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  • Example of DOD design (on a generic Zombie game)

    - by Jeffrey
    I can't seem to find a nice explanation of the Data Oriented Design for a generic zombie game (it's just an example, pretty common example). Could you make an example of the Data Oriented Design on creating a generic zombie class? Is the following good? Zombie list class: class ZombieList { GLuint vbo; // generic zombie vertex model std::vector<color>; // object default color std::vector<texture>; // objects textures std::vector<vector3D>; // objects positions public: unsigned int create(); // return object id void move(unsigned int objId, vector3D offset); void rotate(unsigned int objId, float angle); void setColor(unsigned int objId, color c); void setPosition(unsigned int objId, color c); void setTexture(unsigned int, unsigned int); ... void update(Player*); // move towards player, attack if near } Example: Player p; Zombielist zl; unsigned int first = zl.create(); zl.setPosition(first, vector3D(50, 50)); zl.setTexture(first, texture("zombie1.png")); ... while (running) { // main loop ... zl.update(&p); zl.draw(); // draw every zombie } Or would creating a generic World container that contains every action from bite(zombieId, playerId) to moveTo(playerId, vector) to createPlayer() to shoot(playerId, vector) to face(radians)/face(vector); and contains: std::vector<zombie> std::vector<player> ... std::vector<mapchunk> ... std::vector<vbobufferid> player_run_animation; ... be a good example? Whats the proper way to organize a game with DOD?

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  • Light following me around the room. Something is wrong with my shader!

    - by Robinson
    I'm trying to do a spot (Blinn) light, with falloff and attenuation. It seems to be working OK except I have a bit of a space problem. That is, whenever I move the camera the light moves to maintain the same relative position, rather than changing with the camera. This results in the light moving around, i.e. not always falling on the same surfaces. It's as if there's a flashlight attached to the camera. I'm transforming the lights beforehand into view space, so Light_Position and Light_Direction are already in eye space (I hope!). I made a little movie of what it looks like here: My camera rotating around a point inside a box. The light is fixed in the centre up and its "look at" point in a fixed position in front of it. As you can see, as the camera rotates around the origin (always looking at the centre), so don't think the box is rotating (!). The lighting follows it around. To start, some code. This is how I'm transforming the light into view space (it gets passed into the shader already in view space): // Compute eye-space light position. Math::Vector3d eyeSpacePosition = MyCamera->ViewMatrix() * MyLightPosition; MyShaderVariables->Set(MyLightPositionIndex, eyeSpacePosition); // Compute eye-space light direction vector. Math::Vector3d eyeSpaceDirection = Math::Unit(MyLightLookAt - MyLightPosition); MyCamera->ViewMatrixInverseTranspose().TransformNormal(eyeSpaceDirection); MyShaderVariables->Set(MyLightDirectionIndex, eyeSpaceDirection); Can anyone give me a clue as to what I'm doing wrong here? I think the light should remain looking at a fixed point on the box, regardless of the camera orientation. Here are the vertex and pixel shaders: /////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Vertex Shader /////////////////////////////////////////////////// #version 420 /////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Uniform Buffer Structures /////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Camera. layout (std140) uniform Camera { mat4 Camera_View; mat4 Camera_ViewInverseTranspose; mat4 Camera_Projection; }; // Matrices per model. layout (std140) uniform Model { mat4 Model_World; mat4 Model_WorldView; mat4 Model_WorldViewInverseTranspose; mat4 Model_WorldViewProjection; }; // Spotlight. layout (std140) uniform OmniLight { float Light_Intensity; vec3 Light_Position; vec3 Light_Direction; vec4 Light_Ambient_Colour; vec4 Light_Diffuse_Colour; vec4 Light_Specular_Colour; float Light_Attenuation_Min; float Light_Attenuation_Max; float Light_Cone_Min; float Light_Cone_Max; }; /////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Streams (per vertex) /////////////////////////////////////////////////// layout(location = 0) in vec3 attrib_Position; layout(location = 1) in vec3 attrib_Normal; layout(location = 2) in vec3 attrib_Tangent; layout(location = 3) in vec3 attrib_BiNormal; layout(location = 4) in vec2 attrib_Texture; /////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Output streams (per vertex) /////////////////////////////////////////////////// out vec3 attrib_Fragment_Normal; out vec4 attrib_Fragment_Position; out vec2 attrib_Fragment_Texture; out vec3 attrib_Fragment_Light; out vec3 attrib_Fragment_Eye; /////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Main /////////////////////////////////////////////////// void main() { // Transform normal into eye space attrib_Fragment_Normal = (Model_WorldViewInverseTranspose * vec4(attrib_Normal, 0.0)).xyz; // Transform vertex into eye space (world * view * vertex = eye) vec4 position = Model_WorldView * vec4(attrib_Position, 1.0); // Compute vector from eye space vertex to light (light is in eye space already) attrib_Fragment_Light = Light_Position - position.xyz; // Compute vector from the vertex to the eye (which is now at the origin). attrib_Fragment_Eye = -position.xyz; // Output texture coord. attrib_Fragment_Texture = attrib_Texture; // Compute vertex position by applying camera projection. gl_Position = Camera_Projection * position; } and the pixel shader: /////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Pixel Shader /////////////////////////////////////////////////// #version 420 /////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Samplers /////////////////////////////////////////////////// uniform sampler2D Map_Diffuse; /////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Global Uniforms /////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Material. layout (std140) uniform Material { vec4 Material_Ambient_Colour; vec4 Material_Diffuse_Colour; vec4 Material_Specular_Colour; vec4 Material_Emissive_Colour; float Material_Shininess; float Material_Strength; }; // Spotlight. layout (std140) uniform OmniLight { float Light_Intensity; vec3 Light_Position; vec3 Light_Direction; vec4 Light_Ambient_Colour; vec4 Light_Diffuse_Colour; vec4 Light_Specular_Colour; float Light_Attenuation_Min; float Light_Attenuation_Max; float Light_Cone_Min; float Light_Cone_Max; }; /////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Input streams (per vertex) /////////////////////////////////////////////////// in vec3 attrib_Fragment_Normal; in vec3 attrib_Fragment_Position; in vec2 attrib_Fragment_Texture; in vec3 attrib_Fragment_Light; in vec3 attrib_Fragment_Eye; /////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Result /////////////////////////////////////////////////// out vec4 Out_Colour; /////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Main /////////////////////////////////////////////////// void main(void) { // Compute N dot L. vec3 N = normalize(attrib_Fragment_Normal); vec3 L = normalize(attrib_Fragment_Light); vec3 E = normalize(attrib_Fragment_Eye); vec3 H = normalize(L + E); float NdotL = clamp(dot(L,N), 0.0, 1.0); float NdotH = clamp(dot(N,H), 0.0, 1.0); // Compute ambient term. vec4 ambient = Material_Ambient_Colour * Light_Ambient_Colour; // Diffuse. vec4 diffuse = texture2D(Map_Diffuse, attrib_Fragment_Texture) * Light_Diffuse_Colour * Material_Diffuse_Colour * NdotL; // Specular. float specularIntensity = pow(NdotH, Material_Shininess) * Material_Strength; vec4 specular = Light_Specular_Colour * Material_Specular_Colour * specularIntensity; // Light attenuation (so we don't have to use 1 - x, we step between Max and Min). float d = length(-attrib_Fragment_Light); float attenuation = smoothstep(Light_Attenuation_Max, Light_Attenuation_Min, d); // Adjust attenuation based on light cone. float LdotS = dot(-L, Light_Direction), CosI = Light_Cone_Min - Light_Cone_Max; attenuation *= clamp((LdotS - Light_Cone_Max) / CosI, 0.0, 1.0); // Final colour. Out_Colour = (ambient + diffuse + specular) * Light_Intensity * attenuation; }

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  • SDL_image & OpenGL Problem

    - by Dylan
    i've been following tutorials online to load textures using SDL and display them on a opengl quad. but ive been getting weird results that no one else on the internet seems to be getting... so when i render the texture in opengl i get something like this. http://www.kiddiescissors.com/after.png when the original .bmp file is this: http://www.kiddiescissors.com/before.bmp ive tried other images too, so its not that this particular image is corrupt. it seems like my rgb channels are all jumbled or something. im pulling my hair out at this point. heres the relevant code from my init() function if ( SDL_Init(SDL_INIT_VIDEO) != 0 ) { return 1; } SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_DOUBLEBUFFER, 1); SDL_GL_SetAttribute( SDL_GL_RED_SIZE, 8 ); SDL_GL_SetAttribute( SDL_GL_GREEN_SIZE, 8 ); SDL_GL_SetAttribute( SDL_GL_BLUE_SIZE, 8 ); SDL_GL_SetAttribute( SDL_GL_ALPHA_SIZE, 8 ); SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_MULTISAMPLEBUFFERS, 1); SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_MULTISAMPLESAMPLES, 4); SDL_SetVideoMode(WINDOW_WIDTH, WINDOW_HEIGHT, 32, SDL_HWSURFACE | SDL_GL_DOUBLEBUFFER | SDL_OPENGL); glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); gluPerspective(50, (GLfloat)WINDOW_WIDTH/WINDOW_HEIGHT, 1, 50); glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glLoadIdentity(); glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); glEnable(GL_MULTISAMPLE); glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); glTexEnvi(GL_TEXTURE_ENV, GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, GL_MODULATE); glBlendFunc(GL_ONE, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA); glEnable(GL_BLEND); heres the code that is called when my main player object (the one with which this sprite is associated) is initialized texture = 0; SDL_Surface* surface = IMG_Load("i.bmp"); glGenTextures(1, &texture); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, surface->w, surface->h, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, surface->pixels); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); SDL_FreeSurface(surface); and then heres the relevant code from my display function glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); glLoadIdentity(); glColor4f(1, 1, 1, 1); glPushMatrix(); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture); glTranslatef(getCenter().x, getCenter().y, 0); glRotatef(getAngle()*(180/M_PI), 0, 0, 1); glTranslatef(-getCenter().x, -getCenter().y, 0); glBegin(GL_QUADS); glTexCoord2f(0, 0); glVertex3f(getTopLeft().x, getTopLeft().y, 0); glTexCoord2f(0, 1); glVertex3f(getTopLeft().x, getTopLeft().y + size.y, 0); glTexCoord2f(1, 1); glVertex3f(getTopLeft().x + size.x, getTopLeft().y + size.y, 0); glTexCoord2f(1, 0); glVertex3f(getTopLeft().x + size.x, getTopLeft().y, 0); glEnd(); glPopMatrix(); let me know if i left out anything important... or if you need more info from me. thanks a ton, -Dylan

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  • Model View Control Issue: Null Pointer Initialization Question

    - by David Dimalanta
    Good morning again. This is David. Please, I need an urgent help regarding control model view where I making a code that uniquely separating into groups: An Activity Java Class to Display the Interface A View and Function Java Class for Drawing Cards and Display it on the Activity Class The problem is that the result returns a Null Pointer Exception. I have initialize for the ID for Text View and Image View. Under this class "draw_deck.java". Please help me. Here's my code for draw_deck.java: package com.bodapps.inbetween.model; import android.content.Context; import android.view.View; import android.widget.ImageView; import android.widget.TextView; import com.bodapps.inbetween.R; public class draw_deck extends View { public TextView count_label; public ImageView draw_card; private int count; public draw_deck(Context context) { super(context); // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub //I have initialized two widgets for ID. I still don't get it why I got forced closed by Null Pointer Exception thing. draw_card = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.IV_Draw_Card); count_label = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.Text_View_Count_Card); } public void draw(int s, int c, String strSuit, String strValue, Pile pile, Context context) { //super(context); //Just printing the card drawn from pile int suit, value = 1; draw_card = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.IV_Draw_Card); count_label = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.Text_View_Count_Card); Card card; if(!pile.isEmpty()) //Setting it to IF statement displays the card one by one. { card = pile.drawFromPile(); //Need to check first if card is null. if (card != null) { //draws an extra if (card != null) { //Get suit of card to print out. suit = card.getSuit(); switch (suit) { case CardInfo.DIAMOND: strSuit = "DIAMOND"; s=0; break; case CardInfo.HEART: strSuit = "HEART"; s=1; break; case CardInfo.SPADE: strSuit = "SPADE"; s=2; break; case CardInfo.CLUB: strSuit = "CLUB"; s=3; break; } //Get value of card to print out. value = card.getValue(); switch (value) { case CardInfo.ACE: strValue = "ACE"; c=0; break; case CardInfo.TWO: c=1; break; case CardInfo.THREE: strValue = "THREE"; c=2; break; case CardInfo.FOUR: strValue = "FOUR"; c=3; break; case CardInfo.FIVE: strValue = "FIVE"; c=4; break; case CardInfo.SIX: strValue = "SIX"; c=4; break; case CardInfo.SEVEN: strValue = "SEVEN"; c=4; break; case CardInfo.EIGHT: strValue = "EIGHT"; c=4; break; case CardInfo.NINE: strValue = "NINE"; c=4; break; case CardInfo.TEN: strValue = "TEN"; c=4; break; case CardInfo.JACK: strValue = "JACK"; c=4; break; case CardInfo.QUEEN: strValue = "QUEEN"; c=4; break; case CardInfo.KING: strValue = "KING"; c=4; break; } } } }// //Below two lines of code, this is where issued the Null Pointer Exception. draw_card.setImageResource(deck[s][c]); count_label.setText(new StringBuilder(strValue).append(" of ").append(strSuit).append(String.valueOf(" " + count++)).toString()); } //Choice of Suits in a Deck public Integer[][] deck = { //Array Group 1 is [0][0] (No. of Cards: 4 - DIAMOND) { R.drawable.card_dummy_1, R.drawable.card_dummy_2, R.drawable.card_dummy_4, R.drawable.card_dummy_5, R.drawable.card_dummy_3 }, //Array Group 2 is [1][0] (No. of Cards: 4 - HEART) { R.drawable.card_dummy_1, R.drawable.card_dummy_2, R.drawable.card_dummy_4, R.drawable.card_dummy_5, R.drawable.card_dummy_3 }, //Array Group 3 is [2][0] (No. of Cards: 4 - SPADE) { R.drawable.card_dummy_1, R.drawable.card_dummy_2, R.drawable.card_dummy_4, R.drawable.card_dummy_5, R.drawable.card_dummy_3 }, //Array Group 4 is [3][0] (No. of Cards: 4 - CLUB) { R.drawable.card_dummy_1, R.drawable.card_dummy_2, R.drawable.card_dummy_4, R.drawable.card_dummy_5, R.drawable.card_dummy_3 }, }; } And this one of the activity class, Player_Mode_2.java: package com.bodapps.inbetween; import java.util.Random; import android.app.Activity; import android.app.Dialog; import android.content.Context; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.View; import android.view.View.OnClickListener; import android.widget.Button; import android.widget.EditText; import android.widget.ImageView; import android.widget.TextView; import android.widget.Toast; import com.bodapps.inbetween.model.Card; import com.bodapps.inbetween.model.Pile; import com.bodapps.inbetween.model.draw_deck; /* * * Public class for Two-Player mode. * */ public class Player_Mode_2 extends Activity { //Image Views private ImageView draw_card; private ImageView player_1; private ImageView player_2; private ImageView icon; //Buttons private Button set_deck; //Edit Texts private EditText enter_no_of_decks; //text Views private TextView count_label; //Integer Data Types private int no_of_cards, count; private int card_multiplier; //Contexts final Context context = this; //Pile Model public Pile pile; //Card Model public Card card; //create View @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.play_2_player_mode); //-----[ Search for Views ]----- //Initialize for Image View draw_card = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.IV_Draw_Card); player_1 = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.IV_Player_1_Card); player_2 = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.IV_Player_2_Card); //Initialize for Text view or Label count_label = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.Text_View_Count_Card); //-----[ Adding Values ]----- //Integer Values count = 0; no_of_cards = 0; //-----[ Adding Dialog ]----- //Initializing Dialog final Dialog deck_dialog = new Dialog(context); deck_dialog.setContentView(R.layout.dialog); deck_dialog.setTitle("Deck Dialog"); //-----[ Initializing Views for Dialog's Contents ]----- //Initialize for Edit Text enter_no_of_decks = (EditText) deck_dialog.findViewById(R.id.Edit_Text_Set_Number_of_Decks); //Initialize for Button set_deck = (Button) deck_dialog.findViewById(R.id.Button_Deck); //-----[ Setting onClickListener() ]----- //Set Event Listener for Image view draw_card.setOnClickListener(new Draw_Card_Model()); //Set Event Listener for Setting the Deck set_deck.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() { public void onClick(View v) { if(card_multiplier <= 8) { //Use "Integer.parseInt()" method to instantly convert from String to int value. card_multiplier = Integer.parseInt(enter_no_of_decks.getText().toString()); //Shuffling cards... pile = new Pile(card_multiplier); //Multiply no. of decks //Dismiss or close the dialog. deck_dialog.dismiss(); } else { Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Please choose a number from 1 to 8.", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); } } }); //Show dialog. deck_dialog.show(); } //Shuffling the Array public void Shuffle_Cards(Integer[][] Shuffle_Deck) { Random random = new Random(); for(int i = Shuffle_Deck[no_of_cards].length - 1; i >=0; i--) { int Index = random.nextInt(i + 1); //Simple Swapping Integer swap = Shuffle_Deck[card_multiplier-1][Index]; Shuffle_Deck[card_multiplier-1][Index] = Shuffle_Deck[card_multiplier-1][i]; Shuffle_Deck[card_multiplier-1][i] = swap; } } //Private Class for Random Card Draw private class Draw_Card_Model implements OnClickListener { public void onClick(View v) { //Just printing the card drawn from pile int suit = 0, value = 0; String strSuit = "", strValue = ""; draw_deck draw = new draw_deck(context); //This line is where issued the Null Pointer Exception. if (count == card_multiplier*52) { // A message shows up when all cards are draw out. Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "All cards have been used up.", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); draw_card.setEnabled(false); } else { draw.draw(suit, value, strSuit, strValue, pile, context); count_label.setText(count); //This is where I got force closed error, although "int count" have initialized the number. This was supposed to accept in the setText() method. count++; } } } } Take note that the issues on Null Pointer Exception is the Image View and the Edit Text. I got to test it. Thanks. If you have any info about my question, let me know it frankly.

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  • Calculating 2D (screen) coordinates from 3D positions in XNA 4.0

    - by NDraskovic
    I have a program that draws some items to the scene by loading their positions from a file. Now I want to place a Ray on the same location where the items are drawn. So my question is how can I calculate the position of the ray (it's 2D components) by using 3D coordinates of each particular item? The items don't move anywhere, so once they are placed they stay until the end of the programs execution. Thanks.

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  • 2D XNA C#: Texture2D Wrapping Issue

    - by Kieran
    Working in C#/XNA for a Windows game: I'm using Texture2D to draw sprites. All of my sprites are 16 x 32. The sprites move around the screen as you would expect, by changing the top X/Y position of them when they're being drawn by the spritebatch. Most of the time when I run the game, the sprites appear like this: and when moved, they move as I expect, as one element. Infrequently they appear like this: and when moved it's like there are two sprites with a gap in between them - it's hard to describe. It only seems to happen sometimes - is there something I'm missing? I'd really like to know why this is happening. [Edit:] Adding Draw code as requested: This is the main draw routine - it first draws the sprite to a RenderTarget then blows it up by a scale of 4: protected override void Draw(GameTime gameTime) { // Draw to render target GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(renderTarget); GraphicsDevice.Clear(Color.CornflowerBlue); Texture2D imSprite = null; spriteBatch.Begin(SpriteSortMode.FrontToBack, null, SamplerState.PointWrap, null, null); ManSprite.Draw(spriteBatch); base.Draw(gameTime); spriteBatch.End(); // Draw render target to screen GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(null); imageFrame = (Texture2D)renderTarget; GraphicsDevice.Clear(ClearOptions.Target | ClearOptions.DepthBuffer, Color.DarkSlateBlue, 1.0f, 0); spriteBatch.Begin(SpriteSortMode.FrontToBack, null, SamplerState.PointClamp, null, null); spriteBatch.Draw(imageFrame, new Vector2(0, 0), null, Color.White, 0, new Vector2(0, 0), IM_SCALE, SpriteEffects.None, 0); spriteBatch.End(); } This is the draw routine for the Sprite class: public virtual void Draw(SpriteBatch spriteBatch) { spriteBatch.Draw(Texture, new Vector2(PositionX, PositionY), null, Color.White, 0.0f, Vector2.Zero, Scale, SpriteEffects.None, 0.3f); }

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  • How to draw textures on a model

    - by marc wellman
    The following code is a complete XNA 3.1 program almost unaltered to that code skeleton Visual Studio is creating when creating a new project. The only things I have changed are imported a .x model to the content folder of the VS solution. (the model is a simple square with a texture spanning over it - made in Google Sketchup and exported with several .x exporters) in the Load() method I am loading the .x model into the game. The Draw() method uses a BasicEffect to render the model. Except these three things I haven't added any code. Why does the model does not show the texture ? What can I do to make the texture visible ? This is the texture file (a standard SketchUp texture from the palette): And this is what my program looks like - as you can see: No texture! Find below the complete source code of the program AND the complete .x file: namespace WindowsGame1 { /// <summary> /// This is the main type for your game /// </summary> public class Game1 : Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Game { GraphicsDeviceManager graphics; SpriteBatch spriteBatch; public Game1() { graphics = new GraphicsDeviceManager(this); Content.RootDirectory = "Content"; } /// <summary> /// Allows the game to perform any initialization it needs to before starting to run. /// This is where it can query for any required services and load any non-graphic /// related content. Calling base.Initialize will enumerate through any components /// and initialize them as well. /// </summary> protected override void Initialize() { // TODO: Add your initialization logic here base.Initialize(); } Model newModel; /// <summary> /// LoadContent will be called once per game and is the place to load /// all of your content. /// </summary> protected override void LoadContent() { // Create a new SpriteBatch, which can be used to draw textures. spriteBatch = new SpriteBatch(GraphicsDevice); // TODO: usse this.Content to load your game content here newModel = Content.Load<Model>(@"aau3d"); foreach (ModelMesh mesh in newModel.Meshes) { foreach (ModelMeshPart meshPart in mesh.MeshParts) { meshPart.Effect = new BasicEffect(this.GraphicsDevice, null); } } } /// <summary> /// UnloadContent will be called once per game and is the place to unload /// all content. /// </summary> protected override void UnloadContent() { // TODO: Unload any non ContentManager content here } /// <summary> /// Allows the game to run logic such as updating the world, /// checking for collisions, gathering input, and playing audio. /// </summary> /// <param name="gameTime">Provides a snapshot of timing values.</param> protected override void Update(GameTime gameTime) { // Allows the game to exit if (GamePad.GetState(PlayerIndex.One).Buttons.Back == ButtonState.Pressed) this.Exit(); // TODO: Add your update logic here base.Update(gameTime); } /// <summary> /// This is called when the game should draw itself. /// </summary> /// <param name="gameTime">Provides a snapshot of timing values.</param> protected override void Draw(GameTime gameTime) { if (newModel != null) { GraphicsDevice.Clear(Color.CornflowerBlue); Matrix[] transforms = new Matrix[newModel.Bones.Count]; newModel.CopyAbsoluteBoneTransformsTo(transforms); foreach (ModelMesh mesh in newModel.Meshes) { foreach (BasicEffect effect in mesh.Effects) { effect.EnableDefaultLighting(); effect.TextureEnabled = true; effect.World = transforms[mesh.ParentBone.Index] * Matrix.CreateRotationY(0) * Matrix.CreateTranslation(new Vector3(0, 0, 0)); effect.View = Matrix.CreateLookAt(new Vector3(200, 1000, 200), Vector3.Zero, Vector3.Up); effect.Projection = Matrix.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView(MathHelper.ToRadians(45.0f), 0.75f, 1.0f, 10000.0f); } mesh.Draw(); } } base.Draw(gameTime); } } } This is the model I am using (.x): xof 0303txt 0032 // SketchUp 6 -> DirectX (c)2008 edecadoudal, supports: faces, normals and textures Material Default_Material{ 1.0;1.0;1.0;1.0;; 3.2; 0.000000;0.000000;0.000000;; 0.000000;0.000000;0.000000;; } Material _Groundcover_RiverRock_4inch_{ 0.568627450980392;0.494117647058824;0.427450980392157;1.0;; 3.2; 0.000000;0.000000;0.000000;; 0.000000;0.000000;0.000000;; TextureFilename { "aau3d.xGroundcover_RiverRock_4inch.jpg"; } } Mesh mesh_0{ 4; -81.6535;0.0000;74.8031;, -0.0000;0.0000;0.0000;, -81.6535;0.0000;0.0000;, -0.0000;0.0000;74.8031;; 2; 3;0,1,2, 3;1,0,3;; MeshMaterialList { 2; 2; 1, 1; { Default_Material } { _Groundcover_RiverRock_4inch_ } } MeshTextureCoords { 4; -2.1168,-3.4022; 1.0000,-0.0000; 1.0000,-3.4022; -2.1168,-0.0000;; } MeshNormals { 4; 0.0000;1.0000;-0.0000; 0.0000;1.0000;-0.0000; 0.0000;1.0000;-0.0000; 0.0000;1.0000;-0.0000;; 2; 3;0,1,2; 3;1,0,3;; } }

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  • creating the nodes for path finding during run time - more like path making and more

    - by bigbadbabybear
    i'm making my 1st game. i'm using javascript as i currently want to learn to make games without needing to learn another language but this is more of a general game dev question its a 2d turn-based tile/grid game. you can check it here http://www.patinterotest.tk/ it creates a movable area when you hover a player and it implements the A* algo for moving the player. The Problem: i want to make the 'dynamic movable area creation' already implement a limited number of steps for a player. The Questions: what is a good way to do this? is there another algorithm to use for this? the A* algorithm needs a start and destination, with what i want to do i don't have a destination or should i just limit the iteration of the A* algo to the steps variable? hopefully you understand the problem & questions easily

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  • Unity 3d (Using Blender) - anime/manga/cel-shaded style characters

    - by David Archer
    Making a game using Blender for 3D models and Unity for the game engine. Just wondering if anyone knows any links to pages that give a tutorial on Japanese anime style 3D modelling, texturing and shading through blender. I'm actually looking to create a cel-shaded look eventually (read: Okami/Jet Set Radio style) and I'm kind of stuck with the design stuff. I'm not a Blender expert by any means, and still kind of new to the design side of things (I'm a programmer by trade), so please don't vote me down too hard. I've tried googling, but there doesn't seem to be much in the way of what I'm after. The only thing I've found really is a plugin for blender called freestyle, or using the ToonShader shading tool. If there are any good tutorials or anything, I'm really happy to sit through them - just want to learn :) Thanks for any help :)

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  • Lighting-Reflectance Models & Licensing Issues

    - by codey
    Generally, or specifically, is there any licensing issue with using any of the well known lighting/reflectance models (i.e. the BRDFs or other distribution or approximation functions): Phong, Blinn–Phong, Cook–Torrance, Blinn-Torrance-Sparrow, Lambert, Minnaert, Oren–Nayar, Ward, Strauss, Ashikhmin-Shirley and common modifications where applicable, such as: Beckmann distribution, Blinn distribution, Schlick's approximation, etc. in your shader code utilised in a commercial product? Or is it a non-issue?

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  • How can I do Mouse Selection In OpenGL 3.0?

    - by NoobScratcher
    Hello I'm pretty good programmer I've made my own 2D games in SDL and made a gui in 3D using Old OpenGL and Modern OpenGL but.. I'm having problems with trying to click 3D models with opengl I have no idea what to do too be honest. Do I read the area that I've clicked? or what do I do? 100% shore this has been asked before but I just don't know what to do...?? using : OpenGL 3.0 WIN32 API C++

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  • Ideas for attack damage algorithm (language irrelevant)

    - by Dillon
    I am working on a game and I need ideas for the damage that will be done to the enemy when your player attacks. The total amount of health that the enemy has is called enemyHealth, and has a value of 1000. You start off with a weapon that does 40 points of damage (may be changed.) The player has an attack stat that you can increase, called playerAttack. This value starts off at 1, and has a possible max value of 100 after you level it up many times and make it farther into the game. The amount of damage that the weapon does is cut and dry, and subtracts 40 points from the total 1000 points of health every time the enemy is hit. But what the playerAttack does is add to that value with a percentage. Here is the algorithm I have now. (I've taken out all of the gui, classes, etc. and given the variables very forward names) double totalDamage = weaponDamage + (weaponDamage*(playerAttack*.05)) enemyHealth -= (int)totalDamage; This seemed to work great for the most part. So I statrted testing some values... //enemyHealth ALWAYS starts at 1000 weaponDamage = 50; playerAttack = 30; If I set these values, the amount of damage done on the enemy is 125. Seemed like a good number, so I wanted to see what would happen if the players attack was maxed out, but with the weakest starting weapon. weaponDamage = 50; playerAttack = 100; the totalDamage ends up being 300, which would kill an enemy in just a few hits. Even with your attack that high, I wouldn't want the weakest weapon to be able to kill the enemy that fast. I thought about adding defense, but I feel the game will lose consistency and become unbalanced in the long run. Possibly a well designed algorithm for a weapon decrease modifier would work for lower level weapons or something like that. Just need a break from trying to figure out the best way to go about this, and maybe someone that has experience with games and keeping the leveling consistent could give me some ideas/pointers.

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  • XNA RTS A* pathfinding issues

    - by Slayter
    I'm starting to develop an RTS game using the XNA framework in C# and am still in the very early prototyping stage. I'm working on the basics. I've got unit selection down and am currently working on moving multiple units. I've implemented an A* pathfinding algorithm which works fine for moving a single unit. However when moving multiple units they stack on top of each other. I tried fixing this with a variation of the boids flocking algorithm but this has caused units to sometimes freeze and get stuck trying to move but going no where. Ill post the related methods for moving the units below but ill only post a link to the pathfinding class because its really long and i don't want to clutter up the page. These parts of the code are in the update method for the main controlling class: if (selectedUnits.Count > 0) { int indexOfLeader = 0; for (int i = 0; i < selectedUnits.Count; i++) { if (i == 0) { indexOfLeader = 0; } else { if (Vector2.Distance(selectedUnits[i].position, destination) < Vector2.Distance(selectedUnits[indexOfLeader].position, destination)) indexOfLeader = i; } selectedUnits[i].leader = false; } selectedUnits[indexOfLeader].leader = true; foreach (Unit unit in selectedUnits) unit.FindPath(destination); } foreach (Unit unit in units) { unit.Update(gameTime, selectedUnits); } These three methods control movement in the Unit class: public void FindPath(Vector2 destination) { if (path != null) path.Clear(); Point startPoint = new Point((int)position.X / 32, (int)position.Y / 32); Point endPoint = new Point((int)destination.X / 32, (int)destination.Y / 32); path = pathfinder.FindPath(startPoint, endPoint); pointCounter = 0; if (path != null) nextPoint = path[pointCounter]; dX = 0.0f; dY = 0.0f; stop = false; } private void Move(List<Unit> units) { if (nextPoint == position && !stop) { pointCounter++; if (pointCounter <= path.Count - 1) { nextPoint = path[pointCounter]; if (nextPoint == position) stop = true; } else if (pointCounter >= path.Count) { path.Clear(); pointCounter = 0; stop = true; } } else { if (!stop) { map.occupiedPoints.Remove(this); Flock(units); // Move in X ********* TOOK OUT SPEED ********** if ((int)nextPoint.X > (int)position.X) { position.X += dX; } else if ((int)nextPoint.X < (int)position.X) { position.X -= dX; } // Move in Y if ((int)nextPoint.Y > (int)position.Y) { position.Y += dY; } else if ((int)nextPoint.Y < (int)position.Y) { position.Y -= dY; } if (position == nextPoint && pointCounter >= path.Count - 1) stop = true; map.occupiedPoints.Add(this, position); } if (stop) { path.Clear(); pointCounter = 0; } } } private void Flock(List<Unit> units) { float distanceToNextPoint = Vector2.Distance(position, nextPoint); foreach (Unit unit in units) { float distance = Vector2.Distance(position, unit.position); if (unit != this) { if (distance < space && !leader && (nextPoint != position)) { // create space dX += (position.X - unit.position.X) * 0.1f; dY += (position.Y - unit.position.Y) * 0.1f; if (dX > .05f) nextPoint.X = nextPoint.X - dX; else if (dX < -.05f) nextPoint.X = nextPoint.X + dX; if (dY > .05f) nextPoint.Y = nextPoint.Y - dY; else if (dY < -.05f) nextPoint.Y = nextPoint.Y + dY; if ((dX < .05f && dX > -.05f) && (dY < .05f && dY > -.05f)) stop = true; path[pointCounter] = nextPoint; Console.WriteLine("Make Space: " + dX + ", " + dY); } else if (nextPoint != position && !stop) { dX = speed; dY = speed; Console.WriteLine(dX + ", " + dY); } } } } And here's the link to the pathfinder: https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B_Cqt6txUDkddU40QXBMeTR1djA I hope this post wasn't too long. Also please excuse the messiness of the code. As I said before this is early prototyping. Any help would be appreciated. Thanks!

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  • Server-side Input

    - by Thomas
    Currently in my game, the client is nothing but a renderer. When input state is changed, the client sends a packet to the server and moves the player as if it were processing the input, but the server has the final say on the position. This generally works really well, except for one big problem: falling off edges. Basically, if a player is walking towards an edge, say a cliff, and stops right before going off the edge, sometimes a second later, he'll be teleported off of the edge. This is because the "I stopped pressing W" packet is sent after the server processes the information. Here's a lag diagram to help you understand what I mean: http://i.imgur.com/Prr8K.png I could just send a "W Pressed" packet each frame for the server to process, but that would seem to be a bandwidth-costly solution. Any help is appreciated!

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  • 2D SAT How to find collision center or point or area?

    - by Felipe Cypriano
    I've just implemented collision detection using SAT and this article as reference to my implementation. The detection is working as expected but I need to know where both rectangles are colliding. I need to find the center of the intersection, the black point on the image above. I've found some articles about this but they all involve avoiding the overlap or some kind of velocity, I don't need this. I just need to put a image on top of it. Like two cars crashed so I put an image on top of the collision. Any ideas? ## Update The information I've about the rectangles are the four points that represents them, the upper right, upper left, lower right and lower left coordinates. I'm trying to find an algorithm that can give me the intersection of these points.

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  • Balancing game difficulty against player progression

    - by Raven Dreamer
    It seems that the current climate of games seems to cater to an obvious progression of player power, whether that means getting a bigger, more explosive gun in Halo, leveling up in an RPG, or unlocking new options in Command and Conquer 4. Yet this concept is not exclusive to video or computer games -- even in Dungeons and Dragons players can strive to acquire a +2 sword to replace the +1 weapon they've been using. Yet as a systems designer, the concept of player progression is giving me headache after headache. Should I balance around the players exact capabilities and give up on a simple linear progression? (I think ESIV:Oblivion is a good example of this) Is it better to throw the players into an "arms race" with their opponents, where if the players don't progress in an orderly manner, it is only a matter of time until gameplay is unbearably difficult? (4th Edition DnD strikes me as a good example of this) Perhaps it would make most sense to untether the core gameplay mechanics from progression at all -- give them flashier, more interesting (but not more powerful!) ways to grow?

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  • Android - Rendering HUD View to SurfaceView

    - by Jon
    I have developed a relatively simple game in android, to get my head around it all, and on the back of it developed a crude game engine (in the loosest sense!). I use a SurfaceView and canvas (no OpenGL) - I'll cross that bridge another time! I have implemented a game HUD, title screens etc. by overlaying standard Android view widgets over my SurfaceView. This all works reasonably well maintaining an acceptable frame-rate, but it is a simple game with not a lot happening on or off screen. What I am wondering now is whether one could (and whether one would get any advantage by) drawing all my views to the one SurfaceView, all controlled by the main game thread. At the moment I have handlers flinging messages around and runOnUiThreads here, there and everywhere. Quite cumbersome. Any thoughts on this would be much appreciated (before I perhaps waste time trying to do it!)

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  • Coarse Collision Detection in highly dynamic environment

    - by Millianz
    I'm currently working a 3D space game with A LOT of dynamic objects that are all moving (there is pretty much no static environment). I have the collision detection and resolution working just fine, but I am now trying to optimize the collision detection (which is currently O(N^2) -- linear search). I thought about multiple options, a bounding volume hierarchy, a Binary Spatial Partitioning tree, an Octree or a Grid. I however need some help with deciding what's best for my situation. A grid seems unfeasible simply due to the space requirements and cache coherence problems. Since everything is so dynamic however, it seems to be that trees aren't ideal either, since they would have to be completely rebuilt every frame. I must admit I never implemented a physics engine that required spatial partitioning, do I indeed need to rebuild the tree every frame (assuming that everything is constantly moving) or can I update the trees after integrating? Advice is much appreciated - to give some more background: You're flying a space ship in an asteroid field, and there are lots and lots of asteroids and some enemy ships, all of which shoot bullets. EDIT: I came across the "Sweep an Prune" algorithm, which seems like the right thing for my purposes. It appears like the right mixture of fast building of the data structures involved and detailed enough partitioning. This is the best resource I can find: http://www.codercorner.com/SAP.pdf If anyone has any suggestions whether or not I'm going in the right direction, please let me know.

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  • Narrow-phase collision detection algorithms

    - by Marian Ivanov
    There are three phases of collision detection. Broadphase: It loops between all objecs that can interact, false positives are allowed, if it would speed up the loop. Narrowphase: Determines whether they collide, and sometimes, how, no false positives Resolution: Resolves the collision. The question I'm asking is about the narrowphase. There are multiple algorithms, differing in complexity and accuracy. Hitbox intersection: This is an a-posteriori algorithm, that has the lowest complexity, but also isn't too accurate, Color intersection: Hitbox intersection for each pixel, a-posteriori, pixel-perfect, not accuratee in regards to time, higher complexity Separating axis theorem: This is used more often, accurate for triangles, however, a-posteriori, as it can't find the edge, when taking last frame in account, it's more stable Linear raycasting: A-priori algorithm, useful for semi-realistic-looking physics, finds the intersection point, even more accurate than SAT, but with more complexity Spline interpolation: A-priori, even more accurate than linear rays, even more coplexity. There are probably many more that I've forgot about. The question is, in when is it better to use SAT, when rays, when splines, and whether there is anything better.

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  • matrix 4x4 position data

    - by freefallr
    I understand that a 4x4 matrix holds rotation and position data. The rotation data is held in the 3x3 sub-matrix at the top left of the matrix. The position data is held in the last column of the matrix. e.g. glm::vec3 vParentPos( mParent[3][0], mParent[3][1], mParent[3][2] ); My question is - am I accessing the parent matrix correctly in the example above? I know that opengl uses a different matrix ordering that directx, (row order instead of column order or something), so, should the mParent be accessed as follows instead? glm::vec3 vParentPos( mParent[0][3], mParent[1][3], mParent[2][3] ); thanks!

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  • Ruby: implementing alpha-beta pruning for tic-tac-toe

    - by DerNalia
    So, alpha-beta pruning seems to be the most efficient algorithm out there aside from hard coding (for tic tac toe). However, I'm having problems converting the algorithm from the C++ example given in the link: http://www.webkinesia.com/games/gametree.php #based off http://www.webkinesia.com/games/gametree.php # (converted from C++ code from the alpha - beta pruning section) # returns 0 if draw LOSS = -1 DRAW = 0 WIN = 1 @next_move = 0 def calculate_ai_next_move score = self.get_best_move(COMPUTER, WIN, LOSS) return @next_move end def get_best_move(player, alpha, beta) best_score = nil score = nil if not self.has_available_moves? return false elsif self.has_this_player_won?(player) return WIN elsif self.has_this_player_won?(1 - player) return LOSS else best_score = alpha NUM_SQUARES.times do |square| if best_score >= beta break end if self.state[square].nil? self.make_move_with_index(square, player) # set to negative of opponent's best move; we only need the returned score; # the returned move is irrelevant. score = -get_best_move(1-player, -beta, -alpha) if (score > bestScore) @next_move = square best_score = score end undo_move(square) end end end return best_score end the problem is that this is returning nil. some support methods that are used above: WAYS_TO_WIN = [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8], [0, 3, 6], [1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8],[0, 4, 8], [2, 4, 6]] def has_this_player_won?(player) result = false WAYS_TO_WIN.each {|solution| result = self.state[solution[0]] if contains_win?(solution) } return (result == player) end def contains_win?(ttt_win_state) ttt_win_state.each do |pos| return false if self.state[pos] != self.state[ttt_win_state[0]] or self.state[pos].nil? end return true end def make_move(x, y, player) self.set_square(x,y, player) end

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  • importing animations in Blender, weird rotations/locations

    - by user975135
    This is for the Blender 2.6 API. There are two problems: 1. When I import a single animation frame from my animation file to Blender, all bones look fine. But when I import multiple (all of the frames), just the first one looks right, seems like newer frames are affected by older ones, so you get slightly off positions/rotations. This is true when both assigning PoseBone.matrix and PoseBone.matrix_basis. bone_index = 0 # for each frame: for frame_index in range(frame_count): # for each pose bone: add a key for bone_name in bone_names: # "bone_names" - a list of bone names I got earlier pose.bones[bone_name].matrix = animation_matrices[frame_index][bone_index] # "animation_matrices" - a nested list of matrices generated from reading a file # create the 'keys' for the Action from the poses pose.bones[bone_name].keyframe_insert('location', frame = frame_index+1) pose.bones[bone_name].keyframe_insert('rotation_euler', frame = frame_index+1) pose.bones[bone_name].keyframe_insert('scale', frame = frame_index+1) bone_index += 1 bone_index = 0 Again, it seems like previous frames are affecting latter ones, because if I import a single frame from the middle of the animation, it looks fine. 2. I can't assign armature-space animation matrices read from a file to a skeleton with hierarchy (parenting). In Blender 2.4 you could just assign them to PoseBone.poseMatrix and bones would deform perfectly whether the bones had a hierarchy or none at all. In Blender 2.6, there's PoseBone.matrix_basis and PoseBone.matrix. While matrix_basis is relative to parent bone, matrix isn't, the API says it's in object space. So it should have worked, but doesn't. So I guess we need to calculate a local space matrix from our armature-space animation matrices from the files. So I tried multiplying it ( PoseBone.matrix ) with PoseBone.parent.matrix.inverted() in both possible orders with no luck, still weird deformations.

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  • 2D object-aligned bounding-box intersection test

    - by AshleysBrain
    Hi all, I have two object-aligned bounding boxes (i.e. not axis aligned, they rotate with the object). I'd like to know if two object-aligned boxes overlap. (Edit: note - I'm using an axis-aligned bounding box test to quickly discard distant objects, so it doesn't matter if the quad routine is a little slower.) My boxes are stored as four x,y points. I've searched around for answers, but I can't make sense of the variable names and algorithms in examples to apply them to my particular case. Can someone help show me how this would be done, in a clear and simple way? Thanks. (The particular language isn't important, C-style pseudo code is OK.)

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  • Sounds to describe the weather?

    - by Matthew
    I'm trying to think of sounds that will help convey the time of day and weather condition. I'm not even sure of all the weather conditions I would consider, and some are obvious. Like if it's raining, the sound of rain. But then I'm thinking, what about for a calm day? If it's morning time, I could do birds chirping or something. Night time could be an owl or something. What are some good combinations of sounds/weather/time to have a good effect?

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  • How can I test if my rotated rectangle intersects a corner?

    - by Raven Dreamer
    I have a square, tile-based collision map. To check if one of my (square) entities is colliding, I get the vertices of the 4 corners, and test those 4 points against my collision map. If none of those points are intersecting, I know I'm good to move to the new position. I'd like to allow entities to rotate. I can still calculate the 4 corners of the square, but once you factor in rotation, those 4 corners alone don't seem to be enough information to determine if the entity is trying to move to a valid state. For example: In the picture below, black is unwalkable terrain, and red is the player's hitbox. The left scenario is allowed because the 4 corners of the red square are not in the black terrain. The right scenario would also be (incorrectly) allowed, because the player, cleverly turned at a 45* angle, has its corners in valid spaces, even if it is (quite literally) cutting the corner. How can I detect scenarios similar to the situation on the right?

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