for later processing: static NSMutableArray *gFolderPaths = nil; ... gFolderPaths = ListAllSubFoldersForFolderPath(myPath); [gFolderPaths retain]; All appears good at this stage. [gFolderPaths count] returns the correct number of paths found, and [gFolderPaths description] prints out all the correct path names. The problem: When I go to use gFolderPaths later (say, the next run through my event loop) my assertion code (and gdb in Xcode) tells me that it is nil. I am not modifying gFolderPaths in any way after that initial grab, so I am presuming that my memory management is screwed and that gFolderPaths is being released by the runtime. My assumptions/presumptions I do not have to retain each string as I add it to the mutable array because that is done automatically, but I do have to retain the the array once it is handed over to me from the function, because I won't be using it immediately. Is this correct? Any help is appreciated.

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• Getting a `free()` error when deallocating with `delete` in the backtrace

  - by wonko

  I got the following error from gdb: *** glibc detected *** /.root0/autohome/u132/hsreekum/ipopt/ipopt/debug/Ipopt/examples/ex3/ex3: free(): invalid next size (fast): 0x0000000120052b60 *** Here's the backtrace: #0 0x000000555626b264 in raise () from /lib/libc.so.6 #1 0x000000555626cc6c in abort () from /lib/libc.so.6 #2 0x00000055562a7b9c in __libc_message () from /lib/libc.so.6 #3 0x00000055562aeabc in malloc_printerr () from /lib/libc.so.6 #4 0x00000055562b036c in free () from /lib/libc.so.6 #5 0x000000555561ddd0 in Ipopt::TNLPAdapter::~TNLPAdapter () from /home/ba01/u132/hsreekum/ipopt/ipopt/build/lib/libipopt.so.1 #6 0x00000055556a9910 in Ipopt::GradientScaling::~GradientScaling () from /home/ba01/u132/hsreekum/ipopt/ipopt/build/lib/libipopt.so.1 #7 0x00000055557241b8 in Ipopt::OrigIpoptNLP::~OrigIpoptNLP () from /home/ba01/u132/hsreekum/ipopt/ipopt/build/lib/libipopt.so.1 #8 0x00000055556ae7f0 in Ipopt::IpoptAlgorithm::~IpoptAlgorithm () from /home/ba01/u132/hsreekum/ipopt/ipopt/build/lib/libipopt.so.1 #9 0x0000005555602278 in Ipopt::IpoptApplication::~IpoptApplication () from /home/ba01/u132/hsreekum/ipopt/ipopt/build/lib/libipopt.so.1 #10 0x0000005555614428 in FreeIpoptProblem () from /home/ba01/u132/hsreekum/ipopt/ipopt/build/lib/libipopt.so.1 #11 0x0000000120001610 in main () at ex3.c:169` And here's the code for Ipopt::TNLPAdapter::~TNLPAdapter () TNLPAdapter::~TNLPAdapter() { delete [] full_x_; delete [] full_lambda_; delete [] full_g_; delete [] jac_g_; delete [] c_rhs_; delete [] jac_idx_map_; delete [] h_idx_map_; delete [] x_fixed_map_; delete [] findiff_jac_ia_; delete [] findiff_jac_ja_; delete [] findiff_jac_postriplet_; delete [] findiff_x_l_; delete [] findiff_x_u_; } My question is : why does free() throw an error when ~TNLPAdapter() uses delete[]? Also, I would like to step through ~TNLPAdapter() so I can see which deallocation causes the error. I believe the error occurs in the external library (IPOPT) but I have compiled it with debug flags on ; is this sufficient?

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• Mounting a drive in Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala)

  - by morpheous

  I have just installed Ubuntu on a machine that previously had XP installed on it. The machine has 2 HDD (hard disk drives). I opted to install Ubuntu completely over XP. I am new to Linux, and I am still learning how to navigate teh file structure. However, AFAICT), there is only one drive. I want to be able to store programs etc on the first drive, and store data (program output etc) on the second drive. It appears Ubuntu is not aware that I have 2 drives (on XP, these were drives C and D). How can I mount the second drive (ideally, I want to do this automatically on login, so that the drive is available to me whenever I login - withou manual intervention from me) In XP, I could refer to files on a specific drive by prefixing with the drive letter (e.g. c:\foobar.cpp and d:\foobar.dat). I suspect the notation on ubuntu is different. How may I specify specific files on different drives? Last but notbthe least (a bit unrelated to previous questions). This relates to direcory structure again. I am a developer (C++ for desktops and PHP for websites), I want to install the following apps/ libraries. i). Apache 2.2 ii). PHP 5.2.11 iii). MySQL (5.1) iv). SVN v). Netbeans vi). C++ development tools (gcc, gdb, emacs etc) vii). QT toolkit viii). Some miscellaeous scientific software (e.g. www.r-project.org, www.gnu.org/software/octave/) I would be grateful if a someone can recommend a directory layout for these applications. Regarding development, I would also be grateful if someone could point out where to store my project and source files i.e: (i) *.cpp, *.hpp, *.mak files for cpp projects (ii) individual websites On my XP machine the layout for C++ dev was like this: c:\dev\devtools (common libs and headers etc) c:\dev\workarea (root folder for projects) c:\dev\workarea\c++ (c++ projects) c:\dev\workarea\websites (web projects) I would like to create a similar folder structure on the linux machine, but its not clear whether to place these folders under /, /usr, /home or swomewhere else (there seems to be abffling number of choices, so I want to get it "right" first time - i.e having a directory structure that most developer use, so it is easier when communicating with other ubuntu/linux developers)

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• PHP hits 100% CPU and eats RAM at the same time Monday to Friday

  - by Daniel Samuels

  We run a learning platform for primary schools here in the UK and it's all been running extremely well. However at around 4PM Monday to Friday we see the same issue arise -- 1-2 PHP threads will spike to 100% CPU and gradually start eating up RAM until the server(s) fall over. 98%+ of our requests are HTTPS, these come into our Layer 7 load balancer which then decrypts the SSL data, adds the X-HTTP-Forwarded-For header and forwards the data onto an application server (we have 2 of those at the moment) on port 80. Our application servers have Varnish on port 80 which takes in the request from the load balancer and passes the request through to Nginx on port 81. Nginx then works out which 'vhost' it needs to use and passes any PHP processing through to PHP-CGI which is listening on a socket (managed through spawn-fcgi). There's an instance of Memcached running too, MySQL runs on a separate server / slave setup. Throughout the day the load will typically go no higher than 0.8 on either of the application servers, however at around 4PM our problem arises. I've managed to run strace on a few of the actual threads when they cause the problem and I always see the same thing: stat("/usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/London", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644,st_size=3661, ...}) = 0 stat("/usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/London", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644,st_size=3661, ...}) = 0 This is repeated infinitely and never stops until you SEGKILL the process or oomkiller kills it. There are no cron jobs scheduled to run at that time and I don't have any way of seeing exactly what Nginx request is associated with the PHP process which is running. We are running PHP 5.3.14 which we upgraded to from 5.3.8 last week to rule out the older version being the problem. This issue has been going on a few months now and we have no idea what is causing it. We deploy our software very frequently, so it's difficult to track down a specific release which may have started the problem - especially as we do not know the date of the first occurrence of this issue. Varnish is version 3.0.1, Nginx is 1.0.6 (which I understand is about a year old now), our servers are running CentOS release 5.7 (Final) they have Intel i3 540s at 3.07Ghz and 8GB of RAM. There's a discussion on the Debian mailing list about something very similar, you can find that here. Has anyone seen anything like this in the past, does anyone have any ideas or suggestions? Are there a way of linking an Nginx request directly to a PHP thread? Is there a better way of seeing what the PHP process is doing? (I've seen GDB mentioned, though I'll have to recompile PHP) Thanks!

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• Error "exit signal Bus error (7)" How to continue after making a backtrace?

  - by Mikel

  I have a Centos Server in 1and1 with Apache, Magento, MagentoBooster and Xcache installed. The server usually (1-8 times per day) prints this error "exit signal Bus error (7)" and sometimes this causes Apache not to respond. I have made a backtrace with GDB, but I don't know how to continue. gdb /usr/sbin/httpd core.XXXX --batch --quiet -ex "thread apply all bt full" backtrace.log The backtrace: [New Thread 15312] [Thread debugging using libthread_db enabled] Core was generated by `/usr/sbin/httpd'. Program terminated with signal 7, Bus error. #0 0x00002abcf6c7324e in memcpy () from /lib64/libc.so.6 Thread 1 (Thread 0x2abcf8c72300 (LWP 15312)): #0 0x00002abcf6c7324e in memcpy () from /lib64/libc.so.6 No symbol table info available. #1 0x00002abd02e6b9c7 in ?? () from /usr/lib64/php/modules//php_ioncube_loader_lin_5.2_x86_64.so No symbol table info available. #2 0x00002abd02ed4d47 in _zval_dup () from /usr/lib64/php/modules//php_ioncube_loader_lin_5.2_x86_64.so No symbol table info available. #3 0x00002abd02ecdffb in ?? () from /usr/lib64/php/modules//php_ioncube_loader_lin_5.2_x86_64.so No symbol table info available. #4 0x00002abd02c32636 in xc_compile_file (h=0x7fffc3e7e4f0, type=2) at /opt/xcache-1.3.2-rc1/xcache.c:1060 __orig_bailout = 0x7fffc3e88f10 __bailout = {{__jmpbuf = {46991244125792, 3379122525071325456, 46991369192208, 140736480142576, 140736480142656, 46991244125792, 3379207471940512272, 3379122524988693332}, __mask_was_saved = 0, __saved_mask = {__val = {46991369228841, 46991369206800, 46991369195208, 46991382361728, 46991369196536, 46991369206984, 46991369210744, 0, 46991240130544, 140733193388033, 0, 140736480142296, 46991240361284, 46991369207528, 46991369232128, 3}}}} sandbox = {alloc = 0, filename = 0x2abd078dd0e0 "/var/www/vhosts/DOMAIN/httpdocs/var/ait_rewrite/67b58abff9e6bd7b400bb2fc1903bf2f.php", orig_included_files = {nTableSize = 256, nTableMask = 255, nNumOfElements = 191, nNextFreeElement = 0, pInternalPointer = 0x2abcf4da53d0, pListHead = 0x2abcf4da53d0, pListTail = 0x2abd07dfeb28, arBuckets = 0x2abd0896d690, pDestructor = 0, persistent = 0 '\000', nApplyCount = 0 '\000', bApplyProtection = 1 '\001'}, tmp_included_files = 0x2abd0069e830, orig_zend_constants = 0x2abd0d630b60, tmp_zend_constants = {nTableSize = 2048, nTableMask = 2047, nNumOfElements = 1559, nNextFreeElement = 0, pInternalPointer = 0x2abd08283760, pListHead = 0x2abd08283760, pListTail = 0x2abd08320810, arBuckets = 0x2abd08302aa0, pDestructor = 0x2abd02c34850 <xc_free_zend_constant>, persistent = 1 '\001', nApplyCount = 0 '\000', bApplyProtection = 1 '\001'}, orig_function_table = 0x2abd0d61f340, orig_class_table = 0x2abd0d61f2b0, orig_auto_globals = 0x2abd0d618910, tmp_function_table = {nTableSize = 2048, nTableMask = 2047, nNumOfElements = 1555, nNextFreeElement = 0, pInternalPointer = 0x2abd08320ce0, pListHead = 0x2abd08320ce0, pListTail = 0x2abd0933fe60, arBuckets = 0x2abd079c8500, pDestructor = 0x2abd0033e1d0 <zend_function_dtor>, persistent = 1 '\001', nApplyCount = 0 '\000', bApplyProtection = 0 '\000'}, tmp_class_table = { nTableSize = 16, nTableMask = 15, nNumOfElements = 0, nNextFreeElement = 0, pInternalPointer = 0x0, pListHead = 0x0, pListTail = 0x0, arBuckets = 0x2abd079dbf60, pDestructor = 0x2abd0033dcf0 <destroy_zend_class>, persistent = 1 '\001', nApplyCount = 0 '\000', bApplyProtection = 0 '\000'}, tmp_auto_globals = {nTableSize = 16, nTableMask = 15, nNumOfElements = 9, nNextFreeElement = 0, pInternalPointer = 0x2abd0933ffc0, pListHead = 0x2abd0933ffc0, pListTail = 0x2abd093403e0, arBuckets = 0x2abd09340470, pDestructor = 0, persistent = 1 '\001', nApplyCount = 0 '\000', bApplyProtection = 0 '\000'}, tmp_internal_constant_tail = 0x2abd08320810, tmp_internal_function_tail = 0x2abd0933fe60, tmp_internal_class_tail = 0x0, orig_user_error_handler_error_reporting = 8191} op_array = <value optimized out> xce = {type = XC_TYPE_PHP, hvalue = 2460, next = 0x2abd0d939e60, cache = 0x2abd0d90b038, size = 10, refcount = 46991369191320, hits = 4, ctime = 46991362335072, atime = 8, dtime = 46991240673248, ttl = 46991369192096, name = {lval = 46991363920096, dval = 2.3216818564143281e-310, str = { val = 0x2abd078dd0e0 "/var/www/vhosts/DOMAIN/httpdocs/var/ait_rewrite/67b58abff9e6bd7b400bb2fc1903bf2f.php", len = 107}, ht = 0x2abd078dd0e0, obj = {handle = 126734560, handlers = 0x2abd0000006b}}, data = {php = 0x7fffc3e7e440, var = 0x7fffc3e7e440}, have_references = 0 '\000'} stored_xce = 0x0 php = {sourcesize = 8947, device = 64769, inode = 9907963, mtime = 1353055102, op_array = 0x2abd00344004, constinfo_cnt = 1, constinfos = 0x0, funcinfo_cnt = 132120232, funcinfos = 0x8, classinfo_cnt = 8, classinfos = 0x0, have_early_binding = 168 '\250', autoglobal_cnt = 10941, autoglobals = 0x8} cache = 0x2abd0d90b038 catched = <value optimized out> filename = <value optimized out> opened_path_buffer = "\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000I\032\065\000\275*\000\000\300\347i\000\275*\000\000\001\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\377\377\377\377\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\003\000\000\000[\337\227\337,\002pr\n\000\000\000\000\000\000\000P\323\347\303\377\177\000\000\357\367\220\b\275*\000\000\243\002M\a\275*\000\000\005", '\000' <repeats 15 times>"\357, \367\220\b\275*\000\000\244\002M\a\275*\000\000Du0\000\275*\000\000\b\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\232b=\365\000\000\000\000\002\000\000\000\377\177\000\000\005\000\000\000\275*\000\000\220\322\347\303\377\177\000\000\000\020\000\000\000\000\000\000,\324\347\303\377\177\000\000`\321\347\303^", '\000' <repeats 27 times>, "\f\000\000 \001", '\000' <repeats 11 times>"\260, \322\347\303", '\000' <repeats 12 times>, "P\323\347\303\377\177\000\000x\225\332\364\004\000\000\000\001\000\000\000\031\000\000\000\300\331\336\a\275*\000\000\300\331\336\a\275*\000\000"... old_constinfo_cnt = 1559 old_funcinfo_cnt = 1555 old_classinfo_cnt = 0 #5 0x00002abd003290bf in compile_filename () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #6 0x00002abd00398ded in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #7 0x00002abd0036628c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #8 0x00002abd0033b796 in zend_call_function () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #9 0x00002abd0035b1e1 in zend_call_method () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #10 0x00002abd00273bf4 in zif_spl_autoload_call () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #11 0x00002abd0033b945 in zend_call_function () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #12 0x00002abd0033c51e in zend_lookup_class_ex () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #13 0x00002abd0033c728 in zend_fetch_class () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #14 0x00002abd003a61ab in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #15 0x00002abd0036628c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #16 0x00002abd00366b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #17 0x00002abd0036628c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #18 0x00002abd00366b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #19 0x00002abd0036628c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #20 0x00002abd00366b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #21 0x00002abd0036628c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #22 0x00002abd00366b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #23 0x00002abd0036628c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #24 0x00002abd00366b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #25 0x00002abd0036628c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #26 0x00002abd00366b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #27 0x00002abd0036628c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #28 0x00002abd00366b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #29 0x00002abd0036628c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #30 0x00002abd00366b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #31 0x00002abd0036628c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #32 0x00002abd00366b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #33 0x00002abd0036628c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #34 0x00002abd00366b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #35 0x00002abd0036628c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #36 0x00002abd00366b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #37 0x00002abd0036628c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #38 0x00002abd00346943 in zend_execute_scripts () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #39 0x00002abd00306898 in php_execute_script () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #40 0x00002abd003cb09d in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #41 0x00002abcf4cfca0a in ap_run_handler () No symbol table info available. #42 0x00002abcf4cffe98 in ap_invoke_handler () No symbol table info available. #43 0x00002abcf4d0a74a in ap_internal_redirect () No symbol table info available. #44 0x00002abcfdb45bf0 in ap_make_dirstr_parent () from /etc/httpd/modules/mod_rewrite.so No symbol table info available. #45 0x00002abcf4cfca0a in ap_run_handler () No symbol table info available. #46 0x00002abcf4cffe98 in ap_invoke_handler () No symbol table info available. #47 0x00002abcf4d0a8f8 in ap_process_request () No symbol table info available. #48 0x00002abcf4d07b30 in ?? () No symbol table info available. #49 0x00002abcf4d03c92 in ap_run_process_connection () No symbol table info available. #50 0x00002abcf4d0e7a9 in ?? () No symbol table info available. #51 0x00002abcf4d0ea3a in ?? () No symbol table info available. #52 0x00002abcf4d0f29d in ap_mpm_run () No symbol table info available. #53 0x00002abcf4ce9e48 in main () No symbol table info available. Can anyone help me? ADITIONAL INFO php -v PHP 5.2.10 (cli) (built: Nov 13 2009 11:44:05) Copyright (c) 1997-2009 The PHP Group Zend Engine v2.2.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2009 Zend Technologies with XCache v1.3.2-rc1, Copyright (c) 2005-2011, by mOo with the ionCube PHP Loader v3.1.28, Copyright (c) 2002-2007, by ionCube Ltd. httpd -v Server version: Apache/2.2.3 Server built: May 4 2011 06:51:15 Apache modules: core prefork http_core mod_so mod_auth_basic mod_auth_digest mod_authn_file mod_authn_alias mod_authn_anon mod_authn_dbm mod_authn_default mod_authz_host mod_authz_user mod_authz_owner mod_authz_groupfile mod_authz_dbm mod_authz_default util_ldap mod_authnz_ldap mod_include mod_log_config mod_logio mod_env mod_ext_filter mod_mime_magic mod_expires mod_deflate mod_headers mod_usertrack mod_setenvif mod_mime mod_dav mod_status mod_autoindex mod_info mod_dav_fs mod_vhost_alias mod_negotiation mod_dir mod_actions mod_speling mod_userdir mod_alias mod_rewrite mod_proxy mod_proxy_balancer mod_proxy_ftp mod_proxy_http mod_proxy_connect mod_cache mod_suexec mod_disk_cache mod_file_cache mod_mem_cache mod_cgi mod_version mod_fcgid mod_perl mod_php5 mod_proxy_ajp mod_python mod_ssl Aditional modules: dbase ionCube Loader sysvsem sysvshm EDIT (November 18) I have disabled some suspicious modules and the error persist. The new backtrace: [New Thread 12403] [Thread debugging using libthread_db enabled] Core was generated by `/usr/sbin/httpd'. Program terminated with signal 7, Bus error. #0 0x00002b0c5754a24e in memcpy () from /lib64/libc.so.6 Thread 1 (Thread 0x2b0c59549300 (LWP 12403)): #0 0x00002b0c5754a24e in memcpy () from /lib64/libc.so.6 No symbol table info available. #1 0x00002b0c558519c7 in ?? () from /usr/lib64/php/modules//php_ioncube_loader_lin_5.2_x86_64.so No symbol table info available. #2 0x00002b0c558bad47 in _zval_dup () from /usr/lib64/php/modules//php_ioncube_loader_lin_5.2_x86_64.so No symbol table info available. #3 0x00002b0c558b3ffb in ?? () from /usr/lib64/php/modules//php_ioncube_loader_lin_5.2_x86_64.so No symbol table info available. #4 0x00002b0c60d650bf in compile_filename () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #5 0x00002b0c60dd4ded in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #6 0x00002b0c60da228c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #7 0x00002b0c60d77796 in zend_call_function () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #8 0x00002b0c60d971e1 in zend_call_method () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #9 0x00002b0c60cafbf4 in zif_spl_autoload_call () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #10 0x00002b0c60d77945 in zend_call_function () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #11 0x00002b0c60d7851e in zend_lookup_class_ex () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #12 0x00002b0c60d78728 in zend_fetch_class () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #13 0x00002b0c60de21ab in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #14 0x00002b0c60da228c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #15 0x00002b0c60da2b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #16 0x00002b0c60da228c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #17 0x00002b0c60da2b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #18 0x00002b0c60da228c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #19 0x00002b0c60da2b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #20 0x00002b0c60da228c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #21 0x00002b0c60da2b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #22 0x00002b0c60da228c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #23 0x00002b0c60da2b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #24 0x00002b0c60da228c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #25 0x00002b0c60da2b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #26 0x00002b0c60da228c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #27 0x00002b0c60da2b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #28 0x00002b0c60da228c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #29 0x00002b0c60da2b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #30 0x00002b0c60da228c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #31 0x00002b0c60da2b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #32 0x00002b0c60da228c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #33 0x00002b0c60da2b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #34 0x00002b0c60da228c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #35 0x00002b0c60da2b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #36 0x00002b0c60da228c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #37 0x00002b0c60da2b91 in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #38 0x00002b0c60da228c in execute () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #39 0x00002b0c60d82943 in zend_execute_scripts () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #40 0x00002b0c60d42898 in php_execute_script () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #41 0x00002b0c60e0709d in ?? () from /etc/httpd/modules/libphp5.so No symbol table info available. #42 0x00002b0c555d3a0a in ap_run_handler () No symbol table info available. #43 0x00002b0c555d6e98 in ap_invoke_handler () No symbol table info available. #44 0x00002b0c555e174a in ap_internal_redirect () No symbol table info available. #45 0x00002b0c5e41cbf0 in ap_make_dirstr_parent () from /etc/httpd/modules/mod_rewrite.so No symbol table info available. #46 0x00002b0c555d3a0a in ap_run_handler () No symbol table info available. #47 0x00002b0c555d6e98 in ap_invoke_handler () No symbol table info available. #48 0x00002b0c555e18f8 in ap_process_request () No symbol table info available. #49 0x00002b0c555deb30 in ?? () No symbol table info available. #50 0x00002b0c555dac92 in ap_run_process_connection () No symbol table info available. #51 0x00002b0c555e57a9 in ?? () No symbol table info available. #52 0x00002b0c555e5a3a in ?? () No symbol table info available. #53 0x00002b0c555e629d in ap_mpm_run () No symbol table info available. #54 0x00002b0c555c0e48 in main () No symbol table info available.

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• Win32 and Win64 programming in C sources?

  - by Nick Rosencrantz

  I'm learning OpenGL with C and that makes me include the windows.h file in my project. I'd like to look at some more specific windows functions and I wonder if you can cite some good sources for learning the basics of Win32 and Win64 programming in C (or C++). I use MS Visual C++ and I prefer to stick with C even though much of the Windows API seems to be C++. I'd like my program to be portable and using some platform-indepedent graphics library like OpenGL I could make my program portable with some slight changes for window management. Could you direct me with some pointers to books or www links where I can find more info? I've already studied the OpenGL red book and the C programming language, what I'm looking for is the platform-dependent stuff and how to handle that since I run both Linux and Windows where I find the development environment Visual Studio is pretty good but the debugger gdb is not available on windows so it's a trade off which environment i'll choose in the end - Linux with gcc or Windows with MSVC. Here is the program that draws a graphics primitive with some use of windows.h This program is also runnable on Linux without changing the code that actually draws the graphics primitive: #include <windows.h> #include <gl/gl.h> LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); void EnableOpenGL(HWND hwnd, HDC*, HGLRC*); void DisableOpenGL(HWND, HDC, HGLRC); int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) { WNDCLASSEX wcex; HWND hwnd; HDC hDC; HGLRC hRC; MSG msg; BOOL bQuit = FALSE; float theta = 0.0f; /* register window class */ wcex.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); wcex.style = CS_OWNDC; wcex.lpfnWndProc = WindowProc; wcex.cbClsExtra = 0; wcex.cbWndExtra = 0; wcex.hInstance = hInstance; wcex.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); wcex.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); wcex.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(BLACK_BRUSH); wcex.lpszMenuName = NULL; wcex.lpszClassName = "GLSample"; wcex.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);; if (!RegisterClassEx(&wcex)) return 0; /* create main window */ hwnd = CreateWindowEx(0, "GLSample", "OpenGL Sample", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 256, 256, NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL); ShowWindow(hwnd, nCmdShow); /* enable OpenGL for the window */ EnableOpenGL(hwnd, &hDC, &hRC); /* program main loop */ while (!bQuit) { /* check for messages */ if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) { /* handle or dispatch messages */ if (msg.message == WM_QUIT) { bQuit = TRUE; } else { TranslateMessage(&msg); DispatchMessage(&msg); } } else { /* OpenGL animation code goes here */ glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); glPushMatrix(); glRotatef(theta, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES); glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); glVertex2f(0.0f, 1.0f); glColor3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); glVertex2f(0.87f, -0.5f); glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); glVertex2f(-0.87f, -0.5f); glEnd(); glPopMatrix(); SwapBuffers(hDC); theta += 1.0f; Sleep (1); } } /* shutdown OpenGL */ DisableOpenGL(hwnd, hDC, hRC); /* destroy the window explicitly */ DestroyWindow(hwnd); return msg.wParam; } LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProc(HWND hwnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { switch (uMsg) { case WM_CLOSE: PostQuitMessage(0); break; case WM_DESTROY: return 0; case WM_KEYDOWN: { switch (wParam) { case VK_ESCAPE: PostQuitMessage(0); break; } } break; default: return DefWindowProc(hwnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam); } return 0; } void EnableOpenGL(HWND hwnd, HDC* hDC, HGLRC* hRC) { PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd; int iFormat; /* get the device context (DC) */ *hDC = GetDC(hwnd); /* set the pixel format for the DC */ ZeroMemory(&pfd, sizeof(pfd)); pfd.nSize = sizeof(pfd); pfd.nVersion = 1; pfd.dwFlags = PFD_DRAW_TO_WINDOW | PFD_SUPPORT_OPENGL | PFD_DOUBLEBUFFER; pfd.iPixelType = PFD_TYPE_RGBA; pfd.cColorBits = 24; pfd.cDepthBits = 16; pfd.iLayerType = PFD_MAIN_PLANE; iFormat = ChoosePixelFormat(*hDC, &pfd); SetPixelFormat(*hDC, iFormat, &pfd); /* create and enable the render context (RC) */ *hRC = wglCreateContext(*hDC); wglMakeCurrent(*hDC, *hRC); } void DisableOpenGL (HWND hwnd, HDC hDC, HGLRC hRC) { wglMakeCurrent(NULL, NULL); wglDeleteContext(hRC); ReleaseDC(hwnd, hDC); }

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• How to write a buffer-overflow exploit in windows XP,x86?

  - by Mask

  void function(int a, int b, int c) { char buffer1[5]; char buffer2[10]; int *ret; ret = buffer1 + 12; (*ret) += 8;//why is it 8?? } void main() { int x; x = 0; function(1,2,3); x = 1; printf("%d\n",x); } The above demo is from here: http://insecure.org/stf/smashstack.html But it's not working here: D:\test>gcc -Wall -Wextra hw.cpp && a.exe hw.cpp: In function `void function(int, int, int)': hw.cpp:6: warning: unused variable 'buffer2' hw.cpp: At global scope: hw.cpp:4: warning: unused parameter 'a' hw.cpp:4: warning: unused parameter 'b' hw.cpp:4: warning: unused parameter 'c' 1 And I don't understand why it's 8 though the author thinks: A little math tells us the distance is 8 bytes. My gdb dump as called: Dump of assembler code for function main: 0x004012ee <main+0>: push %ebp 0x004012ef <main+1>: mov %esp,%ebp 0x004012f1 <main+3>: sub $0x18,%esp 0x004012f4 <main+6>: and $0xfffffff0,%esp 0x004012f7 <main+9>: mov $0x0,%eax 0x004012fc <main+14>: add $0xf,%eax 0x004012ff <main+17>: add $0xf,%eax 0x00401302 <main+20>: shr $0x4,%eax 0x00401305 <main+23>: shl $0x4,%eax 0x00401308 <main+26>: mov %eax,0xfffffff8(%ebp) 0x0040130b <main+29>: mov 0xfffffff8(%ebp),%eax 0x0040130e <main+32>: call 0x401b00 <_alloca> 0x00401313 <main+37>: call 0x4017b0 <__main> 0x00401318 <main+42>: movl $0x0,0xfffffffc(%ebp) 0x0040131f <main+49>: movl $0x3,0x8(%esp) 0x00401327 <main+57>: movl $0x2,0x4(%esp) 0x0040132f <main+65>: movl $0x1,(%esp) 0x00401336 <main+72>: call 0x4012d0 <function> 0x0040133b <main+77>: movl $0x1,0xfffffffc(%ebp) 0x00401342 <main+84>: mov 0xfffffffc(%ebp),%eax 0x00401345 <main+87>: mov %eax,0x4(%esp) 0x00401349 <main+91>: movl $0x403000,(%esp) 0x00401350 <main+98>: call 0x401b60 <printf> 0x00401355 <main+103>: leave 0x00401356 <main+104>: ret 0x00401357 <main+105>: nop 0x00401358 <main+106>: add %al,(%eax) 0x0040135a <main+108>: add %al,(%eax) 0x0040135c <main+110>: add %al,(%eax) 0x0040135e <main+112>: add %al,(%eax) End of assembler dump. Dump of assembler code for function function: 0x004012d0 <function+0>: push %ebp 0x004012d1 <function+1>: mov %esp,%ebp 0x004012d3 <function+3>: sub $0x38,%esp 0x004012d6 <function+6>: lea 0xffffffe8(%ebp),%eax 0x004012d9 <function+9>: add $0xc,%eax 0x004012dc <function+12>: mov %eax,0xffffffd4(%ebp) 0x004012df <function+15>: mov 0xffffffd4(%ebp),%edx 0x004012e2 <function+18>: mov 0xffffffd4(%ebp),%eax 0x004012e5 <function+21>: movzbl (%eax),%eax 0x004012e8 <function+24>: add $0x5,%al 0x004012ea <function+26>: mov %al,(%edx) 0x004012ec <function+28>: leave 0x004012ed <function+29>: ret In my case the distance should be - = 5,right?But it seems not working..

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• Installing Monodevelop from the SVN on Ubuntu 10.04

  - by celil

  I wrote the following script to install the svn version of MonoDevelop #!/usr/bin/env bash PREFIX=/opt/local check_errs() { if [[ $? -ne 0 ]]; then echo "${1}" exit 1 fi } download() { if [ ! -d ${1} ] then svn co http://anonsvn.mono-project.com/source/trunk/${1} else (cd ${1}; svn update) fi } download mono download mcs download libgdiplus ( cd mono ./autogen.sh --prefix=$PREFIX make make install check_errs ) ( cd libgdiplus ./autogen.sh --prefix=$PREFIX make make install check_errs ) download monodevelop export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=${PREFIX}/lib/pkgconfig ( cd monodevelop ./configure --prefix=$PREFIX --select check_errs make check_errs ) Everything works fine until the last make step for the monodevelop pacakge, where the script exits with the error: ./MonoDevelop.WebReferences/MoonlightChannelBaseExtension.cs(320,82): error CS1061: Type `System.ServiceModel.Description.OperationContractGenerationContext' does not contain a definition for `SyncMethod' and no extension method `SyncMethod' of type `System.ServiceModel.Description.OperationContractGenerationContext' could be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference?) ./MonoDevelop.WebReferences/MoonlightChannelBaseExtension.cs(325,49): error CS1061: Type `System.ServiceModel.Description.OperationContractGenerationContext' does not contain a definition for `SyncMethod' and no extension method `SyncMethod' of type `System.ServiceModel.Description.OperationContractGenerationContext' could be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference?) ./MonoDevelop.WebReferences/MoonlightChannelBaseExtension.cs(345,115): error CS1061: Type `System.ServiceModel.Description.OperationContractGenerationContext' does not contain a definition for `SyncMethod' and no extension method `SyncMethod' of type `System.ServiceModel.Description.OperationContractGenerationContext' could be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference?) ./MonoDevelop.WebReferences/MoonlightChannelBaseExtension.cs(365,82): error CS1061: Type `System.ServiceModel.Description.OperationContractGenerationContext' does not contain a definition for `BeginMethod' and no extension method `BeginMethod' of type `System.ServiceModel.Description.OperationContractGenerationContext' could be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference?) Compilation failed: 4 error(s), 1 warnings make[4]: *** [../../../build/AddIns/MonoDevelop.WebReferences/MonoDevelop.WebReferences.dll] Error 1 make[4]: Leaving directory `/home/drufat/Desktop/Checkout/mono/monodevelop/main/src/addins/MonoDevelop.WebReferences' make[3]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1 make[3]: Leaving directory `/home/drufat/Desktop/Checkout/mono/monodevelop/main/src/addins' make[2]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1 make[2]: Leaving directory `/home/drufat/Desktop/Checkout/mono/monodevelop/main/src' make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1 make[1]: Leaving directory `/home/drufat/Desktop/Checkout/mono/monodevelop/main' make: *** [all-recursive] Error 1 Any ideas on how to fix this? I suppose the build gets mixed up with the default installation of mono in Ubuntu, and is looking for a symbol that is not present there. My build configuration looks as follows: 1. [X] main 2. [ ] extras/JavaBinding 3. [ ] extras/BooBinding 4. [X] extras/ValaBinding 5. [ ] extras/AspNetEdit 6. [ ] extras/GeckoWebBrowser 7. [ ] extras/WebKitWebBrowser 8. [ ] extras/MonoDevelop.Database 9. [ ] extras/MonoDevelop.Profiling 10. [ ] extras/MonoDevelop.AddinAuthoring 11. [ ] extras/MonoDevelop.CodeAnalysis 12. [ ] extras/MonoDevelop.Debugger.Mdb 13. [ ] extras/MonoDevelop.Debugger.Gdb 14. [ ] extras/PyBinding 15. [ ] extras/MonoDevelop.IPhone 16. [ ] extras/MonoDevelop.MeeGo

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• How to write a buffer-overflow exploit in GCC,windows XP,x86?

  - by Mask

  void function(int a, int b, int c) { char buffer1[5]; char buffer2[10]; int *ret; ret = buffer1 + 12; (*ret) += 8;//why is it 8?? } void main() { int x; x = 0; function(1,2,3); x = 1; printf("%d\n",x); } The above demo is from here: http://insecure.org/stf/smashstack.html But it's not working here: D:\test>gcc -Wall -Wextra hw.cpp && a.exe hw.cpp: In function `void function(int, int, int)': hw.cpp:6: warning: unused variable 'buffer2' hw.cpp: At global scope: hw.cpp:4: warning: unused parameter 'a' hw.cpp:4: warning: unused parameter 'b' hw.cpp:4: warning: unused parameter 'c' 1 And I don't understand why it's 8 though the author thinks: A little math tells us the distance is 8 bytes. My gdb dump as called: Dump of assembler code for function main: 0x004012ee <main+0>: push %ebp 0x004012ef <main+1>: mov %esp,%ebp 0x004012f1 <main+3>: sub $0x18,%esp 0x004012f4 <main+6>: and $0xfffffff0,%esp 0x004012f7 <main+9>: mov $0x0,%eax 0x004012fc <main+14>: add $0xf,%eax 0x004012ff <main+17>: add $0xf,%eax 0x00401302 <main+20>: shr $0x4,%eax 0x00401305 <main+23>: shl $0x4,%eax 0x00401308 <main+26>: mov %eax,0xfffffff8(%ebp) 0x0040130b <main+29>: mov 0xfffffff8(%ebp),%eax 0x0040130e <main+32>: call 0x401b00 <_alloca> 0x00401313 <main+37>: call 0x4017b0 <__main> 0x00401318 <main+42>: movl $0x0,0xfffffffc(%ebp) 0x0040131f <main+49>: movl $0x3,0x8(%esp) 0x00401327 <main+57>: movl $0x2,0x4(%esp) 0x0040132f <main+65>: movl $0x1,(%esp) 0x00401336 <main+72>: call 0x4012d0 <function> 0x0040133b <main+77>: movl $0x1,0xfffffffc(%ebp) 0x00401342 <main+84>: mov 0xfffffffc(%ebp),%eax 0x00401345 <main+87>: mov %eax,0x4(%esp) 0x00401349 <main+91>: movl $0x403000,(%esp) 0x00401350 <main+98>: call 0x401b60 <printf> 0x00401355 <main+103>: leave 0x00401356 <main+104>: ret 0x00401357 <main+105>: nop 0x00401358 <main+106>: add %al,(%eax) 0x0040135a <main+108>: add %al,(%eax) 0x0040135c <main+110>: add %al,(%eax) 0x0040135e <main+112>: add %al,(%eax) End of assembler dump. Dump of assembler code for function function: 0x004012d0 <function+0>: push %ebp 0x004012d1 <function+1>: mov %esp,%ebp 0x004012d3 <function+3>: sub $0x38,%esp 0x004012d6 <function+6>: lea 0xffffffe8(%ebp),%eax 0x004012d9 <function+9>: add $0xc,%eax 0x004012dc <function+12>: mov %eax,0xffffffd4(%ebp) 0x004012df <function+15>: mov 0xffffffd4(%ebp),%edx 0x004012e2 <function+18>: mov 0xffffffd4(%ebp),%eax 0x004012e5 <function+21>: movzbl (%eax),%eax 0x004012e8 <function+24>: add $0x5,%al 0x004012ea <function+26>: mov %al,(%edx) 0x004012ec <function+28>: leave 0x004012ed <function+29>: ret In my case the distance should be - = 5,right?But it seems not working.. Why function needs 56 bytes for local variables?( sub $0x38,%esp )

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• Aquatic Prime on 10.6?

  - by Kevin

  Hello, I have 2 applications that I use with Aquatic Prime. One is an application just with the Aquatic Prime framework, and the other is an application that I've been working on that has been incorporated with the Aquatic Prime framework. The first application I mentioned before has its SDK set to 10.5 with the architecture to 32-bit. The second application I made has its SDK that is set to 10.6 (which it has to since I need NSRunningApplication) and its architecture to 32-bit. Now my question is, whenever I debug my first application it works perfectly fine, but with my second it gives me this interrupted error right after Running. What's going wrong? I've tried doing some breakpoints like "objc-exception-throw" but all it says is stopped at breakpoint 1. I need 10.6 in my application, but I also need Aquatic Prime. Can anyone help me solve this problem? Ok here's the one from the stack trace which I have no idea how to read: 0x91cdff11 <+0000> push %ebp 0x91cdff12 <+0001> mov %esp,%ebp 0x91cdff14 <+0003> sub $0x28,%esp 0x91cdff17 <+0006> mov %ebx,-0xc(%ebp) 0x91cdff1a <+0009> mov %esi,-0x8(%ebp) 0x91cdff1d <+0012> mov %edi,-0x4(%ebp) 0x91cdff20 <+0015> call 0x91cdff25 <objc_exception_throw+20> 0x91cdff25 <+0020> pop %ebx 0x91cdff26 <+0021> mov 0x8(%ebp),%esi 0x91cdff29 <+0024> lea 0xe4cbb8b(%ebx),%edi 0x91cdff2f <+0030> mov 0x4(%edi),%eax 0x91cdff32 <+0033> test %eax,%eax 0x91cdff34 <+0035> jne 0x91cdff3b <objc_exception_throw+42> 0x91cdff36 <+0037> call 0x91ce4f53 <set_default_handlers> 0x91cdff3b <+0042> mov %esi,(%esp) 0x91cdff3e <+0045> nop 0x91cdff3f <+0046> nopl 0x0(%eax) 0x91cdff43 <+0050> mov %esi,(%esp) 0x91cdff46 <+0053> call *0x4(%edi) 0x91cdff49 <+0056> lea 0xfd44(%ebx),%eax 0x91cdff4f <+0062> mov %eax,(%esp) 0x91cdff52 <+0065> call 0x91ce4e1f <_objc_fatal> The the GDB tells me its all good: run [Switching to process 990] Running… 2009-10-14 15:20:33.233 ApplicationName[990:a0f] init Sincerely, Kevin

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• Conceal packet loss in PCM stream

  - by ZeroDefect

  I am looking to use 'Packet Loss Concealment' to conceal lost PCM frames in an audio stream. Unfortunately, I cannot find a library that is accessible without all the licensing restrictions and code bloat (...up for some suggestions though). I have located some GPL code written by Steve Underwood for the Asterisk project which implements PLC. There are several limitations; although, as Steve suggests in his code, his algorithm can be applied to different streams with a bit of work. Currently, the code works with 8kHz 16-bit signed mono streams. Variations of the code can be found through a simple search of Google Code Search. My hope is that I can adapt the code to work with other streams. Initially, the goal is to adjust the algorithm for 8+ kHz, 16-bit signed, multichannel audio (all in a C++ environment). Eventually, I'm looking to make the code available under the GPL license in hopes that it could be of benefit to others... Attached is the code below with my efforts. The code includes a main function that will "drop" a number of frames with a given probability. Unfortunately, the code does not quite work as expected. I'm receiving EXC_BAD_ACCESS when running in gdb, but I don't get a trace from gdb when using 'bt' command. Clearly, I'm trampimg on memory some where but not sure exactly where. When I comment out the *amdf_pitch* function, the code runs without crashing... int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { std::ifstream fin("C:\\cc32kHz.pcm"); if(!fin.is_open()) { std::cout << "Failed to open input file" << std::endl; return 1; } std::ofstream fout_repaired("C:\\cc32kHz_repaired.pcm"); if(!fout_repaired.is_open()) { std::cout << "Failed to open output repaired file" << std::endl; return 1; } std::ofstream fout_lossy("C:\\cc32kHz_lossy.pcm"); if(!fout_lossy.is_open()) { std::cout << "Failed to open output repaired file" << std::endl; return 1; } audio::PcmConcealer Concealer; Concealer.Init(1, 16, 32000); //Generate random numbers; srand( time(NULL) ); int value = 0; int probability = 5; while(!fin.eof()) { char arr[2]; fin.read(arr, 2); //Generate's random number; value = rand() % 100 + 1; if(value <= probability) { char blank[2] = {0x00, 0x00}; fout_lossy.write(blank, 2); //Fill in data; Concealer.Fill((int16_t *)blank, 1); fout_repaired.write(blank, 2); } else { //Write data to file; fout_repaired.write(arr, 2); fout_lossy.write(arr, 2); Concealer.Receive((int16_t *)arr, 1); } } fin.close(); fout_repaired.close(); fout_lossy.close(); return 0; } PcmConcealer.hpp /* * Code adapted from Steve Underwood of the Asterisk Project. This code inherits * the same licensing restrictions as the Asterisk Project. */ #ifndef __PCMCONCEALER_HPP__ #define __PCMCONCEALER_HPP__ /** 1. What does it do? The packet loss concealment module provides a suitable synthetic fill-in signal, to minimise the audible effect of lost packets in VoIP applications. It is not tied to any particular codec, and could be used with almost any codec which does not specify its own procedure for packet loss concealment. Where a codec specific concealment procedure exists, the algorithm is usually built around knowledge of the characteristics of the particular codec. It will, therefore, generally give better results for that particular codec than this generic concealer will. 2. How does it work? While good packets are being received, the plc_rx() routine keeps a record of the trailing section of the known speech signal. If a packet is missed, plc_fillin() is called to produce a synthetic replacement for the real speech signal. The average mean difference function (AMDF) is applied to the last known good signal, to determine its effective pitch. Based on this, the last pitch period of signal is saved. Essentially, this cycle of speech will be repeated over and over until the real speech resumes. However, several refinements are needed to obtain smooth pleasant sounding results. - The two ends of the stored cycle of speech will not always fit together smoothly. This can cause roughness, or even clicks, at the joins between cycles. To soften this, the 1/4 pitch period of real speech preceeding the cycle to be repeated is blended with the last 1/4 pitch period of the cycle to be repeated, using an overlap-add (OLA) technique (i.e. in total, the last 5/4 pitch periods of real speech are used). - The start of the synthetic speech will not always fit together smoothly with the tail of real speech passed on before the erasure was identified. Ideally, we would like to modify the last 1/4 pitch period of the real speech, to blend it into the synthetic speech. However, it is too late for that. We could have delayed the real speech a little, but that would require more buffer manipulation, and hurt the efficiency of the no-lost-packets case (which we hope is the dominant case). Instead we use a degenerate form of OLA to modify the start of the synthetic data. The last 1/4 pitch period of real speech is time reversed, and OLA is used to blend it with the first 1/4 pitch period of synthetic speech. The result seems quite acceptable. - As we progress into the erasure, the chances of the synthetic signal being anything like correct steadily fall. Therefore, the volume of the synthesized signal is made to decay linearly, such that after 50ms of missing audio it is reduced to silence. - When real speech resumes, an extra 1/4 pitch period of sythetic speech is blended with the start of the real speech. If the erasure is small, this smoothes the transition. If the erasure is long, and the synthetic signal has faded to zero, the blending softens the start up of the real signal, avoiding a kind of "click" or "pop" effect that might occur with a sudden onset. 3. How do I use it? Before audio is processed, call plc_init() to create an instance of the packet loss concealer. For each received audio packet that is acceptable (i.e. not including those being dropped for being too late) call plc_rx() to record the content of the packet. Note this may modify the packet a little after a period of packet loss, to blend real synthetic data smoothly. When a real packet is not available in time, call plc_fillin() to create a sythetic substitute. That's it! */ /*! Minimum allowed pitch (66 Hz) */ #define PLC_PITCH_MIN(SAMPLE_RATE) ((double)(SAMPLE_RATE) / 66.6) /*! Maximum allowed pitch (200 Hz) */ #define PLC_PITCH_MAX(SAMPLE_RATE) ((SAMPLE_RATE) / 200) /*! Maximum pitch OLA window */ //#define PLC_PITCH_OVERLAP_MAX(SAMPLE_RATE) ((PLC_PITCH_MIN(SAMPLE_RATE)) >> 2) /*! The length over which the AMDF function looks for similarity (20 ms) */ #define CORRELATION_SPAN(SAMPLE_RATE) ((20 * (SAMPLE_RATE)) / 1000) /*! History buffer length. The buffer must also be at leat 1.25 times PLC_PITCH_MIN, but that is much smaller than the buffer needs to be for the pitch assessment. */ //#define PLC_HISTORY_LEN(SAMPLE_RATE) ((CORRELATION_SPAN(SAMPLE_RATE)) + (PLC_PITCH_MIN(SAMPLE_RATE))) namespace audio { typedef struct { /*! Consecutive erased samples */ int missing_samples; /*! Current offset into pitch period */ int pitch_offset; /*! Pitch estimate */ int pitch; /*! Buffer for a cycle of speech */ float *pitchbuf;//[PLC_PITCH_MIN]; /*! History buffer */ short *history;//[PLC_HISTORY_LEN]; /*! Current pointer into the history buffer */ int buf_ptr; } plc_state_t; class PcmConcealer { public: PcmConcealer(); ~PcmConcealer(); void Init(int channels, int bit_depth, int sample_rate); //Process a block of received audio samples. int Receive(short amp[], int frames); //Fill-in a block of missing audio samples. int Fill(short amp[], int frames); void Destroy(); private: int amdf_pitch(int min_pitch, int max_pitch, short amp[], int channel_index, int frames); void save_history(plc_state_t *s, short *buf, int channel_index, int frames); void normalise_history(plc_state_t *s); /** Holds the states of each of the channels **/ std::vector< plc_state_t * > ChannelStates; int plc_pitch_min; int plc_pitch_max; int plc_pitch_overlap_max; int correlation_span; int plc_history_len; int channel_count; int sample_rate; bool Initialized; }; } #endif PcmConcealer.cpp /* * Code adapted from Steve Underwood of the Asterisk Project. This code inherits * the same licensing restrictions as the Asterisk Project. */ #include "audio/PcmConcealer.hpp" /* We do a straight line fade to zero volume in 50ms when we are filling in for missing data. */ #define ATTENUATION_INCREMENT 0.0025 /* Attenuation per sample */ #if !defined(INT16_MAX) #define INT16_MAX (32767) #define INT16_MIN (-32767-1) #endif #ifdef WIN32 inline double rint(double x) { return floor(x + 0.5); } #endif inline short fsaturate(double damp) { if (damp > 32767.0) return INT16_MAX; if (damp < -32768.0) return INT16_MIN; return (short)rint(damp); } namespace audio { PcmConcealer::PcmConcealer() : Initialized(false) { } PcmConcealer::~PcmConcealer() { Destroy(); } void PcmConcealer::Init(int channels, int bit_depth, int sample_rate) { if(Initialized) return; if(channels <= 0 || bit_depth != 16) return; Initialized = true; channel_count = channels; this->sample_rate = sample_rate; ////////////// double min = PLC_PITCH_MIN(sample_rate); int imin = (int)min; double max = PLC_PITCH_MAX(sample_rate); int imax = (int)max; plc_pitch_min = imin; plc_pitch_max = imax; plc_pitch_overlap_max = (plc_pitch_min >> 2); correlation_span = CORRELATION_SPAN(sample_rate); plc_history_len = correlation_span + plc_pitch_min; ////////////// for(int i = 0; i < channel_count; i ++) { plc_state_t *t = new plc_state_t; memset(t, 0, sizeof(plc_state_t)); t->pitchbuf = new float[plc_pitch_min]; t->history = new short[plc_history_len]; ChannelStates.push_back(t); } } void PcmConcealer::Destroy() { if(!Initialized) return; while(ChannelStates.size()) { plc_state_t *s = ChannelStates.at(0); if(s) { if(s->history) delete s->history; if(s->pitchbuf) delete s->pitchbuf; memset(s, 0, sizeof(plc_state_t)); delete s; } ChannelStates.erase(ChannelStates.begin()); } ChannelStates.clear(); Initialized = false; } //Process a block of received audio samples. int PcmConcealer::Receive(short amp[], int frames) { if(!Initialized) return 0; int j = 0; for(int k = 0; k < ChannelStates.size(); k++) { int i; int overlap_len; int pitch_overlap; float old_step; float new_step; float old_weight; float new_weight; float gain; plc_state_t *s = ChannelStates.at(k); if (s->missing_samples) { /* Although we have a real signal, we need to smooth it to fit well with the synthetic signal we used for the previous block */ /* The start of the real data is overlapped with the next 1/4 cycle of the synthetic data. */ pitch_overlap = s->pitch >> 2; if (pitch_overlap > frames) pitch_overlap = frames; gain = 1.0 - s->missing_samples * ATTENUATION_INCREMENT; if (gain < 0.0) gain = 0.0; new_step = 1.0/pitch_overlap; old_step = new_step*gain; new_weight = new_step; old_weight = (1.0 - new_step)*gain; for (i = 0; i < pitch_overlap; i++) { int index = (i * channel_count) + j; amp[index] = fsaturate(old_weight * s->pitchbuf[s->pitch_offset] + new_weight * amp[index]); if (++s->pitch_offset >= s->pitch) s->pitch_offset = 0; new_weight += new_step; old_weight -= old_step; if (old_weight < 0.0) old_weight = 0.0; } s->missing_samples = 0; } save_history(s, amp, j, frames); j++; } return frames; } //Fill-in a block of missing audio samples. int PcmConcealer::Fill(short amp[], int frames) { if(!Initialized) return 0; int j =0; for(int k = 0; k < ChannelStates.size(); k++) { short *tmp = new short[plc_pitch_overlap_max]; int i; int pitch_overlap; float old_step; float new_step; float old_weight; float new_weight; float gain; short *orig_amp; int orig_len; orig_amp = amp; orig_len = frames; plc_state_t *s = ChannelStates.at(k); if (s->missing_samples == 0) { // As the gap in real speech starts we need to assess the last known pitch, //and prepare the synthetic data we will use for fill-in normalise_history(s); s->pitch = amdf_pitch(plc_pitch_min, plc_pitch_max, s->history + plc_history_len - correlation_span - plc_pitch_min, j, correlation_span); // We overlap a 1/4 wavelength pitch_overlap = s->pitch >> 2; // Cook up a single cycle of pitch, using a single of the real signal with 1/4 //cycle OLA'ed to make the ends join up nicely // The first 3/4 of the cycle is a simple copy for (i = 0; i < s->pitch - pitch_overlap; i++) s->pitchbuf[i] = s->history[plc_history_len - s->pitch + i]; // The last 1/4 of the cycle is overlapped with the end of the previous cycle new_step = 1.0/pitch_overlap; new_weight = new_step; for ( ; i < s->pitch; i++) { s->pitchbuf[i] = s->history[plc_history_len - s->pitch + i]*(1.0 - new_weight) + s->history[plc_history_len - 2*s->pitch + i]*new_weight; new_weight += new_step; } // We should now be ready to fill in the gap with repeated, decaying cycles // of what is in pitchbuf // We need to OLA the first 1/4 wavelength of the synthetic data, to smooth // it into the previous real data. To avoid the need to introduce a delay // in the stream, reverse the last 1/4 wavelength, and OLA with that. gain = 1.0; new_step = 1.0/pitch_overlap; old_step = new_step; new_weight = new_step; old_weight = 1.0 - new_step; for (i = 0; i < pitch_overlap; i++) { int index = (i * channel_count) + j; amp[index] = fsaturate(old_weight * s->history[plc_history_len - 1 - i] + new_weight * s->pitchbuf[i]); new_weight += new_step; old_weight -= old_step; if (old_weight < 0.0) old_weight = 0.0; } s->pitch_offset = i; } else { gain = 1.0 - s->missing_samples*ATTENUATION_INCREMENT; i = 0; } for ( ; gain > 0.0 && i < frames; i++) { int index = (i * channel_count) + j; amp[index] = s->pitchbuf[s->pitch_offset]*gain; gain -= ATTENUATION_INCREMENT; if (++s->pitch_offset >= s->pitch) s->pitch_offset = 0; } for ( ; i < frames; i++) { int index = (i * channel_count) + j; amp[i] = 0; } s->missing_samples += orig_len; save_history(s, amp, j, frames); delete [] tmp; j++; } return frames; } void PcmConcealer::save_history(plc_state_t *s, short *buf, int channel_index, int frames) { if (frames >= plc_history_len) { /* Just keep the last part of the new data, starting at the beginning of the buffer */ //memcpy(s->history, buf + len - plc_history_len, sizeof(short)*plc_history_len); int frames_to_copy = plc_history_len; for(int i = 0; i < frames_to_copy; i ++) { int index = (channel_count * (i + frames - plc_history_len)) + channel_index; s->history[i] = buf[index]; } s->buf_ptr = 0; return; } if (s->buf_ptr + frames > plc_history_len) { /* Wraps around - must break into two sections */ //memcpy(s->history + s->buf_ptr, buf, sizeof(short)*(plc_history_len - s->buf_ptr)); short *hist_ptr = s->history + s->buf_ptr; int frames_to_copy = plc_history_len - s->buf_ptr; for(int i = 0; i < frames_to_copy; i ++) { int index = (channel_count * i) + channel_index; hist_ptr[i] = buf[index]; } frames -= (plc_history_len - s->buf_ptr); //memcpy(s->history, buf + (plc_history_len - s->buf_ptr), sizeof(short)*len); frames_to_copy = frames; for(int i = 0; i < frames_to_copy; i ++) { int index = (channel_count * (i + (plc_history_len - s->buf_ptr))) + channel_index; s->history[i] = buf[index]; } s->buf_ptr = frames; return; } /* Can use just one section */ //memcpy(s->history + s->buf_ptr, buf, sizeof(short)*len); short *hist_ptr = s->history + s->buf_ptr; int frames_to_copy = frames; for(int i = 0; i < frames_to_copy; i ++) { int index = (channel_count * i) + channel_index; hist_ptr[i] = buf[index]; } s->buf_ptr += frames; } void PcmConcealer::normalise_history(plc_state_t *s) { short *tmp = new short[plc_history_len]; if (s->buf_ptr == 0) return; memcpy(tmp, s->history, sizeof(short)*s->buf_ptr); memcpy(s->history, s->history + s->buf_ptr, sizeof(short)*(plc_history_len - s->buf_ptr)); memcpy(s->history + plc_history_len - s->buf_ptr, tmp, sizeof(short)*s->buf_ptr); s->buf_ptr = 0; delete [] tmp; } int PcmConcealer::amdf_pitch(int min_pitch, int max_pitch, short amp[], int channel_index, int frames) { int i; int j; int acc; int min_acc; int pitch; pitch = min_pitch; min_acc = INT_MAX; for (i = max_pitch; i <= min_pitch; i++) { acc = 0; for (j = 0; j < frames; j++) { int index1 = (channel_count * (i+j)) + channel_index; int index2 = (channel_count * j) + channel_index; //std::cout << "Index 1: " << index1 << ", Index 2: " << index2 << std::endl; acc += abs(amp[index1] - amp[index2]); } if (acc < min_acc) { min_acc = acc; pitch = i; } } std::cout << "Pitch: " << pitch << std::endl; return pitch; } } P.S. - I must confess that digital audio is not my forte...

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