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Search found 2009 results on 81 pages for 'science fiction'.

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• Fitch Format Proofs - any resources around?

  - by devoured elysium

  I am currently studying Fitch Format first order logic proofs. My lecturer follows closely Language, Proof and Logic by Jon Barwise. I am trying to do some proofs but I am having some trouble getting to understand how to do these proofs. As I have already read what Language Proof and Logic has to offer, I'd like to know if there are any other books or resources around that use the Fitch format for their formal proofs. Plus, having solved exercises would be of great(!) help. Thanks

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• Learning material on SAT

  - by Jules

  What are good documents to read on SAT solvers. I have not been able to find good material via Google. The documents I found were either birds eye view, too advanced or corrupted PDF files... Which papers/documents do you recommend to learn about the algorithms in modern practical SAT solvers?

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• What makes people think that NNs have more computational power than existing models?

  - by Bubba88

  I've read in Wikipedia that neural-network functions defined on a field of arbitrary real/rational numbers (along with algorithmic schemas, and the speculative `transrecursive' models) have more computational power than the computers we use today. Of course it was a page of russian wikipedia (ru.wikipedia.org) and that may be not properly proven, but that's not the only source of such.. rumors Now, the thing that I really do not understand is: How can a string-rewriting machine (NNs are exactly string-rewriting machines just as Turing machines are; only programming language is different) be more powerful than a universally capable U-machine? Yes, the descriptive instrument is really different, but the fact is that any function of such class can be (easily or not) turned to be a legal Turing-machine. Am I wrong? Do I miss something important? What is the cause of people saying that? I do know that the fenomenum of undecidability is widely accepted today (though not consistently proven according to what I've read), but I do not really see a smallest chance of NNs being able to solve that particular problem. Add-in: Not consistently proven according to what I've read - I meant that you might want to take a look at A. Zenkin's (russian mathematician) papers after mid-90-s where he persuasively postulates the wrongness of G. Cantor's concepts, including transfinite sets, uncountable sets, diagonalization method (method used in the proof of undecidability by Turing) and maybe others. Even Goedel's incompletness theorems were proven in right way in only 21-st century.. That's all just to plug Zenkin's work to the post cause I don't know how widespread that knowledge is in CS community so forgive me if that did look stupid. Thank you!

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• A Simulator for a non-deterministic Push-Down Automaton

  - by shake

  Well, i need to make simulator for non-deterministic Push-Down Automaton. Everything is okey, i know i need to do recursion or something similar. But i do not know how to make that function which would simulate automaton. I got everything else under control, automaton generator, stack ... I am doing it in java, so this is maybe only issue that man can bump on, and i did it. So if anyone have done something similar, i could use advices. This is my current organisation of code: C lasses: class transit: list -contains non deterministic transitions state input sign stack sign class generator it generate automaton from file clas NPA public boolean start() - this function i am having trouble with Of course problem of separate stacks, and input for every branch. I tried to solve it with collection of objects NPA and try to start every object, but it doesn work :((..

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• How do I implement graphs and graph algorithms in a functional programming language?

  - by brad

  Basically, I know how to create graph data structures and use Dijkstra's algorithm in programming languages where side effects are allowed. Typically, graph algorithms use a structure to mark certain nodes as 'visited', but this has side effects, which I'm trying to avoid. I can think of one way to implement this in a functional language, but it basically requires passing around large amounts of state to different functions, and I'm wondering if there is a more space-efficient solution.

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• What is better for a student programming in C++ to learn for writing GUI: C# vs QT?

  - by flashnik

  I'm a teacher(instructor) of CS in the university. The course is based on Cormen and Knuth and students program algorithms in C++. But sometimes it is good to show how an algorithm works or just a result of task through GUI. Also in my opinion it's very imporant to be able to write full programs. They will have courses concerning GUI but a three years, later, in fact, before graduatuion. I think that they should be able to write simple GUI applications earlier. So I want to teach them it. How do you think, what is more useful for them to learn: programming GUI with QT or writing GUI in C# and calling unmanaged C++ library?

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• What problems have you solved using constraint programming?

  - by knorv

  I'd like to know about specific problems you - the SO reader - have solved using constraint programming and what constraint logic language you used. Questions: What problems have you used constraint programming to solve? What constraint logic language did you use? I'm looking for first-hand experiences, so please do not answer unless you have that.

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• Do invariant assertions fit into C# programming?

  - by P.Brian.Mackey

  In the book coders at work, the author asks "How do you use invariants in your code". Please explain what this question means. I saw class invariants on wiki, but the example is in Java and I am not skilled enough in Java to relate this example to C#. .NET 4.0 introduces invariance, covariance, and contravariance and is well explained here. Invariance is so broad. The authors usage of the word seems unit test related. For those that read the book, what does the author mean? Are we talking about making an assumption and simply testing the validity after the unit test?

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• List of fundamental data structures - what am I missing?

  - by jboxer

  I've been studying my fundamental data structures a bunch recently, trying to make sure I've got them down cold. By "fundamental", I mean the real basic ones. Fancy ones like Red-Black Trees and Bloom Filters are clearly worth knowing, but they're usually either enhancements of fundamental ones (Red-Black Trees are binary search trees with special properties to keep them balanced) or they're only useful in very specific situations (Bloom Filters). So far, I'm "fluent" in the following data structures: Arrays Linked Lists Stacks/Queues Binary Search Trees Heaps/Priority Queues Hash Tables However, I feel like I'm missing something. Are there any fundamental ones that I'm forgetting about? EDIT: Added these after posting the question Strings (suggested by catchmeifyoutry) Sets (suggested by Peter) Graphs (suggested by Nick D and aJ) B-Trees (Suggested by tloach) I'm a little on-the-fence about whether these are too fancy or not, but I think they're different enough from the fundamental structures (and important enough) to be worth studying as fundamental.

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• Specifying Language for a grammar

  - by darkie15

  Hi All, Is there any specific methodology followed to specify a language for given grammar ?? i.e. Is it necessary to run all the production rules given in a grammar to determine the language it represents? I don't have an example as such since the one I am working on is a homework question. Regards, darkie15

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• Learning material on SAT (Boolean Satisfiability Problem)

  - by Jules

  What are good documents to read on SAT (Boolean satisfiability problem) solvers. I have not been able to find good material via Google. The documents I found were either birds eye view, too advanced or corrupted PDF files... Which papers/documents do you recommend to learn about the algorithms in modern practical SAT solvers?

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• P-NP-Problem: What are the most promising methods?

  - by phimuemue

  Hello everybody, I know that P=NP has not been solved up to now, but can anybody tell me something about the following: What are currently the most promising mathematical / computer scientific methods that could be helpful to tackle this problem? Or are there even none such methods known to be potentially helpful up to now? Is there any (free) compendium on this topic where I can find all / most of the research done in this area?

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• Learning networking fundamentals

  - by bplus

  Not having a CS degree has left large holes in my programming related knowledge. In particular I'd really like to learn some of the computer networking stuff I would have got in a good CS degree. The problem I really have is "not knowing what I don't know". So far I know I don't know anything about the following (as far as computer networks are concearned) -sockets -ports -internet protocol (the whole IP stack I keep hearing about). Can anyone add more to the list? Can anyone suggest a project (writing a toy web server?) Thanks in advance

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• How do you avoid an invalid search space in a genetic algorithm?

  - by Dave

  I am developing a GA for a school project and I've noticed that upon evaluating my functions for fitness, an individual is equivalent to its inverse. For example, the set (1, 1, -1, 1) is equivalent to (-1, -1, 1, -1). To shrink my search space and reach a solution more efficiently, how can I avoid my crossovers from searching in this second half of the search space?

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• What does it mean to do/determine something "programmatically"?

  - by Chris Lutz

  Programmatically. (alt. programmically) I've never used it, but I see it in questions a lot, i.e. "How to programmatically determine [insert task here]". Firefox immediately tells me that neither of these two words are real (at least, it doesn't recognize them). I've also never seen them used anywhere but here. 1) What does it mean to do/determine something "programmatically"? 2) Why do so many people ask how to do/determine something "programmatically"? Isn't it assumed that, if you're asking how to do something on a programming help board, you're asking how to do it "programmatically"? 3) Why is it that I've never seen the word "programmatically" anywhere else?

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• Are .NET's regular expressions Turing complete?

  - by Robert

  Regular expressions are often pointed to as the classical example of a language that is not Turning complete. For example "regular expressions" is given in as the answer to this SO question looking for languages that are not Turing complete. In my, perhaps somewhat basic, understanding of the notion of Turning completeness, this means that regular expressions cannot be used check for patterns that are "balanced". Balanced meaning have an equal number of opening characters as closing characters. This is because to do this would require you to have some kind of state, to allow you to match the opening and closing characters. However the .NET implementation of regular expressions introduces the notion of a balanced group. This construct is designed to let you backtrack and see if a previous group was matched. This means that a .NET regular expressions: ^(?<p>a)*(?<-p>b)*(?(p)(?!))$ Could match a pattern that: ab aabb aaabbb aaaabbbb ... etc. ... Does this means .NET's regular expressions are Turing complete? Or are there other things that are missing that would be required for the language to be Turing complete?

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• Mutual Information / Entropy Calculation Help

  - by Fillip

  Hi, Hoping someone can give me some pointers with this entropy problem. Say X is chosen randomly from the uniform integer distribution 0-32 (inclusive). I calculate the entropy, H(X) = 32 bits, as each Xi has equal probability of occurring. Now, say the following pseudocode executes. int r = rand(0,1); // a random integer 0 or 1 r = r * 33 + X; How would I work out the mutual information between the two variables r and X? Mutual Information is defined as I(X; Y) = H(X) - H(X|Y) but I don't really understand how to apply the conditional entropy H(X|Y) to this problem. Thanks

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• Task vs. process, is there really any difference?

  - by DASKAjA

  Hi there, I'm studying for my final exams in my CS major on the subject distributed systems and operating systems. I'm in the need for a good definition for the terms task, process and threads. So far I'm confident that a process is the representation of running (or suspended, but initiated) program with its own memory, program counter, registers, stack, etc (process control block). Processes can run threads which share memory, so that communication via shared memory is possible in contrast to processes which have to communicate via IPC. But what's the difference between tasks and process. I often read that they're interchangable and that the term task isn't used anymore. Is that really true?

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• Approximate timings for various operations on a "typical desktop PC" anno 2010

  - by knorv

  In the article "Teach Yourself Programming in Ten Years" Peter Norvig (Director of Research, Google) gives the following approximate timings for various operations on a typical 1GHz PC back in 2001: execute single instruction = 1 nanosec = (1/1,000,000,000) sec fetch word from L1 cache memory = 2 nanosec fetch word from main memory = 10 nanosec fetch word from consecutive disk location = 200 nanosec fetch word from new disk location (seek) = 8,000,000 nanosec = 8 millisec What would the corresponding timings be for your definition of a typical PC desktop anno 2010?

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• What is the function from which all other functions can be derived?

  - by ChrisD

  I seem to remember reading about a function that could be used to make all other functions. Does anyone know what it is? And how could such a function be used? I can't remember where I read it and my google-fu is not strong enough.

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• What is the best way to implement this composite GetHashCode()

  - by Frank Krueger

  I have a simple class: public class TileName { int Zoom, X, Y; public override bool Equals (object obj) { var o = obj as TileName; return (o != null) && (o.Zoom == Zoom) && (o.X == X) && (o.Y == Y); } public override int GetHashCode () { return (Zoom + X + Y).GetHashCode(); } } I was curious if I would get a better distribution of hash codes if I instead did something like: public override int GetHashCode () { return Zoom.GetHashCode() + X.GetHashCode() + Y.GetHashCode(); } This class is going to be used as a Dictionary key, so I do want to make sure there is a decent distribution.

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• O(log N) == O(1) - Why not?

  - by phoku

  Whenever I consider algorithms/data structures I tend to replace the log(N) parts by constants. Oh, I know log(N) diverges - but does it matter in real world applications? log(infinity) < 100 for all practical purposes. I am really curious for real world examples where this doesn't hold. To clarify: I understand O(f(N)) I am curious about real world examples where the asymptotic behaviour matters more than the constants of the actual performance. If log(N) can be replaced by a constant it still can be replaced by a constant in O( N log N). This question is for the sake of (a) entertainment and (b) to gather arguments to use if I run (again) into a controversy about the performance of a design.

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• How to save the world from your computer?

  - by Francisco Garcia

  Sometimes I miss the "help other people" factor within computer related careers. Sure that out there I could find many great projects improving society, but that is not common. However there are little things that we all can do to make this a better place beyond trying to erradicate annoynig stuff such as Visual Basic. You could join a cloud computing network such as World Community Grid to fight cancer. Write a charityware application such as Vim, improve an office IT infrastructure to support telecommuting and reduce CO2 emissions, use an ebook reader for saving paper... what else would you? which projects do you think can have an impact?

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• P=NP?-Problem: What are the most promising methods?

  - by phimuemue

  Hello everybody, I know that P=NP has not been solved up to now, but can anybody tell me something about the following: What are currently the most promising mathematical / computer scientific methods that could be helpful to tackle this problem? Or are there even none such methods known to be potentially helpful up to now? Is there any (free) compendium on this topic where I can find all / most of the research done in this area?

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• how to merge file lines having the same first word in python?

  - by user1377135

  I have written a program to merge lines in a file containing the same first word in python. However I am unable to get the desired output. Can anyone please suggest me the mistake in my program? input "file.txt" line1: a b c line2: a b1 c1 line3: d e f line4: i j k line5: i s t line6: i m n ` output a b c a b1 c1 d e f i j k i s t i m n my code a = [line.split() for line in open('file.txt')] L=[] for i in range(0,len(a)): j=i while True: if a[j][0] == a[j+1][0]: L.append(a[j]) L.append(a[j+1]) j=j+2 else: print a[i] print L break

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