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• Unity custom shaders and z-fighting

  - by Heisenbug

  I've just readed a chapter of Unity iOS Essential by Robert Wiebe. It shows a solution for handling z-figthing problem occuring while rendering a street on a plane with the same y offset. Basically it modified Normal-Diffuse shader provided by Unity, specifing the (texture?) offset in -1, -1. Here's basically what the shader looks like: Shader "Custom/ModifiedNormalDiffuse" { Properties { _Color ("Main Color", Color) = (1,1,1,1) _MainTex ("Base (RGB)", 2D) = "white" {} } SubShader { Offset -1,-1 //THIS IS THE ADDED LINE Tags { "RenderType"="Opaque" } LOD 200 CGPROGRAM #pragma surface surf Lambert sampler2D _MainTex; fixed4 _Color; struct Input { float2 uv_MainTex; }; void surf (Input IN, inout SurfaceOutput o) { half4 c = tex2D (_MainTex, IN.uv_MainTex) *_Color; o.Albedo = c.rgb; o.Alpha = c.a; } ENDCG } FallBack "Diffuse" } Ok. That's simple and it works. The author says about it: ...we could use a copy of the shader that draw the road at an Offset of -1, -1 so that whenever the two textures are drawn, the road is always drawn last. I don't know CG nor GLSL, but I've a little bit of experience with HLSL. Anyway I can't figure out what exactly is going on. Could anyone explain me what exactly Offset directly does, and how is solves z-fighting problems?

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• How to store a shmup level?

  - by pek

  I am developing a 2D shmup (i.e. Aero Fighters) and I was wondering what are the various ways to store a level. Assuming that enemies are defined in their own xml file, how would you define when an enemy spawns in the level? Would it be based on time? Updates? Distance? Currently I do this based on "level time" (the amount of time the level is running - pausing doesn't update the time). Here is an example (the serialization was done by XNA): <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <XnaContent xmlns:level="pekalicious.xanor.XanorContentShared.content.level"> <Asset Type="level:Level"> <Enemies> <Enemy> <EnemyType>data/enemies/smallenemy</EnemyType> <SpawnTime>PT0S</SpawnTime> <NumberOfSpawns>60</NumberOfSpawns> <SpawnOffset>PT0.2S</SpawnOffset> </Enemy> <Enemy> <EnemyType>data/enemies/secondenemy</EnemyType> <SpawnTime>PT0S</SpawnTime> <NumberOfSpawns>10</NumberOfSpawns> <SpawnOffset>PT0.5S</SpawnOffset> </Enemy> <Enemy> <EnemyType>data/enemies/secondenemy</EnemyType> <SpawnTime>PT20S</SpawnTime> <NumberOfSpawns>10</NumberOfSpawns> <SpawnOffset>PT0.5S</SpawnOffset> </Enemy> <Enemy> <EnemyType>data/enemies/boss1</EnemyType> <SpawnTime>PT30S</SpawnTime> <NumberOfSpawns>1</NumberOfSpawns> <SpawnOffset>PT0S</SpawnOffset> </Enemy> </Enemies> </Asset> </XnaContent> Each Enemy element is basically a wave of specific enemy types. The type is defined in EnemyType while SpawnTime is the "level time" this wave should appear. NumberOfSpawns and SpawnOffset is the number of enemies that will show up and the time it takes between each spawn respectively. This could be a good idea or there could be better ones out there. I'm not sure. I would like to see some opinions and ideas. I have two problems with this: spawning an enemy correctly and creating a level editor. The level editor thing is an entirely different problem (which I will probably post in the future :P). As for spawning correctly, the problem lies in the fact that I have a variable update time and so I need to make sure I don't miss an enemy spawn because the spawn offset is too small, or because the update took a little more time. I kinda fixed it for the most part, but it seems to me that the problem is with how I store the level. So, any ideas? Comments? Thank you in advance.

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• Timestep schemes for physics simulations

  - by ktodisco

  The operations used for stepping a physics simulation are most commonly: Integrate velocity and position Collision detection and resolution Contact resolution (in advanced cases) A while ago I came across this paper from Stanford that proposed an alternative scheme, which is as follows: Collision detection and resolution Integrate velocity Contact resolution Integrate position It's intriguing because it allows for robust solutions to the stacking problem. So it got me wondering... What, if any, alternative schemes are available, either simple or complex? What are their benefits, drawbacks, and performance considerations?

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• Best way to go about sorting 2D sprites in a "RPG Maker" styled RPG

  - by Aaron Stewart

  I am trying to come up with the best way to create overlapping sprites without having any issues. I was thinking of having a SortedDictionary and setting the Entity's key to it's Y position relative to the max bound of the simulation, aka the Z value. I'd update the "Z" value in the update method each frame, if the entity's position has changed at all. For those who don't know what I mean, I want characters who are standing closer in front of another character to be drawn on top, and if they are behind the character, they are drawn behind. I'm leery of using SpriteBatch back to front or front to back, I've been doing some searching and have been under the impression they are a bad idea. and want to know exactly how other people are dealing with their depth sorting. Just ultimately trying to come up with the best method of sorting for good practice before I get too far in to refactor the system effectively.

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• How to set TextureFilter to Point to make example Bloom filter work?

  - by Mr Bell

  I have simple app that renders some particles and now I am trying to apply the bloom shader from the xna samplers ( http://create.msdn.com/en-US/education/catalog/sample/bloom ) to it, but I am running into this exception: "XNA Framework HiDef profile requires TextureFilter to be Point when using texture format Vector4." When the BloomComponent tries to end the sprite batch in the DrawFullscreenQuad method: spriteBatch.Begin(0, BlendState.Opaque, SamplerState.PointWrap, null, null, effect); spriteBatch.Draw(texture, new Rectangle(0, 0, width, height), Color.White); spriteBatch.End(); //<------- Exception thrown here It seems to be related to the pixel shaders that I am using to animate the particle. In a nutshell, I have a texture2d in vector4 format that holds particle positions, and another one for velocities. Here is a snippet from that area: GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(tempRenderTarget); animationEffect.CurrentTechnique = animationEffect.Techniques[technique]; spriteBatch.Begin(SpriteSortMode.Immediate, BlendState.Opaque, SamplerState.PointWrap, DepthStencilState.DepthRead, RasterizerState.CullNone, animationEffect); spriteBatch.Draw(randomValues, new Rectangle(0, 0, width, height), Color.White); spriteBatch.End(); What I comment out the code that calls the particle animation pixel shaders the bloom component runs fine. Is there some state that I need to reset to make the bloom work?

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• How should I replan A*?

  - by Gregory Weir

  I've got a pathfinding boss enemy that seeks the player using the A* algorithm. It's a pretty complex environment, and I'm doing it in Flash, so the search can get a bit slow when it's searching over long distances. If the player was stationary, I could just search once, but at the moment I'm searching every frame. This takes long enough that my framerate is suffering. What's the usual solution to this? Is there a way to "replan" A* without redoing the entire search? Should I just search a little less often (every half-second or second) and accept that there will be a little inaccuracy in the path?

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• How much it will cost to create tile-set similar to HoM&M 2?

  - by Alexey Petrushin

  How much it will cost to create tile-set similar to HoM&M 2? I'm mostly interested in the tile-set graphics only, no animation needed, the big images of town and creatures can be done as quick and dirty pensil sketches. The quality of tiles and its amount should be roughly the same as in HoM&M 2. Can You please give a rough estimate how much it will take man-hours and how much will it cost?

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• [JOGL] My program is too slow, how can I profile with Eclipse?

  - by nkint

  My simple opengl program is really toooo slow and not fluid. I'm rendering 30 sphere with simple illumination and simple materials. The only complex computing stuff I do is a collision detection between ray-mouse and spheres (that works ok and i do it only in mouseMoved) I'm not using any threads, just an animator to move spheres. How can I profile my jogl project? Or maybe (most probable...) I have some opengl instructions that I don't understand and make render particular accurate (or back face rendering that I don't need or whatever I don't know exactly I'm just entering the opengl world)

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• WebGL CORS error loading simple texture in Chrome

  - by mathacka

  Here's my code: function loadTexture() { textureImage = new Image(); textureImage.onload = function() { setupTexture(); } textureImage.src = "jumper2.png"; } function setupTexture() { texture = gl.createTexture(); gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, texture); gl.pixelStorei(gl.UNPACK_FLIP_Y_WEBGL, true); // this next line has the error: Uncaught SecurityError: An attempt was made to break through the security policy of the user agent. gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, textureImage); gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.OES_TEXTURE_FLOAT_LINEAR, gl.NEAREST); if (!gl.isTexture(texture)) { alert("Error: Texture is invalid"); } glProgram.samplerUniform = gl.getUniformLocation(glProgram, "uSampler"); gl.uniform1i(glProgram.samplerUniform, 0); } I've researched it and it is a CORS error a "Cross-origin resource sharing" error, but it's a local file! I can't figure out what's wrong. I did make the picture using gimp, and I'm not sure the coding was right on the export, but I eliminated a previous error using "gl.OES_TEXTURE_FLOAT_LINEAR".

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• Normal maps red in OpenGL?

  - by KaiserJohaan

  I am using Assimp to import 3d models, and FreeImage to parse textures. The problem I am having is that the normal maps are actually red rather than blue when I try to render them as normal diffuse textures. http://i42.tinypic.com/289ing3.png When I open the images in a image-viewing program they do indeed show up as blue. Heres when I create the texture; OpenGLTexture::OpenGLTexture(const std::vector<uint8_t>& textureData, uint32_t textureWidth, uint32_t textureHeight, TextureType textureType, Logger& logger) : mLogger(logger), mTextureID(gNextTextureID++), mTextureType(textureType) { glGenTextures(1, &mTexture); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, mTexture); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, textureWidth, textureHeight, 0, glTextureFormat, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, &textureData[0]); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); } Here is my fragment shader. You can see I just commented out the normal-map parsing and treated the normal map texture as the diffuse texture to display it and illustrate the problem. As for the rest of the code it interacts as expected with the diffuse textures so I dont see a obvious problem there. "#version 330 \n \ \n \ layout(std140) uniform; \n \ \n \ const int MAX_LIGHTS = 8; \n \ \n \ struct Light \n \ { \n \ vec4 mLightColor; \n \ vec4 mLightPosition; \n \ vec4 mLightDirection; \n \ \n \ int mLightType; \n \ float mLightIntensity; \n \ float mLightRadius; \n \ float mMaxDistance; \n \ }; \n \ \n \ uniform UnifLighting \n \ { \n \ vec4 mGamma; \n \ vec3 mViewDirection; \n \ int mNumLights; \n \ \n \ Light mLights[MAX_LIGHTS]; \n \ } Lighting; \n \ \n \ uniform UnifMaterial \n \ { \n \ vec4 mDiffuseColor; \n \ vec4 mAmbientColor; \n \ vec4 mSpecularColor; \n \ vec4 mEmissiveColor; \n \ \n \ bool mHasDiffuseTexture; \n \ bool mHasNormalTexture; \n \ bool mLightingEnabled; \n \ float mSpecularShininess; \n \ } Material; \n \ \n \ uniform sampler2D unifDiffuseTexture; \n \ uniform sampler2D unifNormalTexture; \n \ \n \ in vec3 frag_position; \n \ in vec3 frag_normal; \n \ in vec2 frag_texcoord; \n \ in vec3 frag_tangent; \n \ in vec3 frag_bitangent; \n \ \n \ out vec4 finalColor; " " \n \ \n \ void CalcGaussianSpecular(in vec3 dirToLight, in vec3 normal, out float gaussianTerm) \n \ { \n \ vec3 viewDirection = normalize(Lighting.mViewDirection); \n \ vec3 halfAngle = normalize(dirToLight + viewDirection); \n \ \n \ float angleNormalHalf = acos(dot(halfAngle, normalize(normal))); \n \ float exponent = angleNormalHalf / Material.mSpecularShininess; \n \ exponent = -(exponent * exponent); \n \ \n \ gaussianTerm = exp(exponent); \n \ } \n \ \n \ vec4 CalculateLighting(in Light light, in vec4 diffuseTexture, in vec3 normal) \n \ { \n \ if (light.mLightType == 1) // point light \n \ { \n \ vec3 positionDiff = light.mLightPosition.xyz - frag_position; \n \ float dist = max(length(positionDiff) - light.mLightRadius, 0); \n \ \n \ float attenuation = 1 / ((dist/light.mLightRadius + 1) * (dist/light.mLightRadius + 1)); \n \ attenuation = max((attenuation - light.mMaxDistance) / (1 - light.mMaxDistance), 0); \n \ \n \ vec3 dirToLight = normalize(positionDiff); \n \ float angleNormal = clamp(dot(normalize(normal), dirToLight), 0, 1); \n \ \n \ float gaussianTerm = 0.0; \n \ if (angleNormal > 0.0) \n \ CalcGaussianSpecular(dirToLight, normal, gaussianTerm); \n \ \n \ return diffuseTexture * (attenuation * angleNormal * Material.mDiffuseColor * light.mLightIntensity * light.mLightColor) + \n \ (attenuation * gaussianTerm * Material.mSpecularColor * light.mLightIntensity * light.mLightColor); \n \ } \n \ else if (light.mLightType == 2) // directional light \n \ { \n \ vec3 dirToLight = normalize(light.mLightDirection.xyz); \n \ float angleNormal = clamp(dot(normalize(normal), dirToLight), 0, 1); \n \ \n \ float gaussianTerm = 0.0; \n \ if (angleNormal > 0.0) \n \ CalcGaussianSpecular(dirToLight, normal, gaussianTerm); \n \ \n \ return diffuseTexture * (angleNormal * Material.mDiffuseColor * light.mLightIntensity * light.mLightColor) + \n \ (gaussianTerm * Material.mSpecularColor * light.mLightIntensity * light.mLightColor); \n \ } \n \ else if (light.mLightType == 4) // ambient light \n \ return diffuseTexture * Material.mAmbientColor * light.mLightIntensity * light.mLightColor; \n \ else \n \ return vec4(0.0); \n \ } \n \ \n \ void main() \n \ { \n \ vec4 diffuseTexture = vec4(1.0); \n \ if (Material.mHasDiffuseTexture) \n \ diffuseTexture = texture(unifDiffuseTexture, frag_texcoord); \n \ \n \ vec3 normal = frag_normal; \n \ if (Material.mHasNormalTexture) \n \ { \n \ diffuseTexture = vec4(normalize(texture(unifNormalTexture, frag_texcoord).xyz * 2.0 - 1.0), 1.0); \n \ // vec3 normalTangentSpace = normalize(texture(unifNormalTexture, frag_texcoord).xyz * 2.0 - 1.0); \n \ //mat3 tangentToWorldSpace = mat3(normalize(frag_tangent), normalize(frag_bitangent), normalize(frag_normal)); \n \ \n \ // normal = tangentToWorldSpace * normalTangentSpace; \n \ } \n \ \n \ if (Material.mLightingEnabled) \n \ { \n \ vec4 accumLighting = vec4(0.0); \n \ \n \ for (int lightIndex = 0; lightIndex < Lighting.mNumLights; lightIndex++) \n \ accumLighting += Material.mEmissiveColor * diffuseTexture + \n \ CalculateLighting(Lighting.mLights[lightIndex], diffuseTexture, normal); \n \ \n \ finalColor = pow(accumLighting, Lighting.mGamma); \n \ } \n \ else { \n \ finalColor = pow(diffuseTexture, Lighting.mGamma); \n \ } \n \ } \n"; Why is this? does normal-map textures need some sort of special treatment in opengl?

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• Something other than Vertex Welding with Texture Atlas?

  - by Tim Winter

  What options (in C# with XNA) would there be for texture usage in a procedural generated 3D world made of cubes to increase performance? Yes, it's like Minecraft. I've been doing a texture atlas and rendering faces individually (4 vertices per face), but I've also read in a couple places about using texture wrapping with two 1D atlases to merge adjacent faces with the same texture. If two or more adjacent faces share the same image, it'd be quite easy to wrap in this way reducing vertices by a large amount. My problem with this is having too many textures, swapping too often, and many image related things like non-power of 2 images. Is there a middle ground option between the 1D texture atlas trick and rendering 4 vertices per cube face? This is a picture of what I have currently (in wireframe). 4 vertices per face seems extremely inefficient to me.

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• Pygame surfaces and their Rects

  - by Jaka Novak

  I am trying to understand how pygame surfaces work. I am confused about Rect position of Surface object. If I try blit surface on screen at some position then Surface is drawn at right position, but Rect of the surface is still at position (0, 0)... I tried write my own surface class with new rect, but i am not sure if is that right solution. My goal is that i could move surface like image with rect.move() or something like that. If there is any solution to do that i would be happy to read it. Thanks for answer and time for reading this awful English If helps i write some code for better understanding my problem. (run it first, and then uncomment two lines of code and run again to see the diference): import pygame from pygame.locals import * class SurfaceR(pygame.Surface): def __init__(self, size, position): pygame.Surface.__init__(self, size) self.rect = pygame.Rect(position, size) self.position = position self.size = size def get_rect(self): return self.rect def main(): pygame.init() screen = pygame.display.set_mode((640, 480)) pygame.display.set_caption("Screen!?") clock = pygame.time.Clock() fps = 30 white = (255, 255, 255) red = (255, 0, 0) green = (0, 255, 0) blue = (0, 0, 255) surface = pygame.Surface((70,200)) surface.fill(red) surface_re = SurfaceR((300, 50), (100, 300)) surface_re.fill(blue) while True: for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == QUIT: return 0 screen.blit(surface, (100,50)) screen.blit(surface_re, surface_re.position) #pygame.draw.rect(screen, white, surface.get_rect()) #pygame.draw.rect(screen, white, surface_re.get_rect()) pygame.display.update() clock.tick(fps) if __name__ == "__main__": main()

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• Decal implementation

  - by dreta

  I had issues finding information about decals, so maybe this question will help others. The implementation is for a forward renderer. Could somebody confirm if i got decal implementation right? You define a cube of any dimension that'll define the projection volume in common space. You check for triangle intersection with the defined cube to recieve triangles that the projection will affect. You clip these triangles and save them. You then use matrix tricks to calculate UV coordinates for the saved triangles that'll reference the texture you're projecting. To do this you take the vectors representing height, width and depth of the cube in common space, so that f.e. the bottom left corner is the origin. You put that in a matrix as the i, j, k unit vectors, set the translation for the cube, then you inverse this matrix. You multiply the vertices of the saved triangles by this matrix, that way you get their coordinates inside of a 0 to 1 size cube that you use as the UV coordinates. This way you have the original triangles you're projecting onto and you have UV coordinates for them (the UV coordinates are referencing the texture you're projecting). Then you rerender the saved triangles onto the scene and they overwrite the area of projection with the projected image. Now the questions that i couldn't find answers for. Is the last point right? I've never done software clipping, but it seems error prone enough, due to limited precision, that the'll be some z fighting occuring for the projected texture. Also is the way of getting UV coordinates correct?

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• How do I move the camera sideways in Libgdx?

  - by Bubblewrap

  I want to move the camera sideways (strafe). I had the following in mind, but it doesn't look like there are standard methods to achieve this in Libgdx. If I want to move the camera sideways by x, I think I need to do the following: Create a Matrix4 mat Determine the orthogonal vector v between camera.direction and camera.up Translate mat by v*x Multiply camera.position by mat Will this approach do what I think it does, and is it a good way to do it? And how can I do this in libgdx? I get "stuck" at step 2, as I have not found any standard method in Libgdx to calculate an orthogonal vector. EDIT: I think I can use camera.direction.crs(camera.up) to find v. I'll try this approach tonight and see if it works. EDIT2: I got it working and didn't need the matrix after all: Vector3 right = camera.direction.cpy().crs(camera.up).nor(); camera.position.add(right.mul(x));

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• Clipping polygons in XNA with stencil (not using spritebatch)

  - by Blau

  The problem... i'm drawing polygons, in this case boxes, and i want clip children polygons with its parent's client area. // Class Region public void Render(GraphicsDevice Device, Camera Camera) { int StencilLevel = 0; Device.Clear( ClearOptions.Stencil, Vector4.Zero, 0, StencilLevel ); Render( Device, Camera, StencilLevel ); } private void Render(GraphicsDevice Device, Camera Camera, int StencilLevel) { Device.SamplerStates[0] = this.SamplerState; Device.Textures[0] = this.Texture; Device.RasterizerState = RasterizerState.CullNone; Device.BlendState = BlendState.AlphaBlend; Device.DepthStencilState = DepthStencilState.Default; Effect.Prepare(this, Camera ); Device.DepthStencilState = GlobalContext.GraphicsStates.IncMask; Device.ReferenceStencil = StencilLevel; foreach ( EffectPass pass in Effect.Techniques[Technique].Passes ) { pass.Apply( ); Device.DrawUserIndexedPrimitives<VertexPositionColorTexture>( PrimitiveType.TriangleList, VertexData, 0, VertexData.Length, IndexData, 0, PrimitiveCount ); } foreach ( Region child in ChildrenRegions ) { child.Render( Device, Camera, StencilLevel + 1 ); } Effect.Prepare( this, Camera ); // This does not works Device.BlendState = GlobalContext.GraphicsStates.NoWriteColor; Device.DepthStencilState = GlobalContext.GraphicsStates.DecMask; Device.ReferenceStencil = StencilLevel; // This should be +1, but in that case the last drrawed is blue and overlap all foreach ( EffectPass pass in Effect.Techniques[Technique].Passes ) { pass.Apply( ); Device.DrawUserIndexedPrimitives<VertexPositionColorTexture>( PrimitiveType.TriangleList, VertexData, 0, VertexData.Length, IndexData, 0, PrimitiveCount ); } } public static class GraphicsStates { public static BlendState NoWriteColor = new BlendState( ) { ColorSourceBlend = Blend.One, AlphaSourceBlend = Blend.One, ColorDestinationBlend = Blend.InverseSourceAlpha, AlphaDestinationBlend = Blend.InverseSourceAlpha, ColorWriteChannels1 = ColorWriteChannels.None }; public static DepthStencilState IncMask = new DepthStencilState( ) { StencilEnable = true, StencilFunction = CompareFunction.Equal, StencilPass = StencilOperation.IncrementSaturation, }; public static DepthStencilState DecMask = new DepthStencilState( ) { StencilEnable = true, StencilFunction = CompareFunction.Equal, StencilPass = StencilOperation.DecrementSaturation, }; } How can achieve this? EDIT: I've just relized that the NoWriteColors.ColorWriteChannels1 should be NoWriteColors.ColorWriteChannels. :) Now it's clipping right. Any other approach?

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• How to code a 4x shader/filter which emulates arcade crt display behavior?

  - by Arthur Wulf White

  I want to write a shader/filer probably in adobe Pixel Bender that will do the best job possible in emulating the fill of an oldskul monochromatic arcade CRT screen. Much like this here: http://filthypants.blogspot.com/2012/07/customizing-cgwgs-crt-pixel-shader.html Here are some attributes I know will exist in this filter: It will take in a low res image 160 x 120 and return a medium res image 640 x 480. It will add scanlines It will blur the color channels to create that color bleeding effect It will distort the shape of the image from a perfect rectangle into a rounder shape. The question is, could you please provide any other attributes that are beneficial to emulating an arcade CRT feel and links and resources on coding these effects. Thanks

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• Adding Vertices to a dynamic mesh via Method Call

  - by Raven Dreamer

  I have a C# Struct with a static method, "Get Shape" which populates a List with the vertices of a polyhedron. Method Signature: public static void GetShape(Block b, int x, int y, int z, List<Vector3> vertices, List<int> triangles, List<Vector2> uvs, List<Vector2> uv2s) Adding directly to the vertices list (via vertices.Add(vector3) ), the code works as expected, and the new polyhedron appears when I trigger the method. However, I want to do some processing on the vertices I'm adding (a rotation), and the most sensible way I can think to do that is by creating a separate list of Vector3s, and then combining the lists when I'm done. However, vertices.AddRange(newVerts) does not add the shape to the mesh, nor does a foreach loop with verts.Add(vertices[i]). And this is before I've added in any of the processing! I have a feeling this might stem from passing the list of vertices in as a parameter, rather than returning a list and then adding to the vertices in the calling object, but since I'm filling 4 lists, I was trying to avoid having to create a data struct to return all four at once. Any ideas? The working version of the method is reprinted below, in full: public static void GetShape(Block b, int x, int y, int z, List<Vector3> vertices, List<int> triangles, List<Vector2> uvs, List<Vector2> uv2s) { //List<Vector3> vertices = new List<Vector3>(); int l_blockShape = b.blockShape; int l_blockType = b.blockType; //CheckFace checks if the block is empty //if this block is empty, don't draw anything. int vertexIndex; //only y faces need to be hidden. //if((l_blockShape & BlockShape.NegZFace) == BlockShape.NegZFace) { vertexIndex = vertices.Count; //top left, top right, bottom right, bottom left vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y + 1, z+.2f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y + 1, z+.2f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y , z+.2f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y , z+.2f)); // first triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); // second triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+2); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); //UVs for the face uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); //UV2s (lightmapping?) uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); } //XY Z+1 face //if((l_blockShape & BlockShape.PosZFace) == BlockShape.PosZFace) { vertexIndex = vertices.Count; //top left, top right, bottom right, bottom left vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y + 1, z+.8f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y + 1, z+.8f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y , z+.8f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y , z+.8f)); // first triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); // second triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+2); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); //UVs for the face uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); //UV2s (lightmapping?) uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); } //ZY face //if((l_blockShape & BlockShape.NegXFace) == BlockShape.NegXFace) { vertexIndex = vertices.Count; //top left, top right, bottom right, bottom left vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y + 1, z+.8f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y + 1, z+.2f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y , z+.2f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y , z+.8f)); // first triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); // second triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+2); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); //UVs for the face uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); //UV2s (lightmapping?) uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); } //ZY X+1 face // if((l_blockShape & BlockShape.PosXFace) == BlockShape.PosXFace) { vertexIndex = vertices.Count; //top left, top right, bottom right, bottom left vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y + 1, z+.2f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y + 1, z+.8f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y , z+.8f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y , z+.2f)); // first triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); // second triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+2); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); //UVs for the face uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); //UV2s (lightmapping?) uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); } //ZX face if((l_blockShape & BlockShape.NegYFace) == BlockShape.NegYFace) { vertexIndex = vertices.Count; //top left, top right, bottom right, bottom left vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y , z+.8f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y , z+.2f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y , z+.2f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y , z+.8f)); // first triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); triangles.Add(vertexIndex); // second triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+2); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); //UVs for the face uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); //UV2s (lightmapping?) uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); } //ZX + 1 face if((l_blockShape & BlockShape.PosYFace) == BlockShape.PosYFace) { vertexIndex = vertices.Count; //top left, top right, bottom right, bottom left vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y+1 , z+.2f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.8f, y+1 , z+.8f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y+1 , z+.8f)); vertices.Add(new Vector3(x+.2f, y+1 , z+.2f)); // first triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); triangles.Add(vertexIndex); // second triangle for the face triangles.Add(vertexIndex+3); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+2); triangles.Add(vertexIndex+1); //UVs for the face uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uvs.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); //UV2s (lightmapping?) uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,1)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(1,0)); uv2s.Add( new Vector2(0,0)); } }

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• Away3D & Directional Light w/ Rotating Meshes

  - by seethru

  This is likely a stupid error but I can't seem to find what I've done wrong. I've got a simple scene with 10 cylinders rotating at a default speed. If I grab one of these cylinders I can rotate it in the opposite direction or at a greater speed. I have a single directional light in the scene. It would appear that the directional light is only calculated at initialization and not on further frames. The shadow created by the light rotates with the cylinder giving the impression that the light is rotating when it isn't. Camera & Light Initialization _view = new View3D(); addChild(_view); _view.antiAlias = 4; _view.backgroundColor = 0xFFFFFF; _view.camera.z = -850; _view.camera.y = 0; _view.camera.x = 0; _view.camera.lookAt(new Vector3D()); _view.camera.lens = new PerspectiveLens(15); _view.mousePicker = PickingType.RAYCAST_BEST_HIT; _light = new DirectionalLight(); _light.z = -850; _light.direction = new Vector3D(1, 1, 1); _light.color = 0xFFFFFF; _light.ambient = 0.1; _light.diffuse = 0.7; _view.scene.addChild(_light); Mesh and Material creation var material:TextureMaterial = new TextureMaterial(createPow2Texture(sprite, _colors[i]) , true, false, true); material.animateUVs = true; material.lightPicker = _lightPicker; cylinder = new Mesh(new CylinderGeometry(radius, radius, 13, 70, 1, true, true), material); cylinder.subMeshes[0].scaleU = spriteWidth / sprite.width; cylinder.y = y; cylinder.mouseEnabled = true; cylinder.pickingCollider = PickingColliderType.AS3_BEST_HIT; cylinder.addEventListener(MouseEvent3D.MOUSE_OVER, onMouseOverMesh); cylinder.addEventListener(MouseEvent3D.MOUSE_MOVE, onMouseOverMesh); cylinder.addEventListener(MouseEvent3D.MOUSE_OUT, onMouseOutMesh); _cylinders.push(cylinder); Frame private function onEnterFrame(event:Event):void { for each (var mesh:Mesh in _cylinders) { if (mesh == _mouseOverMesh) continue; mesh.rotationY += 0.25; } _view.render(); }

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• Drawing a circle in opengl es android, squiggly boundaries

  - by ladiesMan217

  I am new to OpenGL ES and facing a hard time drawing a circle on my GLSurfaceView. Here's what I have so far. the Circle Class public class MyGLBall { private int points=40; private float vertices[]={0.0f,0.0f,0.0f}; private FloatBuffer vertBuff; //centre of circle public MyGLBall(){ vertices=new float[(points+1)*3]; for(int i=3;i<(points+1)*3;i+=3){ double rad=(i*360/points*3)*(3.14/180); vertices[i]=(float)Math.cos(rad); vertices[i+1]=(float) Math.sin(rad); vertices[i+2]=0; } ByteBuffer bBuff=ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(vertices.length*4); bBuff.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()); vertBuff=bBuff.asFloatBuffer(); vertBuff.put(vertices); vertBuff.position(0); } public void draw(GL10 gl){ gl.glPushMatrix(); gl.glTranslatef(0, 0, 0); // gl.glScalef(size, size, 1.0f); gl.glColor4f(1.0f,1.0f,1.0f, 1.0f); gl.glVertexPointer(3, GL10.GL_FLOAT, 0, vertBuff); gl.glEnableClientState(GL10.GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); gl.glDrawArrays(GL10.GL_TRIANGLE_FAN, 0, points/2); gl.glDisableClientState(GL10.GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); gl.glPopMatrix(); } } I couldn't retrieve the screenshot of my image but here's what it looks like As you can see the border has crests and troughs thereby renering it squiggly which I do not want. All I want is a simple curve

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• Skyrim Nexus Mods on Xbox 360 by use of dawnguard?

  - by user17895

  i think it's possible i opened up the dawnguard marketplace content and it consists 3 files: dawnguard.bsa < mod dawnguard.esp <- mod installing file. and spa.bin <-dont know where this is for. and it has been confirmed you can use the top 2 files on pc for a not fully functional dawnguard (barely functional to be exact) and if we could just replace or add a few other bsa and esp files to this marketplace content we could get mods up and running on xbox altough i need confirmation on this. I also have no clue where the spa.bin file for is, i need to examine it some further. Further this is adding a few non-distributed Files to marketplace content and wont get you booted from XBL. Also if anyone wants to examine these files for further information i will gladly share them with you. if you have any information or answers please email me at [email protected] thx

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• Geometry shader for multiple primitives

  - by Byte56

  How can I create a geometry shader that can handle multiple primitives? For example when creating a geometry shader for triangles, I define a layout like so: layout(triangles) in; layout(triangle_strip, max_vertices=3) out; But if I use this shader then lines or points won't show up. So adding: layout(triangles) in; layout(triangle_strip, max_vertices=3) out; layout(lines) in; layout(line_strip, max_vertices=2) out; The shader will compile and run, but will only render lines (or whatever the last primitive defined is). So how do I define a single geometry shader that will handle multiple types of primitives? Or is that not possible and I need to create multiple shader programs and change shader programs before drawing each type?

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• SlimDX and Parsing .X Files

  - by P. Avery

  I'm trying to parse a .x file using SlimDX. I can create the XFile object and register templates but I'm having problems with the enumeration object. The enumeration object has a child count of 0 for a file I know to have valid data. Here is code to create file, enumeration, and data objects: public void Parse(string filename, string templates, ref Frame aParam) { XFile xfile = null; XFileEnumerationObject enumObj = null; XFileData dataObj = null; // create file object xfile = new XFile(); // register templates if (xfile.RegisterTemplates(XFile.DefaultTemplates).IsFailure) { Console.WriteLine(Result.Last); xfile.Dispose(); return; } // create enumeration object enumObj = xfile.CreateEnumerationObject(filename, System.Runtime.InteropServices.CharSet.Auto); if (enumObj == null) { xfile.Dispose(); return; } // get child count( returns 0 here ) long ncElements = enumObj.ChildCount; for (int i = 0; i < ncElements; ++i) { // never reached... dataObj = enumObj.GetChild(i); if (dataObj.IsReference) continue; try { Parse(dataObj, ref aParam); } catch (Exception e) { e.Write(); } finally { dataObj.Dispose(); } } enumObj.Dispose(); xfile.Dispose(); } ...There are no exceptions thrown by this function...the child count is 0 so the conditional loop breaks right away, the file objects are disposed of and the function returns... Here is .x file...a simple cube: xof 0303txt 0032 Frame Root { FrameTransformMatrix { 1.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 1.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 1.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 1.000000;; } Frame Cube { FrameTransformMatrix { 1.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 1.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 1.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 1.000000;; } Mesh Cube{ //Cube Mesh 36; -1.000000; 1.000000; 1.000000;, -1.000000;-1.000000; 1.000000;, 0.999999;-1.000001; 1.000000;, -1.000000;-1.000000;-1.000000;, 1.000000;-1.000000;-1.000000;, 0.999999;-1.000001; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 0.999999; 1.000000;, -1.000000; 1.000000; 1.000000;, 0.999999;-1.000001; 1.000000;, -1.000000; 1.000000;-1.000000;, -1.000000;-1.000000;-1.000000;, -1.000000; 1.000000; 1.000000;, -1.000000; 1.000000; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 0.999999; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 1.000000;-1.000000;, 1.000000; 0.999999; 1.000000;, 0.999999;-1.000001; 1.000000;, 1.000000;-1.000000;-1.000000;, -1.000000;-1.000000;-1.000000;, -1.000000;-1.000000; 1.000000;, -1.000000; 1.000000; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 1.000000;-1.000000;, 1.000000;-1.000000;-1.000000;, -1.000000; 1.000000;-1.000000;, 1.000000; 1.000000;-1.000000;, 1.000000; 0.999999; 1.000000;, 1.000000;-1.000000;-1.000000;, -1.000000; 1.000000;-1.000000;, -1.000000; 1.000000; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 1.000000;-1.000000;, -1.000000;-1.000000; 1.000000;, -1.000000;-1.000000;-1.000000;, 0.999999;-1.000001; 1.000000;, 1.000000;-1.000000;-1.000000;, -1.000000;-1.000000;-1.000000;, -1.000000; 1.000000;-1.000000;; 12; 3;0;1;2;, 3;3;4;5;, 3;6;7;8;, 3;9;10;11;, 3;12;13;14;, 3;15;16;17;, 3;18;19;20;, 3;21;22;23;, 3;24;25;26;, 3;27;28;29;, 3;30;31;32;, 3;33;34;35;; MeshNormals { //Mesh Normals 36; 0.000000;-0.000000; 1.000000;, 0.000000;-0.000000; 1.000000;, 0.000000;-0.000000; 1.000000;, -0.000000;-1.000000;-0.000000;, -0.000000;-1.000000;-0.000000;, -0.000000;-1.000000;-0.000000;, -0.000000;-0.000000; 1.000000;, -0.000000;-0.000000; 1.000000;, -0.000000;-0.000000; 1.000000;, -1.000000; 0.000000;-0.000000;, -1.000000; 0.000000;-0.000000;, -1.000000; 0.000000;-0.000000;, 0.000000; 1.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000; 1.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000; 1.000000; 0.000000;, 1.000000;-0.000001; 0.000000;, 1.000000;-0.000001; 0.000000;, 1.000000;-0.000001; 0.000000;, -1.000000; 0.000000;-0.000000;, -1.000000; 0.000000;-0.000000;, -1.000000; 0.000000;-0.000000;, 0.000000; 0.000000;-1.000000;, 0.000000; 0.000000;-1.000000;, 0.000000; 0.000000;-1.000000;, 1.000000; 0.000000;-0.000000;, 1.000000; 0.000000;-0.000000;, 1.000000; 0.000000;-0.000000;, 0.000000; 1.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000; 1.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000; 1.000000; 0.000000;, -0.000000;-1.000000; 0.000000;, -0.000000;-1.000000; 0.000000;, -0.000000;-1.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000;-0.000000;-1.000000;, 0.000000;-0.000000;-1.000000;, 0.000000;-0.000000;-1.000000;; 12; 3;0;1;2;, 3;3;4;5;, 3;6;7;8;, 3;9;10;11;, 3;12;13;14;, 3;15;16;17;, 3;18;19;20;, 3;21;22;23;, 3;24;25;26;, 3;27;28;29;, 3;30;31;32;, 3;33;34;35;; } //End of Mesh Normals MeshMaterialList { //Mesh Material List 1; 12; 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0;; Material Material { 0.640000; 0.640000; 0.640000; 1.000000;; 96.078431; 0.500000; 0.500000; 0.500000;; 0.000000; 0.000000; 0.000000;; TextureFilename {"Yellow.jpg";} } } //End of Mesh Material List MeshTextureCoords UVMap{ //Mesh UV Coordinates 36; 0.000000; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 1.000000;, 0.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 0.000000;, 1.000000; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 0.000000;, 0.000000; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 1.000000;, 1.000000; 0.000000;; } //End of Mesh UV Coordinates } //End of Mesh Mesh } //End of Cube } //End of Root Frame

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• Quaternion Camera

  - by Alex_Hyzer_Kenoyer

  Can someone help me figure out how to use a Quaternion with the PerspectiveCamera in libGDX or in general? I am trying to rotate my camera around a sphere that is being drawn at (0,0,0). I am not sure how to go about setting up the quaternion correctly, manipulating it, and then applying it to the camera. Edit: Here is what I have tried to do so far. // This is how I set it up Quaternion orientation = new Quaternion(); orientation.setFromAxis(Vector3.Y, 45); // This is how I am trying to update the rotations public void rotateX(float amount) { Quaternion temp = new Quaternion(); temp.set(Vector3.X, amount); orientation.mul(temp); } public void rotateY(float amount) { Quaternion temp = new Quaternion(); temp.set(Vector3.Y, amount); orientation.mul(temp); } public void updateCamera() { // This is where I am unsure how to apply the rotations to the camera // I think I should update the view and projection matrices? camera.view.mul(orientation); ... }

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• Calculate the Intersection of Two Volumes

  - by igrad

  If you've ever played The Swapper, you'll have a good idea of what I'm asking about. I need to check for, and isolate, areas of a rectangle that may intersect with either a circle or another rectangle. These selected areas will receive special properties, and the areas will be non-static, since the intersecting shapes themselves will also be dynamic. My first thought was to use raycasting detection, though I've only seen that in use with circles, or even ellipses. I'm curious if there's a method of using raycasting with a more rectangular approach, or if there's a totally different method already in use to accomplish this task. I would like something more exact than checking in large chunks, and since I'm using SDL2 with a logical renderer size of 1920x1080, checking if each pixel is intersecting is out of the question, as it would slow things down past a playable speed. I already have a multi-shape collision function-template in place, and I could use that, though it only checks if sides or corners are intersecting; it does not compute the overlapping area, or even find the circle's secant line, though I can't imagine it would be overly complex to implement. TL;DR: I need to find and isolate areas of a rectangle that may intersect with a circle or another rectangle without checking every single pixel on-screen.

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• as3 3D camera lookat

  - by Johannes Jensen

  I'm making a 3D camera scene in Flash, draw using drawTriangles() and rotated and translated using a Matrix3D. I've got the camera to look after a specific point, but only on the Y-axis, using the x and z coordinates, here is my code so far: var dx:Number = camera.x - lookAt.x; var dy:Number = camera.y - lookAt.y; var dz:Number = camera.z - lookAt.z; camera.rotationY = Math.atan2(dz, dx) * (180 / Math.PI) + 270; so no matter the x or z position, the point is always on the mid of the screen, IF and only if y matches with the camera. So what I need is to calculate the rotationX (which are measured in degrees not radians), and I was wondering how I would do this?

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