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• What is Paging in memory management?

  - by Fasih Khatib

  I was just reading Operating System Principles by Silberschatz et al when I came across paging in memory management.I'm slightly confused about it. It states that Physical Memory(I assume it's RAM) is divided into frames, and logical memory is divided into pages. CPU generates logical addresses containing page number and an offset. This page number is used to retrieve the frame number from a page table which gives the base address so the physical address is calculated as base+offset. My question is: is the page table maintained for every process? I logically think that the answer would be yes as every process will need to map its own pages to frames. I may be wrong. Please clarify. Also: paging and segmentation(where 'holes' are created in memory) are two totally different techniques that are not used in combination. Correct?

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• why need select privileges on *.* to use view?

  - by profy

  I have a problem using view with MySQL server 5.0 (5.0.92) I cannot use view with a user granted like that : GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'testuser'@'' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '**********'; GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON `testuser`.* TO 'testuser'@''; I can create view, but when I try to select in, I have this messages : ERROR 1356 (HY000): View 'testuser.v' references invalid table(s) or column(s) or function(s) or definer/invoker of view lack rights to use them I need to "GRANT SELECT ON . TO 'testuser'@''" to make select working on the view. Why ? Do you know a solution to use VIEW's without the select privileges on . ? Thanks a lots for your answers.

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• It's the ethernet 10/100 in LAN transfer faster than USB 1.0?

  - by dag729

  I have an old laptop (PIII 800MHz, with 256 RAM) that I wish to use as my home server: it'll have to serve just two people, so I think that I'll be more than ok as for the RAM and the CPU. The issue is about data, because the internal hard disk is a 12GB, that is...ridicolous! I have more than 60GB of mixed storage and counting (images, videos and music) in an external usb hd. I could put the hd in my desktop pc just to serve the big files through ethernet or let it inside its usb box attached to the laptop. The question is: which of these solutions will be the fastest? USB 1.0 attached to the server (laptop) or internal hard disk serving files via 10/100 ethernet to the laptop on demand?

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• How can I restrict my mates to stop downloading?

  - by user239295

  We are sharing an internet broadband connection with 6 users at a place we live. We get 20 gb fup ( Fair usage policy) with 2 mbps speed from the ISP after the 20 gb is consumed the speed comes down to 512 kbps very difficult to browse any page. The problem is we cannot track which user/mate is downloading and ending the FUP. it is very difficult to track so is there something that we can allot per user some amount of space like 2 gb of downloading or restrict all from downloading so that we can utilize all the fup till the end of the month. We are using this connection as wifi configured. A adsl router is configured as wifi and we all using all 6 laptops. No PC. Any help would be appreciated. I apologize if i am not clear with my question.

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• Workstation Build: Single 2.66ghz i-7 with overclock potential, OR Dual 5520 2.26ghz Xeons?

  - by jdc0589

  There are probably better places to ask this, but I am used to the excellent quality of responses on stack overflow. I am rebuilding my desktop in a few months. Aside from normal lightweight internet usage, I use it to run sqlServer, mySql, 1-2 Ubuntu VMs from time to time, lots of IDE's, and a media server for my PS3. The two possible setups cost the exact same amount (within $50) and would both have 12gb 1333mhz ddr3 ram and a 500gb RAID-0 array (250x2). Now, If I go with a single i-7 920 2.66ghz quadcore, I can easily overclock it to 3ghz, and would have cash leftover to get a 160gb ssd (either the ocz vertex or the 120gb intel) for the main OS/Program install drive. Else, I could get a dual lga1366 motherboard with two e5520 Xeon's (2.26ghz),just use the disks I already have. So, do I go for 8 physical/16 virtual cores at 2.26ghz (No overclocking on server boards) with normal disk I/O, or a 4 physical/8 virtual cores at 3.0ghz with really outstanding disk I/O?

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• Real RAM latency

  - by user32569

  Hi, very quick question. When I look for RAM timing, I got 2 different explanations on what is CAS latency. First states, its the time after command to read has been issued from CPU and data are send to data bus. Second says its time betwen column in memory layout has been activated. So, where is the truth? I mean, when I want to know total RAM latenci, in case 1, ot would be just CAS times one clock time. In second case, it would be CAS+other things like RAstoCAS and so times one clock time. Thanks.

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• Full computer freeze with audio stuttering after playing games for a period of time

  - by Wes

  I've been having a problem with my computer freezing completely when playing games like LA Noire or SW:TOR (yay early access!). Basically, what happens is I will play for around an hour or so (depending on the game) and when the freeze happens, the entire computer locks up and any audio that was being played glitches out and stutters broken-record style (only much shorter. Very techno). I think it might be heat related and thought it might be my video card overheating, so I have been setting my video card (Nvidia Geforce 260GTX 216-core) fan to highest setting, but that has little to no effect. Now I'm beginning to think it's either my FSB or CPU overheating. Can anyone provide some insight or similar experiences? I'm really at a loss and don't wanna damage my rig beyond repair.

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• How do you interpret `strace` on an apache process returning `restart_syscall`?

  - by indiehacker

  We restart an apache server every day because RAM usage reaches its limit. Though of value See this serverfault answer, I dont think lowering the MaxClients in the apache configuration is a solution to the unknown root problem. Can you make sense out of the below data? Below is an extract of what $top with M returns: 20839 www-data 20 0 1008m 359m 22m S 4 4.8 1:52.61 apache2 20844 www-data 20 0 1008m 358m 22m S 1 4.8 1:51.85 apache2 20842 www-data 20 0 1008m 356m 22m S 1 4.8 1:54.60 apache2 20845 www-data 20 0 944m 353m 22m S 0 4.7 1:51.80 apache2 and then investigating a single process with $sudo strace -p 20839 returns only this one line, which is cryptic, for me: restart_syscall(<... resuming interrupted call ...> <unfinished ...> Any insights? Thanks.

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• Safari 7 SSL error if using IP-adress

  - by K. Biermann

  I have created my own CA for internal usage and set the root certificate to trustworthy on my machines. With this CA I signed the SSL-certificates for my internal servers. I only address them with their IP and so I used the servers' IP as certificate name. If i connect to the Servers with Chrome or mobile Safari it works without problems, but if I use Safari 7 under Mavericks (on the same machine with the same keychain) i get the following error: "The certificate is not valid (host name mismatch)". I double checked that I entered the correct IP ("https://192.168.2.130"), but I always get the same error. Do I need to enter a different name for the certificate or is it just that Safari doesn't support SSL certificates for IPs? Here is a screenshot of the error message (I can only post images with at least 10 rep): Safari's error message Thanks in advantage and please excuse my bad English :D

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• Server freeze restarted quickly so how do I fiond what went wrong?

  - by Charlie

  I have a SQL SERVER DB running on a windows server 2008 (VMWare) Yesterday I could not RDP to it so I ended some RDP sessions which were left logged in. This seemed to solve the problem. However last night I learned that the DB was inaccessible and unresponsive to customers. My colleague checked the server but again is unable to create an RDP connection. He then restarted the server and since it has been fine. Looking at the CPU Readings of the Server it spiked up to 100% before the original RDP problem .After I ended the extra seeions uit again dropped down to normal levels however before the time of the customer complaint it had rose to 100% again - before it had to be restarted. Is there anyway I can investigate which processes may have caused the problem in the first place. Would there be some kind of memory dump from when it was restarted. I would prefer to find out what is wrong now instead of waiting until it happens again.

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• How to configure in crontab with condition statement for checks

  - by chz

  We like to monitor the NAS storage mounted on a linux box. We only like to be notified via mail when the usage exceeds a certain number say 80. We have only seen in linux books where most of them are calling shell scripts at certain times. How do we write inside crontab to only mail us if it exceeds 80 ? Usual eg 2 2 * * * /home/someUser/script.sh 2&1 | mail [email protected] Looking for solution like below 2 2 * * * if [ someNumber "80" ] ; then /home/someUser/script.sh | mail [email protected] Sincerely

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• Why does Resource Monitor in windows 7 show half my memory as "Hardware Reserved"?

  - by Brandon

  Does anyone know why in Windows 7 Resource Monitor shows that I have 8 GB of RAM installed on my computer, but I only have 3.2 GB available as 4.8 GB are in "Hardware Reserve". I researched this issue and tried going into msconfig and making sure that in the boot options the number of processors and max memory options were turned off. I also opened the computer up and reseated each of the memory sticks while clearing out any dust that was in there. Some info on the system I am using: OS: Windows 7 Enterprise 64-bit Edition CPU: AMD Phenom X4 9750 Memory: 4 X 2GB DDR2 memory Motherboard: MS-7548 (Aspen) Any help would be much appreciated.

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• Linux freezes every few seconds

  - by Zeppomedio

  We're having an issue where one our Linux boxes (Ubuntu 10.04 LTS, running on EC2 with a quadruple-large size, 68GB of RAM and 8 virtual cores with 3.25GHz each) freezes up every few seconds. Typing in an ssh session will freeze, and running strace on one of the Postgresql processes that's running usually shows: 02:37:41.567990 semop(7831581, {{3, -1, 0}}, 1 for a few seconds before it proceeds (it always gets stuck at that semop). OProfile shows that most of the time is spent in the kernel (60%) versus 37% in Postgresql. The result of these halts (which began suddenly a day ago) is that load on the box has gone from 0.7 to 10+, and causes our entire stack to slow done. Any ideas on how to track down what's going on? iostat doesn't show the disks being particularly slow or overloaded, and top shows user cpu % spike from 8% to about 40% whenever these back-ups happen.

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• How can I pin point a USB file transfer bottleneck in Unix?

  - by HankHendrix

  I'm experiencing very slow data transfer speeds over USB 2.0 on my nix box and was wondering how I can pin-point the cause of the problem. I've looked into iotop and top but the cpu and mem figures look normal (compared to guides I have checked). The box which is affected is Ubuntu 12.04 32bit Server running on an Asus EEE 701 2G model and I am transferring from the OS over USB 2.0 to an external HDD (which transfers at 30MB/s+ on Windows 7 on other machine). I get rsync write speeds of 1MB/s from OS to USB HDD which seems ridiculously slow. These speeds are consistent with other USB HDDs and sticks.

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• Offer me an ASP.NET & a SQL Server 2008 server specifications for about 2000 concurrent users, please.

  - by amkh

  We have a web application project wich will be created using ASP.NET 4.0, Entity Framework, and SQL Sever 2008 R2. To meet the needs, suppose a normal page of this application that has a query which it takes 10 miliseconds to response on a Core2 Quad @ 2.8GHz proccessor with 2x2GB of DDR3 Ram (EntityFramework overheads are considered). And we will have about 2000 concurrent user at peek times. So, what is the best recommended specifications (CPU/RAM/RAID/...) for the server which will be host this application? -- Or -- How can I calculate that?

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• How do I log file system read/writes by filename in Linux?

  - by Casey

  I'm looking for a simple method that will log file system operations. It should display the name of the file being accessed or modified. I'm familiar with powertop, and it appears this works to an extent, in so much that it show the user files that were written to. Is there any other utilities that support this feature. Some of my findings: powertop: best for write access logging, but more focused on CPU activity iotop: shows real time disk access by process, but not file name lsof: shows the open files per process, but not real time file access iostat: shows the real time I/O performance of disk/arrays but does not indicate file or process

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• aptana/eclipse blocks other apps

  - by waquner

  Hi, I've got a fresh win7 installation, the only apps installed so far are aptana (beta 3)/eclipse and firefox + chrome (except antivirus and drivers) Every time I start aptana, chrome and firefox are blocked, so firefox can't load a webpage (or sometimes takes veeeery long) and chrome doesn't even take care of events (so for example hovering over a link doesn't change the cursor and a click does...nothing or typing in an url, press enter - nothing happens) First I thought, aptana downloads something and blocks my internet connection... but IE works well and also there are no signs in the taskmanager (cpu%, network or memory) When I close Aptana, all works as before. I tried updating Java, which didn't help... On my office-computer I use the same apps and it works perfect. Got any ideas? TIA, waquner

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• What are the current options to encrypted a partition on mac os x ?

  - by symbion

  I recently got my laptop stolen with some sensitive informations on it (personal source code, bank details in a secure file, passwords, etc) and I learnt the lesson: encrypt your sensitive data. Now, I am wondering what are the options to encrypt a partition (not an encrypt disk image) ? Aim: The aim is to prevent anyone (except me) to access those data. Requirement 0: The software must be able to encrypt non system partition. Requirement 1: Plausible deniability is required but preventing cold boot attack is however not an absolute requirement (I am not famous enough or have sensitive enough info to have this kind of requirement). Requirement 2 : Software taking advantage of AES hardware encryption are very welcome as I intent to get a Macbook Pro with i7 CPU (with AES-NI enabled instructions). I will have avirtual machine running in the encrypted partition. Requirement 3 : Free or reasonably cheap. Requirement 4 : Software must run on Mac OS X Snow Leopard or Lion. So far, TrueCrypt is the only option I have found. Regards,

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• Looking for an open source real-time network analysis program

  - by JrSysAdmin

  Can somebody recommend an open source real-time network analysis program? What I'm looking for the program to do is display a graph of bandwidth usage by IP within our internal network that can quickly be viewed any time we need to (typically when we want to quickly find out who is utilizing high amounts of bandwidth and slowing down the network). We ideally simply want to hook up a monitor on the wall of our server room to a system whose NIC will be in permissive mode to log all network activity in a visual manner which can easily be seen and running 24/7. Prefer open source as I do not have a budget for this project and prefer open source projects in general. I'd also prefer for this to be available for CentOS but any linux distro or Windows OS would be acceptable. Thanks!

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• How can I deactivate the gnome desktop of my ubuntu server?

  - by 19 Lee

  I'm running a home server on my old laptop (atom cpu). I installed ubuntu 12.04 server edition, but I also installed ubuntu-desktop. So, when I turn it on, ubuntu desktop is shown. I sometimes use GUI, but I want to turn the ubuntu-desktop (gnome-desktop) off when I don't use it. I think I can save resources by turning off the GUI. It's necessary since my laptop's performance is not very good and it often becomes very hot. I guess I can run ubuntu-desktop on my terminal with "startx" command. But, I don't know how to turn the X window off for a moment. Anybody have an idea? Thanks in advance.

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• Passenger/Rails not releasing memory

  - by michaeldelorenzo

  I have an Ubuntu server running three separate Rails (2.3.8) applications with Passenger, REE and Apache. Recently we started experiencing problems with ruby processes eating up memory and consuming entire cores on our server. Here's what we're getting... %CPU PID USER COMMAND 99.9 1717 nobody Rails: /var/www/api 99.6 5542 nobody Rails: /var/www/api 97.3 1223 nobody Rails: /var/www/api 4.7 5537 nobody Passenger ApplicationSpawner: /var/www/api 10.5 1801 nobody Rails: /var/www/api We've also seen instances where there have been over 100 instances of Apache running. These applications have been running for a few months without an of these issues, but in the last day or so we've been noticing this. The site referenced here is a Rails application that is a RESTful API so it serves many requests every minute. Any guidance on what we should be checking or looking out for would be appreciated.

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• bottle.py on EC2 micro instance causes 2 order of magnitude slowdown

  - by user61633

  Cross-posted from StackOverflow: I wrote a little toy script to solve this type of game, and put it on my new micro EC2 instance. It works perfectly, but while it takes around 0.5 seconds to run a local version, and takes under 0.5 seconds to run both the local and the bottle.py version on my home computer, running the bottle.py version on the EC2 instance takes over 2 minutes. Python has the cpu pegged at 99% the entire time. Only 7.4% memory usage, consistently, and no swapping. The only guess I have is initialization time for bottle.py on EC2, but if it were that, why would it be ~200x faster on my own computer with bottle.py?

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• VPS showing low disk space despite there is nothing major on it

  - by SheoNarayyan

  Hello experts, On my VPS server I was trying to see the used disk space and when I open My Computer it shows 17.9 GB free out of 39.8 GB it means that 21.9 GB space is used. However, when I select all files and folders from C: and try to see the total size, it just count approximately 11 GB. The difference is around 10 GB. Where is this 10 GB going if I have not stored anything else here? I asked above question from my VPS provider and he responded below Check hidden files/system files/etc. This is default windows OS and its utilization and not specific to setup. If you want specifics of usage, you can go ahead and get in touch with Microsoft support team and they'll provide you with exact specification of the same. I am sure that Windows OS must not be taking up 10 GB space for hidden files and folders. My VPS has Windows Server 2008 R2 installed. Can anyone help me in this on who is right?

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• Reducing storage cost by moving old files to external USB HDDs. Your thoughts?

  - by cparker4486

  I've got about 300GB of pictures and marketing data that is rarely accessed and I'd like to get it off my main storage. I was thinking to simply add two external USB HDDs to the server and move all the files to one of the drives. The second drive would be the backup destination for the first drive. I'm working with Server 2003 R2 SP2. This will help me free a good amount of space on my main storage as well as reduce the complexity, backup window, and usage of my backups to tape.

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• C# performance varying due to memory

  - by user1107474

  Hope this is a valid post here, its a combination of C# issues and hardware. I am benchmarking our server because we have found problems with the performance of our quant library (written in C#). I have simulated the same performance issues with some simple C# code- performing very heavy memory-usage. The code below is in a function which is spawned from a threadpool, up to a maximum of 32 threads (because our server has 4x CPUs x 8 cores each). This is all on .Net 3.5 The problem is that we are getting wildly differing performance. I run the below function 1000 times. The average time taken for the code to run could be, say, 3.5s, but the fastest will only be 1.2s and the slowest will be 7s- for the exact same function! I have graphed the memory usage against the timings and there doesnt appear to be any correlation with the GC kicking in. One thing I did notice is that when running in a single thread the timings are identical and there is no wild deviation. I have also tested CPU-bound algorithms and the timings are identical too. This has made us wonder if the memory bus just cannot cope. I was wondering could this be another .net or C# problem, or is it something related to our hardware? Would this be the same experience if I had used C++, or Java?? We are using 4x Intel x7550 with 32GB ram. Is there any way around this problem in general? Stopwatch watch = new Stopwatch(); watch.Start(); List<byte> list1 = new List<byte>(); List<byte> list2 = new List<byte>(); List<byte> list3 = new List<byte>(); int Size1 = 10000000; int Size2 = 2 * Size1; int Size3 = Size1; for (int i = 0; i < Size1; i++) { list1.Add(57); } for (int i = 0; i < Size2; i = i + 2) { list2.Add(56); } for (int i = 0; i < Size3; i++) { byte temp = list1.ElementAt(i); byte temp2 = list2.ElementAt(i); list3.Add(temp); list2[i] = temp; list1[i] = temp2; } watch.Stop(); (the code is just meant to stress out the memory) I would include the threadpool code, but we used a non-standard threadpool library. EDIT: I have reduced "size1" to 100000, which basically doesn't use much memory and I still get a lot of jitter. This suggests it's not the amount of memory being transferred, but the frequency of memory grabs?

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