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• How to get the summarized sizes of folders and their subfolders?

  - by Kau-Boy

  Let's say I want to get the size of each folder of a linux file system. When I use ls -la I don't really get the summarized size of the folders. If I use df I get the size of each mounted file system but that also doesn't help me. And with du I get the size of each subfolder and the summary of the whole file system. But I want to have only the summarized size of each folder within the ROOT folder of the file system. Is there any command to achiev that?

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• remove apache tar binary package in centos

  - by user119720

  I need help in removing binary package that had been installed in my linux machine. The scenario that I am having are such as like this: I've already install latest apache that I get from its website(httpd.apache.org) through Unix binary package(tar.gz) After successfully install program,the apache server web perfectly without any issues. But then I having a thought,if there are another latest release version of apache in the future,then I need to make sure that i can upgrading current apache or reinstalling the new version apache. So my question is, how do I ensure that I have remove the old remove apache and all its dependencies so that it will not having conflict(probably) when installing the new apache. Right now the only thing that i can think of is to remove all the apache folder manually : rm -rf /apache2 Hope someone can shed some light about this.Thanks.

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• cat contents of one file into another file

  - by Attila O.

  I have a large (binary) file that has some corruption near the beginning. Then, I have a second, smaller file that I obtain by starting to download the same file again, but interrupt after I have enough bytes to fix the original one. My question is, how do I simply overwrite the beginning of the large file with the contents of the second, smaller file? I could use cat, tail and head, but that would create a copy of the file. There must be a more efficient way. Oh yes, and I'm looking for a linux command-line solution, if that wasn't obvious. I'm using bash, but I have other shells if that helps.

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• Blank screen after grub menu

  - by Tim

  I just rebooted an Ubuntu Server 10.04. After choosing boot options in the grub menu, though, it just displays a black screen with the blinking white underscore in the upper-left corner. The machine has had (hardware) trouble with networking before, but the problem remains after 10 minutes, so I don't think it's the problem now. Booting into recovery mode or using earlier kernels yields the same problem. This also happens if I boot from another hard-drive. I haven't yet tried to boot from CD as the machine lacks a CD reader. How should I diagnose the problem? Update: My boot options are: recordfail insmod ext2 set root='(hd0,1)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 567[redacted] linux /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-29-generic root=UUID=567[redacted] ro quiet splash initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-29-generic Update: Also, I cannot access the virtual terminals (ctrl+alt+Fn).

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• need for tcp fine-tuning on heavily used proxy server

  - by Vijay Gharge

  Hi all, I am using squid like Internet proxy server on RHEL 4 update 6 & 8 with quite heavy load i.e. 8k established connections during peak hour. Without depending much on application provider's expertise I want to achieve maximum o/p from linux. W.r.t. that I have certain questions as following: How to find out if there is scope for further tcp fine-tuning (without exhausting available resources) as the benchmark values given by vendor looks poor! Is there any parameter value that is available from OS / network stack that will show me the results. If at all there is scope, how shall I identify & configure OS tcp stack parameters i.e. using sysctl or any specific parameter Post tuning how shall I clearly measure performance enhancement / degradation ?

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• Should I use VFAT or ext3 for a 1Tb external usb hard drive?

  - by ihuston

  I have a 1 Tb USB external hard drive which I want to use to backup data from my home and office desktops (both running Linux). Should I format the drive (possibly split into a few partitions) as vfat or ext3? I don't anticipate using the drive with Windows very often so this is not a primary concern. The main thing holding me back from just using ext3 is the problems you can have when two different users (home and work accounts) try to access each others data. Is there any way to mount an ext3 drive with user id mapping?

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• Separate brightness/power-saving settings for multiple monitors

  - by MariusMatutiae

  At home, I connect my laptop to an external monitor. Under Linux X server, it works perfectly. Occasionally I watch a movie on the external monitor. When I do, I would like to fold the laptop shut, and just relax. This however triggers my settings for dimming the screen after 10 minutes of inactivity, which in turn extends to the external monitor. I know I could solve the problem by setting dimming to "Never", but this is a waste, causes the laptop to overheat, and is bad for the normal laptop use. How can I set the power saving/brightness specs for the external monitor, independently of the onboard one? I run Debian or Arch, under KDE.

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• Opening firewall to incoming port 443

  - by jrdioko

  I recently set up the ufw firewall on a Linux machine so that outgoing connections are allowed, incoming connections are denied, and denied connections are logged. This seems to work fine for most cases, but I see many denied connections that are incoming on port 443 (many with IPs associated with Facebook). I can open that port to incoming connections, but first wanted to ask what these could be. Shouldn't HTTPS requests be initiated by me and be treated as outbound, not inbound connections? Is it typical to open incoming port 443 on consumer firewalls?

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• Can't `mount -o loop` an ISO from an NFS share (RHEL)

  - by warren

  I have a large NFS share with a variety of software ISOs on it. I've only tried this on Red Hat Enterprise Linux, but when trying to do the following, the mount comes back with an error indicating no permissions to mount. Why would this be happening? NFS is mounted thusly: mediaserver:path/to/isos /media/nfs This is the mount call that fails mount -o loop /media/nfs/product.iso /tmp/product If I copy the ISO, there is no issue. The NFS share is mounted rw. How can I loop mount the ISO from the NFS share without copying it first?

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• What should a hosting company do to prepare for IPv6?

  - by Josh

  At the time of writing The IPv4 Depletion Site estimates there are 300 days remaining before all IPv4 addresses have been allocated. I've been following the depletion of IPv4 addresses for some time and realize the "crisis" has been going on for many years and IPv4 addresses have lasted longer than expected, however... As the systems administrator for a small SaaS / website hosting company, what steps should I be taking to prepare for IPv6? We run a handful of CentOS and Ubuntu Linux systems on managed hardware in a remote datacenter. All our servers have IPv6 addresses but they appear to be link local addresses. Our primary business function is website hosting on a proprietary website CMS system. One of my concerns is SSL certificates; at the moment every customer with an SSL certificate gets a dedicated IPv4 IP address. What else should I be concerned about / what action should I take to be prepared for IPv4 depletion?

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• Post raid5 setup reboot shows single hard drive failure on ubuntu 12.10?

  - by junkie

  I just set up raid 5 on linux using three HDDs as per a guide. It all went fine until when I rebooted I got the following text: http://i.stack.imgur.com/Zsfjk.jpg. Does this mean one of my HDDs has failed? How do I check if any of them are failing? I tried using smartctl and didn't see any issues. Or is it nothing to do with failure and something else altogether? I would like to get the raid 5 working again but I'm not sure where to go from here. I'm using ubuntu 12.10 and the three raid disks each have a gpt partition with a single full size partition of filesystem type ext4. Note I only got an error on reboot not while I was creating the raid array which went fine. Thanks.

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• Creating user accounts in Amazon EC2

  - by Tvanover

  I am putting together a test environment using Amazon's EC2 for me and some friends to collaborate on a project. I am not a server guy but I do know my way around a bash prompt and have done some work on ubuntu before. I am using Amazon Linux AMI i386 EBS and have gotten apache and php running. Now I need to create the user accounts my friends and I will use to upload files (sftp) and work on the project (ssh). How should I go about this? Should I just use adduser and configure it like normal? Or should I use the AWS IAM groups?

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• Port forwarding with DNAT and SNAT without touching other packets

  - by w00t

  I have a Linux gateway with iptables which does routing and port forwarding. I want the port forwarding to happen independent of the routing. To port forward, I add this to the nat table: iptables -t nat -A "$PRE" -p tcp -d $GW --dport $fromPort -j DNAT --to-destination $toHost:$toPort iptables -t nat -A "$POST" -p tcp -d $toHost --dport $toPort -j SNAT --to $SRC $PRE and POST are actually destination-specific chains that I jump to from the PREROUTING and POSTROUTING chains respectively so I can keep the iptables clean. $SRC is the IP address I'm SNATing to which is different from the gateway IP $GW. The problem with this setup is that regular routed packets that were not DNATed but happen to go to the same $toHost:$toPort combo will also be SNATed. I wish to avoid this. Any clever things I can do?

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• Is rsync --delete safe in case of disk failure

  - by enedene

  I have two data hard drives on my Linux server and I use second as a backup for a first drive. I use rsync for that purpose. An example would be: rsync -r -v --delete /media/disk1/ /media/disk2/ What this does is that it copies every file/directory from /media/disk1/ to /media/disk2/ but also deletes any difference. For example, lets say that files A and B but not file C are on disk1, and on disk2 there is no A and B files, but there is C. The result would be that after the command on disk2 I'd have files A and B, but file C would be deleted, just like on disk1. Now, a rather disastrous scenario had crossed my mind; what if disk1 dies, system continues to work since system files are on my system disk, but when rsync tries to backup my data on disk2 from broken disk1, it deletes all the files from disk2 because it can't read anything on disk1. Is this a possible scenario, or is there a protection from it build in rsync?

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• Issues with hard disk secure erase

  - by John Watson

  I want to completely wipe all the data and both OSes (Ubuntu and Windows 7) from my hard drive. I tried DBAN but it gives me an error and does not run. I am looking for an alternative. After reading some articles online, I came to know that, using a Linux live CD, it can be done using either of following commands. a) sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda b) sudo shred -vfz -n 1 /dev/sda My questions are 1) Which option (a or b) is more secure (wipes everything) and faster? 2) Does either of the options damage the hard drive or anything? I want to use hard drive again i.e. installing Windows and Ubuntu again.

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• Server responses "bus error" to every command

  - by Temnovit

  I have a linux machine dedicated to MySQL server with a pretty high load. Today I woke up and was terrified to see, that database server is down. I could connect to it via SSH, but it was responding with bus error to each and every command. [root@r1304 home]# ls Bus error [root@r1304 home]# tail /var/log/messages Bus error [root@r1304 home]# reboot Bus error [root@r1304 home]# free -m Bus error [root@r1304 home]# chkdisk Bus error I went to Data Center and did a hard reset, which seemed to help, but after a half an hour situation reapeated and now I can't even connet via SSH anymore. Any ideas what this could be? how to diagnose such a problem and what are possible fixes? Server has 32 GB RAM, 2xSSD drives with software RAID UPDATE According to Zabbix, when MySQL died, number of processes stated to increase drammaticaly, until I did a hard reset. What could those be? Number of processes

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• cdrom drive doesn't work on laptop

  - by bozdoz

  Here's as best as I can describe it: When starting up, the boot order doesn't recognize the cdrom drive, but I can open and close the drive during this time. In Windows 7, I can't open the cdrom drive, and it doesn't recognize it in device manager, disk management, or my computer. In Ubuntu Linux, I can open the cdrom drive, but it still doesn't recognize the cds, and it won't mount. If I reformat everything, would my cdrom drive work again? Can I reinstall Windows without a cdrom drive? I've deleted the upper and lower filters as was suggested in Google searches. Took the disk drive out and checked that it was installed correctly (no reason it shouldn't have been). Still: nothing works.

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• How restore qmail backup files

  - by Maysam

  We are using qmail as our mail application on a linux server. A few weeks ago our server crashed and we had everything installed from scratch and our users started to send & receive email again. The problem is they have lost their old emails. We have a back up of the whole qmail directory. But I don't know how to restore the old emails without losing the new ones. It's worth mentioning that I don't have any problem with restoring old sent mails. When I copy email files into .sent-mail/cur directory, I have them restored in sent box of users, but restoring files in /cur directory doesn't work for inbox emails and I can't get them restored.

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• When HDD becomes full, how to create a symbolic link to the data store on another disk?

  - by Brij Raj Singh

  I have a Linux Ubuntu machine which has an X GB hard disk. There is folder, say, /opt/software/data. The disk /dev/sda1 is almost full and I have attached another disk at /dev/sda2 which is mounted at /hdd2. Is it possible for me to link the folders /opt/software/data with /hdd2/software/data so, that every file get stored in the /hdd2/software/data but may be referred from the /opt/software/data? I can't do a reinstall of the software that creates this data, to change the default location of storage.

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• How can I fix my C++ compiler as it isn't loaded by default?

  - by GNR

  Recently I had installed the Ubuntu flavour of the Linux operating system. I had opened a terminal and just wrote a sample C program to check if it is compiling. When I saved the sample file and compiled with cc a.c, errors comes that the standard library is not loaded (i.e stdio.h). When I went to help pages, it says that the C or C++ compiler doesnt gets loaded by default and we should do it ourselves. So can anyone help me out to fix this problem, i.e to load the C/C++ compiler.

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• Replacement for NIS/YP

  - by mdpc

  The company that I am working for is embarking on replacing the current locally developed NIS/YP structure with LDAP. We already have AD in house for the Windows stuff and would like to consider using an AD system. The AD people are quite restrictive and would not support extensive modifications. We have needs to have the replacement include the support the full capabilities of the NIS/YP suite include netgroups, login restrictions to specific servers for specific users or groups of users, consistent passwords between the *nix and Windows environment,etc. Our environment is a mixture of Linux (suse, RH, Debian), Sun, IBM, HP and MPRAS as well as a NETAPP. So whatever we use must be totally inclusive to all environment. We have looked at Likewise, but our management wants other alternatives to compare with. What other things should I be looking at and what is you assessment of the alternative? Thanks

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• how to google a symbol keyword like "$?"

  - by ZhengZhiren

  i saw a trick in a book: in a linux shell, we can use &? to get the return value of a command. For example,we run a command,if it exit normally, the return value is 0. And then we type $?,we will get 0 in the screen. i want to google this kind of usage, so i have to type these two symbol $? in the search blank.But the search engine just return nothing to me... i have looked at the google help page, but still can't find a solution. so my question is: how can i search with this kind of keyword. or if you can give me some advise of the usage of $? or sort of thing, that will be also appreciated.

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• How do you synchronise huge sparse files (VM disk images) between machines?

  - by chrisdew

  Is there a command, such as rsync, which can synchronise huge, sparse, files from one linux server to another? It is very important that the destination file remains sparse. It may be longer (but not bigger) than the drive which contains it. Only changed blocks should be sent across the wire. I have tried rsync, but got no joy. groups.google.com/group/mailing.unix.rsync/browse_thread/thread/94f39271980513d3 If I write a programme to do this, am I just reinventing the wheel? http://www.finalcog.com/synchronise-block-devices Thanks, Chris.

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• How to login without entering username and password

  - by torbengb

  I'm a newbie running Ubuntu 9.10. I have two users (wife and me), and each user's screensaver is set to lock so that on wakeup, we get to choose which user's desktop to go to. However, Ubuntu requires a password, so this is pretty tedious. I'd like to switch users without entering any password. I know about this trick that works for the boot login, but it doesn't deal with multiple users. Is it possible to set empty passwords for users in Ubuntu, or skip the password in other ways? (I'm expecting real Linux users to suggest that passwordless users must not get any rights and there be an admin user with a strong password. Yes, you're right. But that's not what this question is about. Thanks.)

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• How do I prevent 'net ads join' from doing DDNS update?

  - by genehack

  I'm using 'net ads join' to add Linux servers to an AD domain. The servers are multi-homed, with a public IP on eth1 and a non-routable private background network on eth0 (in the 172.20 space, used for netboots and installs and stuff -- no routing to the Internet on that network). When I 'net ads join', it appears that a DDNS entry is getting created for the 172.20 interface. How can I prevent this from happening? (FWIW, my powers at the AD level are very limited -- I can join servers and delete server records but that's about it...)

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