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• Preserve time stamp when shrinking an image

  - by Ckhrysze

  My digital camera takes pictures with a very high resolution, and I have a PIL script to shrink them to 800x600 (or 600x800). However, it would be nice for the resultant file to retain the original timestamp. I noticed in the docs that I can use a File object instead of a name in PIL's image save method, but I don't know if that will help or not. My code is basically name, ext = os.path.splitext(filename) # open an image file (.bmp,.jpg,.png,.gif) you have in the working folder image = Image.open(filename) width = 800 height = 600 w, h = image.size if h > w: width = 600 height = 800 name = name + ".jpg" shunken = image.resize((width, height), Image.ANTIALIAS) shunken.save(name) Thank you for any help you can give!

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• What is going on with the "return fibonacci( number-1 ) + fibonacci( number-2 )"?

  - by user1478598

  I have problem understanding what the return fibonacci( number-1 ) + fibonacci( number-2 ) does in the following program: import sys def fibonacci( number ): if( number <= 2 ): return 1 else: return fibonacci( number-1 ) + fibonacci( number-2 ) The problem is that I can't imagine how this line works: return fibonacci( number-1 ) + fibonacci( number-2 ) Does the both of the "fibonacci( number-1 )" and "fibonacci( number-2 )" being processed at the same time? or the "fibonacci( number-1 )" is the first to be processed and then the second one? I only see that processing both of them would eventually return '1' so the last result I expect to see it is a '1 + 1' = '2' I would appreciate a lot, If someone can elaborately explain the process of its calculation. I think this is a very newb question but I can't really get a picture of its process.

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• NumPy: how to quickly normalize many vectors?

  - by EOL

  How can a list of vectors be elegantly normalized, in NumPy? Here is an example that does not work: from numpy import * vectors = array([arange(10), arange(10)]) # All x's, then all y's norms = apply_along_axis(linalg.norm, 0, vectors) # Now, what I was expecting would work: print vectors.T / norms # vectors.T has 10 elements, as does norms, but this does not work The last operation yields "shape mismatch: objects cannot be broadcast to a single shape". How can the normalization of the 2D vectors in vectors be elegantly done, with NumPy? Edit: Why does the above not work while adding a dimension to norms does work (as per my answer below)?

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• how to get the index or the element itself of an element found with "if element in list"

  - by fmsf

  Hey, Does a direct way to do this exists? if element in aList: #get the element from the list I'm thinking something like this: aList = [ ([1,2,3],4) , ([5,6,7],8) ] element = [5,6,7] if element in aList #print the 8

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• For Django models, is there a shortcut for seeing if a record exists?

  - by Rhubarb

  Say I have a table 'People', is there a way to just quickly check if a People object exists with a name of 'Fred'? I know I can query People.objects.filter(Name='Fred'), and then check the length of the returned result, but is there a way to do it in a more elegant way?

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• Why do I get rows of zeros in my 2D fft?

  - by Nicholas Pringle

  I am trying to replicate the results from a paper. "Two-dimensional Fourier Transform (2D-FT) in space and time along sections of constant latitude (east-west) and longitude (north-south) were used to characterize the spectrum of the simulated flux variability south of 40degS." - Lenton et al(2006) The figures published show "the log of the variance of the 2D-FT". I have tried to create an array consisting of the seasonal cycle of similar data as well as the noise. I have defined the noise as the original array minus the signal array. Here is the code that I used to plot the 2D-FT of the signal array averaged in latitude: import numpy as np from numpy import ma from matplotlib import pyplot as plt from Scientific.IO.NetCDF import NetCDFFile ### input directory indir = '/home/nicholas/data/' ### get the flux data which is in ### [time(5day ave for 10 years),latitude,longitude] nc = NetCDFFile(indir + 'CFLX_2000_2009.nc','r') cflux_southern_ocean = nc.variables['Cflx'][:,10:50,:] cflux_southern_ocean = ma.masked_values(cflux_southern_ocean,1e+20) # mask land nc.close() cflux = cflux_southern_ocean*1e08 # change units of data from mmol/m^2/s ### create an array that consists of the seasonal signal fro each pixel year_stack = np.split(cflux, 10, axis=0) year_stack = np.array(year_stack) signal_array = np.tile(np.mean(year_stack, axis=0), (10, 1, 1)) signal_array = ma.masked_where(signal_array > 1e20, signal_array) # need to mask ### average the array over latitude(or longitude) signal_time_lon = ma.mean(signal_array, axis=1) ### do a 2D Fourier Transform of the time/space image ft = np.fft.fft2(signal_time_lon) mgft = np.abs(ft) ps = mgft**2 log_ps = np.log(mgft) log_mgft= np.log(mgft) Every second row of the ft consists completely of zeros. Why is this? Would it be acceptable to add a randomly small number to the signal to avoid this. signal_time_lon = signal_time_lon + np.random.randint(0,9,size=(730, 182))*1e-05 EDIT: Adding images and clarify meaning The output of rfft2 still appears to be a complex array. Using fftshift shifts the edges of the image to the centre; I still have a power spectrum regardless. I expect that the reason that I get rows of zeros is that I have re-created the timeseries for each pixel. The ft[0, 0] pixel contains the mean of the signal. So the ft[1, 0] corresponds to a sinusoid with one cycle over the entire signal in the rows of the starting image. Here are is the starting image using following code: plt.pcolormesh(signal_time_lon); plt.colorbar(); plt.axis('tight') Here is result using following code: ft = np.fft.rfft2(signal_time_lon) mgft = np.abs(ft) ps = mgft**2 log_ps = np.log1p(mgft) plt.pcolormesh(log_ps); plt.colorbar(); plt.axis('tight') It may not be clear in the image but it is only every second row that contains completely zeros. Every tenth pixel (log_ps[10, 0]) is a high value. The other pixels (log_ps[2, 0], log_ps[4, 0] etc) have very low values.

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• Use the output of logs in the execution of a program

  - by myle

  When I try to create a specific object, the program crashes. However, I use a module (mechanize) which logs useful information just before the crash. If I had somehow this information available I could avoid it. Is there any way to use the information which is logged (when I use the function set_debug_redirects) during the normal execution of the program? Just to be a bit more specific, I try to emulate the login behavior in a webpage. The program crashes because it can't handle a specific Following HTTP-EQUIV=REFRESH to <omitted_url>. Given this url, which is available in the logs but not as part of the exception which is thrown, I could visit this page and complete successfully the login process. Any other suggestions that may solve the problem are welcomed. It follows the code so far. SERVICE_LOGIN_BOX_URL = "https://www.google.com/accounts/ServiceLoginBox?service=adsense&ltmpl=login&ifr=true&rm=hide&fpui=3&nui=15&alwf=true&passive=true&continue=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fadsense%2Flogin-box-gaiaauth&followup=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fadsense%2Flogin-box-gaiaauth&hl=en_US" def init_browser(): # Browser br = mechanize.Browser() # Cookie Jar cj = cookielib.LWPCookieJar() br.set_cookiejar(cj) # Browser options br.set_handle_equiv(True) br.set_handle_gzip(False) br.set_handle_redirect(True) br.set_handle_referer(True) br.set_handle_robots(True) br.set_handle_refresh(mechanize._http.HTTPRefreshProcessor(), max_time=30.0, honor_time=False) # Want debugging messages? #br.set_debug_http(True) br.set_debug_redirects(True) #br.set_debug_responses(True) return br def adsense_login(login, password): br = init_browser() r = br.open(SERVICE_LOGIN_BOX_URL) html = r.read() # Select the first (index zero) form br.select_form(nr=0) br.form['Email'] = login br.form['Passwd'] = password br.submit() req = br.click_link(text='click here to continue') try: # this is where it crashes br.open(req) except HTTPError, e: sys.exit("post failed: %d: %s" % (e.code, e.msg)) return br

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• Fastest way to generate delimited string from 1d numpy array

  - by Abiel

  I have a program which needs to turn many large one-dimensional numpy arrays of floats into delimited strings. I am finding this operation quite slow relative to the mathematical operations in my program and am wondering if there is a way to speed it up. For example, consider the following loop, which takes 100,000 random numbers in a numpy array and joins each array into a comma-delimited string. import numpy as np x = np.random.randn(100000) for i in range(100): ",".join(map(str, x)) This loop takes about 20 seconds to complete (total, not each cycle). In contrast, consider that 100 cycles of something like elementwise multiplication (x*x) would take than one 1/10 of a second to complete. Clearly the string join operation creates a large performance bottleneck; in my actual application it will dominate total runtime. This makes me wonder, is there a faster way than ",".join(map(str, x))? Since map() is where almost all the processing time occurs, this comes down to the question of whether there a faster to way convert a very large number of numbers to strings.

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• How to import modules in Google App Engine?

  - by BrianLy

  I have created a simple GAE app based on the default template. I want to add an external module like short_url. How do I do this? The directions that I have found so far are confusing and GAE doesn't seem to use PYTHONPATH for obvious reasons I guess.

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• [Gdata] GetAuthSubToken returns None

  - by Matt

  Hey guys, I am a little lost on how to get the auth token. Here is the code I am using on the return from authorizing my app: client = gdata.service.GDataService() gdata.alt.appengine.run_on_appengine(client) sessionToken = gdata.auth.extract_auth_sub_token_from_url(self.request.uri) client.UpgradeToSessionToken(sessionToken) logging.info(client.GetAuthSubToken()) what gets logged is "None" so that does seem right :-( if I use this: temp = client.upgrade_to_session_token(sessionToken) logging.info(dump(temp)) I get this: {'scopes': ['http://www.google.com/calendar/feeds/'], 'auth_header': 'AuthSub token=CNKe7drpFRDzp8uVARjD-s-wAg'} so I can see that I am getting a AuthSub Token and I guess I could just parse that and grab the token but that doesn't seem like the way things should work. If I try to use AuthSubTokenInfo I get this: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Applications/GoogleAppEngineLauncher.app/Contents/Resources/GoogleAppEngine-default.bundle/Contents/Resources/google_appengine/google/appengine/ext/webapp/__init__.py", line 507, in __call__ handler.get(*groups) File "controllers/indexController.py", line 47, in get logging.info(client.AuthSubTokenInfo()) File "/Users/matthusby/Dropbox/appengine/projects/FBCal/gdata/service.py", line 938, in AuthSubTokenInfo token = self.token_store.find_token(scopes[0]) TypeError: 'NoneType' object is unsubscriptable so it looks like my token_store is not getting filled in correctly, is that something I should be doing? Also I am using gdata 2.0.9 Thanks Matt

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• stdout and stderr anomalies

  - by momo

  from the interactive prompt: >>> import sys >>> sys.stdout.write('is the') is the6 what is '6' doing there? another example: >>> for i in range(3): ... sys.stderr.write('new black') ... 9 9 9 new blacknew blacknew black where are the numbers coming from?

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• Polynomial fitting with log log plot

  - by viral parekh

  I have a simple problem to fit a straight line on log-log scale. My code is, data=loadtxt(filename) xdata=data[:,0] ydata=data[:,1] polycoeffs = scipy.polyfit(xdata, ydata, 1) yfit = scipy.polyval(polycoeffs, xdata) pylab.plot(xdata, ydata, 'k.') pylab.plot(xdata, yfit, 'r-') Now I need to plot fit line on log scale so I just change x and y axis, ax.set_yscale('log') ax.set_xscale('log') then its not plotting correct fit line. So how can I change fit function (in log scale) so that it can plot fit line on log-log scale? Thanks -Viral

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• How do i use repoze.who?

  - by misterwebz

  I'm having some trouble understanding how repoze.who works. I've followed a tutorial i found by searching on google and here's what i already have: This is what i added in my middleware.py file from repoze.who.config import make_middleware_with_config as make_who_with_config app = make_who_with_config(app, global_conf, app_conf['who.config_file'], app_conf['who.log_file'], app_conf['who.log_level']) Here's the who.ini : http://pastebin.com/w5Tba2Fp Here's repoze_auth.py in /lib/auth/: from paste.httpexceptions import HTTPFound from iwant.model import User class UserModelPlugin(object): def authenticate(self, environ, identity): try: username = identity['login'] password = identity['password'] except KeyError: return None success = User.authenticate(username, password) return success def add_metadata(self, environ, identity): username = identity.get('repoze.who.userid') user = User.get(username) if user is not None: identity['user'] = user I've also checked the plugins in the repoze.who folder, but i failed to understand how it's supposed to be used. I'd appreciate it if someone would push me in the right direction.

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• Assignment to None

  - by Joel

  Hello, I have a function which returns 3 numbers, e.g.: def numbers(): return 1,2,3 usually I call this function to receive all three returned numbers e.g.: a,b,c=numbers() However, I have one case in which I only need the first returned number. I tried using: a, None None = numbers() But I receive "SyntaxError: assignment to None". I know, of course, that i can use the first option I mentioned and then not use "b" and "c", but only "a". However, this seems like a "waste" of two vars and feels like wrong programming. Any ideas? Thanks, Joek

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• Django templates check condition

  - by Hulk

  If there are are no values in the table how can should the code be to indicate no name found else show the drop down box in the below code {% for name in dict.names %} <option value="{{name.id}}" {% for selected_id in selected_name %}{% ifequal name.id selected_id %} {{ selected }} {% endifequal %} {% endfor %}>{{name.firstname}}</option>{% endfor %} </select> Thanks..

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• do I need to use partial?

  - by wiso

  I've a general function, for example (only a simplified example): def do_operation(operation, a, b, name): print name do_something_more(a,b,name, operation(a,b)) def operation_x(a,b): return a**2 + b def operation_y(a,b): return a**10 - b/2. and some data: data = {"first": {"name": "first summation", "a": 10, "b": 20, "operation": operation_x}, "second": {"name": "second summation", "a": 20, "b": 50, "operation": operation_y}, "third": {"name": "third summation", "a": 20, "b": 50, "operation": operation_x}, # <-- operation_x again } now I can do: what_to_do = ("first", "third") # this comes from command line for sum_id in what_to_do: do_operation(data["operation"], data["a"], data["b"], data["name"]) or maybe it's better if I use functools.partial? from functools import partial do_operation_one = do_operation(name=data["first"]["name"], operation=data["first"]["operation"], a=data["first"]["a"], b=data["first"]["b"]) do_operation_two = do_operation(name=data["second"]["name"], operation=data["second"]["operation"] a=data["second"]["a"], b=data["second"]["b"]) do_operation_three = do_operation(name=data["third"]["name"], operation=data["third"]["operation"] a=data["third"]["a"], b=data["third"]["b"]) do_dictionary = { "first": do_operation_one, "second": do_operation_two, "third": do_operation_three } for what in what_to_do: do_dictionary[what]()

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• Server authorization with MD5 and SQL.

  - by Charles

  I currently have a SQL database of passwords stored in MD5. The server needs to generate a unique key, then sends to the client. In the client, it will use the key as a salt then hash together with the password and send back to the server. The only problem is that the the SQL DB has the passwords in MD5 already. Therefore for this to work, I would have to MD5 the password client side, then MD5 it again with the salt. Am I doing this wrong, because it doesn't seem like a proper solution. Any information is appreciated.

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• Group Chat XMPP with Google App Engine

  - by David Shellabarger

  Google App Engine has a great XMPP service built in. One of the few limitations it has is that it doesn't support receiving messages from a group chat. That's the one thing I want to do with it. :( Can I run a 3rd party XMPP/Jabber server on App Engine that supports group chat? If so, which one?

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• Inside a decorator-class, access instance of the class which contains the decorated method

  - by ifischer

  I have the following decorator, which saves a configuration file after a method decorated with @saveconfig is called: class saveconfig(object): def __init__(self, f): self.f = f def __call__(self, *args): self.f(object, *args) # Here i want to access "cfg" defined in pbtools print "Saving configuration" I'm using this decorator inside the following class. After the method createkvm is called, the configuration object self.cfg should be saved inside the decorator: class pbtools() def __init__(self): self.configfile = open("pbt.properties", 'r+') # This variable should be available inside my decorator self.cfg = ConfigObj(infile = self.configfile) @saveconfig def createkvm(self): print "creating kvm" My problem is that i need to access the object variable self.cfg inside the decorator saveconfig. A first naive approach was to add a parameter to the decorator which holds the object, like @saveconfig(self), but this doesn't work. How can I access object variables of the method host inside the decorator? Do i have to define the decorator inside the same class to get access?

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• Is Django a good choice for a security critical application?

  - by Andrei Savu

  Is Django a good choice for a security critical application? I am asking this because most of the online banking software is built using Java. Is there any real reason for this?

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• How to get "paster request" to use config host value instead of localhost?

  - by mmartinez

  I'm trying to access my pylons application via cron job to send notifications to my users. The way I'm doing this is by running the application using something like: paster request myconfig.ini /maintenance/do In the actual controller I check for the "paste.command_request" to block public access. Everything works but the only problem is that within the notifications that I send to my users there is a link to their profile and the host is "localhost" which should instead be the domain name of the application. When the notifications are sent from within the served application (say, a user modifies their settings on the site) the notifications have the correct url. I am using mako to render my email tamplates and within the template I am using the "pylons.url" method with "qualified" set to "True". Am I missing something here? Thanks in advance.

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• Good way to edit the previous defined class in ipython

  - by leo

  Hi, I am wondering a good way to follow if i would like to redefine the members of a previous defined class in ipython. say : I have defined a class intro like below, and later i want to redefine part of the function definition _print_api. Any way to do that without retyping it . class intro(object): def _print_api(self,obj): def _print(key): if key.startswith('_'): return '' value = getattr(obj,key) if not hasattr(value,im_func): doc = type(valuee).__name__ else: if value.__doc__ is None: doc = 'no docstring' else: doc = value.__doc__ return ' %s :%s' %(key,doc) res = [_print(element) for element in dir(obj)] return '\n'.join([element for element in res if element != '']) def __get__(self,instance,klass): if instance is not None: return self._print(instance) else: return self._print_api(klass)

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• PDB: exception when in console - full stack trace

  - by EoghanM

  When at the pdb console, entering a statement which causes an exception results in just a single line stack trace, e.g. (Pdb) someFunc() *** TypeError: __init__() takes exactly 2 arguments (1 given) However I'd like to figure out where exactly in someFunc the error originates. i.e. in this case, which class __init__ is attached to. Is there a way to get a full stack trace in Pdb?

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• How to run unittest for Django?

  - by photon

  I configured properties for my django project under pydev. I can run the django app under pydev or under console window. But I have problems to run unittest under pydev. I cannot run unittest for app under console window either. I guessed it's something related to run configurations of pydev, so I made several trials, but with no success. Once I got messages like this: ImportError: Could not import settings 'D:\django_projects\MyProject' (Is it on sys.path? Does it have syntax errors?): No module named D:\django_projects\MyProject ERROR: Module: MyUnittestFile could not be imported. Another time I got messages like this: ImportError: Could not import settings 'MyProject.settngs' (Is it on sys.path? Does it have syntax errors?): No module named settngs 'ERROR: Module: MyUnittestFile could not be imported. I use pydev 1.5.6 on eclipse and windows xp. Any ideas for this problem? Now I think it's not something related to pydev, thanks for Xavier Ho's suggestion.

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• How to get debugging of an App Engine application working?

  - by Chris Lacy

  I've got 10+ years in C/C++, and it appears Visual Studio has spoilt me during that time. In Visual Studio, debbuging issimple: I just add a breakpoint to a line of code, and as soon as that code is executed, my breakpoint triggers, at which point I can view a callstack, local/member variables, etc. I'm trying to achieve this functionality under App Engine. I assume that is possible? All the searching I've done to this point has led me to using Pydev in Eclipse. As best I can tell, I am successfully launching my simple 'hello world' program in Debug mode. But the IDE doesn't even seem to have an option to set a breakpoint? I must be missing something. I've googled long and hard about this, but am having no luck. Most results trace back to the same old threads that don't deal directly with my issue. Can anyone shed some light on how you get basic debugging setup using Pydev/Eclipse with App Engine? Alternatively, if there's an easier way to debug App Engine than using Pydev/Eclipse, I'd love to hear about it. Thanks in advance.

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