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  • How can I generate a view or projection matrix for OpenGL 3.+

    - by Ken
    I'm transitioning from OpenGL 2 to OpenGL 3.+ and to GLSL 1.5. I'm trying to avoid using the deprecated features. My question how do we now generate the view or projection matrix. I was using the matrix stack to calculate the projection matrix for me; GLfloat ptr[16]; gluPerspective(...); glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, ptr); //then pass ptr via a uniform to the shader But obviously the matrix stack is deprecated. So this approach is not the best an option going forward. I have the 'Red Book', 7th ed, which covers 3.0 & 3.1 and it still uses the deprecated matrix functions in it's examples. I could write some utility-code myself to generate the matrices. But I don't want to re-invent this particular wheel, especially when this functionality is required for every 3D graphics program. What is the accepted way to generate world,view & projection matrices for OpenGL? Is there an emerging 'standard' library for this? Or is there some other hidden (to me) functionality in OpenGL/GLSL which I have overlooked?

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  • Importing Models from Maya to OpenGL

    - by Mert Toka
    I am looking for ways to import models to my game project. I am using Maya as modelling software, and GLUT for windowing of my game. I found this great parser, it imports all the textures and normal vectors, but it is compatible with .obj files of 3dsMAX. I tried to use it with Maya obj's, and it turned out that Maya's obj files are a bit different from former one, thus it cannot parse them. If you know any way to convert Maya obj files to 3dsMax obj files, that would be acceptable as well as a new parser for Maya obj files.

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  • What tools should I consider if my aim is to make a game available to as many platforms as possible?

    - by Kenji Kina
    We're planning on developing a 2D, grid-based puzzle game, and although it's still very early in the planning stages, we'd like to make our decisions well from the beginning. Our strategy will be to make the game available to as many platforms as possible, for example PCs (Windows, Mac and/or Linux), mobile phones (iPhone and/or Android based phones), game consoles (XBLA and/or PSN) PC will have an emphasis, but I believe that's the most flexible platform so that shouldn't be a problem. So, what programming language, game engine, frameworks and all around tools would be best suited for our goal? P.S.: I'm betting a set of tools won't cover ALL of them, and that there will still be some kind of "translating" effort for some platforms, but we'd like to know what the most far reaching are.

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  • How to use Pixel Bender (pbj) in ActionScript3 on large Vectors to make fast calculations?

    - by Arthur Wulf White
    Remember my old question: 2d game view camera zoom, rotation & offset using 'Filter' / 'Shader' processing? I figured I could use a Pixel Bender Shader to do the computation for any large group of elements in a game to save on processing time. At least it's a theory worth checking. I also read this question: Pass large array to pixel shader Which I'm guessing is about accomplishing the same thing in a different language. I read this tutorial: http://unitzeroone.com/blog/2009/03/18/flash-10-massive-amounts-of-3d-particles-with-alchemy-source-included/ I am attempting to do some tests. Here is some of the code: private const SIZE : int = Math.pow(10, 5); private var testVectorNum : Vector.<Number>; private function testShader():void { shader.data.ab.value = [1.0, 8.0]; shader.data.src.input = testVectorNum; shader.data.src.width = SIZE/400; shader.data.src.height = 100; shaderJob = new ShaderJob(shader, testVectorNum, SIZE / 4, 1); var time : int = getTimer(), i : int = 0; shaderJob.start(true); trace("TEST1 : ", getTimer() - time); } The problem is that I keep getting a error saying: [Fault] exception, information=Error: Error #1000: The system is out of memory. Update: I managed to partially workaround the problem by converting the vector into bitmapData: (Using this technique I still get a speed boost of 3x using Pixel Bender) private function testShader():void { shader.data.ab.value = [1.0, 8.0]; var time : int = getTimer(), i : int = 0; testBitmapData.setVector(testBitmapData.rect, testVectorInt); shader.data.src.input = testBitmapData; shaderJob = new ShaderJob(shader, testBitmapData); shaderJob.start(true); testVectorInt = testBitmapData.getVector(testBitmapData.rect); trace("TEST1 : ", getTimer() - time); }

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  • Cropping a line (laser beam) in XNA

    - by electroflame
    I have a laser sprite that I wish to crop. I want to crop it so when it collides with an item, I can calculate the distance between the starting point, and the ending point, and only draw that. This eliminates the "overdraw" of a laser drawing past an item. Essentially, I'm trying to crop a line, but also keep that line "attached" to the nose of my ship. The line should not be drawn past the nose of my ship, that should be the starting point. There is no rotation to worry about. Currently, I thought that doing this through SpriteBatch would be best. This is my current Spritebatch code: spriteBatch.Draw(Laser.sprite, new Rectangle((int)Laser.position.X, (int)Laser.position.Y, Laser.sprite.Width, LaserHeight), new Rectangle(0, 0, (int)(Laser.sprite.Width), LaserHeight), new Color(255, 255, 255, (byte)MathHelper.Clamp(Laser.Alpha, 0, 255)), Laser.rotation, new Vector2(Laser.sprite.Width/2, LaserHeight/2), SpriteEffects.None, 0); But this doesn't quite work. It does only draw part of the sprite, but when LaserHeight is incremented, it lengthens the line in both ways! I believe this is due to some stupid error on my part with the Origin of the draw. Quick recap: I need to have my laser sprite drawn with the bottom of it at the nose of my ship, and then use LaserHeight to crop the image so only part of it is drawn. I have a feeling my explanation is a bit...lacking. So if you require more information, please say so and I will try to provide more information. Thanks in advance!

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  • Making a surface transparent from blackness of texture

    - by Dan the Man
    I am making a "halo" shader in unity using GLSL. And I've come to a roadblock. What I need to do is take a texture, like the following, and make it transparent according to the darkness of it. And I don't want a cutout, because that cuts it off at a hard edge. This line of code doesn't seem to work. gl_FragColor = texture2D( vec4( _MainTex.r, _MainTex.g, _MainTex.b, _MainTex.a), vec2(textureCoordinates));

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  • How to move an UIView along a curved CGPath according to user dragging the view

    - by Felipe Cypriano
    I'm trying to build a interface that the user can move his finger around the screen an a list of images moves along a path. The idea is that the images center nevers leaves de path. Most of the things I found was about how to animate using CGPath and not about actually using the path as the track to a user movement. I need to objects to be tracked on the path even if the user isn't moving his fingers over the path. For example (image bellow), if the object is at the beginning of the path and the user touches anywhere on the screen and moves his fingers from left to right I need that the object moves from left to right but following the path, that is, going up as it goes to the right towards the path's end. This is the path I've draw, imagine that I'll have a view (any image) that the user can touch and drag it along the path, there's no need to move the finger exactly over the path. If the user move from left to right the image should move from left to right but going up if need following the path. This is how I'm creating the path: CGPoint endPointUp = CGPointMake(315, 124); CGPoint endPointDown = CGPointMake(0, 403); CGPoint controlPoint1 = CGPointMake(133, 187); CGPoint controlPoint2 = CGPointMake(174, 318); CGMutablePathRef path = CGPathCreateMutable(); CGPathMoveToPoint(path, NULL, endPointUp.x, endPointUp.y); CGPathAddCurveToPoint(path, NULL, controlPoint1.x, controlPoint1.y, controlPoint2.x, controlPoint2.y, endPointDown.x, endPointDown.y); Any idead how can I achieve this?

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  • Best practices for periodically saving game state to disk

    - by Ben Morris
    I'm working on an MMO. All of the player and environment data lives on a server and is kept in memory. There's a "world" object which keeps track of all of the maps, characters, etc. and their relations to each other. To avoid data loss in case of a crash, I've been periodically serializing the world to disk. The trouble is, this object can be quite large, so when the server starts writing, there's noticeable in-game slowdown for a few seconds, which I'd like to avoid. Any pointers on how to go about this in a more efficient way?

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  • How do I choose the scaling factor of a 3D game world?

    - by concept3d
    I am making a 3D tank game prototype with some physics simulation, am using C++. One of the decisions I need to make is the scale of the game world in relation to reality. For example, I could consider 1 in-game unit of measurement to correspond to 1 meter in reality. This feels intuitive, but I feel like I might be missing something. I can think of the following as potential problems: 3D modelling program compatibility. (?) Numerical accuracy. (Does this matter?) Especially at large scales, how games like Battlefield have huge maps: How don't they lose numerical accuracy if they use 1:1 mapping with real world scale, since floating point representation tend to lose more precision with larger numbers (e.g. with ray casting, physics simulation)? Gameplay. I don't want the movement of units to feel slow or fast while using almost real world values like -9.8 m/s^2 for gravity. (This might be subjective.) Is it ok to scale up/down imported assets or it's best fit with a world with its original scale? Rendering performance. Are large meshes with the same vertex count slower to render? I'm wondering if I should split this into multiple questions...

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  • How to get all keys values of the player prefs in unity [java script ]

    - by Akari
    in the first test game I've developed if the player passed all the levels and win , he must enter his name ... so his name and his score will be stored in a player prefs : and there is another scene that displays the names and scores of all the user passed the game : I've searched from the morning and try all the ways I know and finally I failed to perform this .... is it possible to display all the keys values previously stored in the player prefs ??? or can someone to provide me by a JavaScript to do this ???? thanks...

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  • Shadows shimmer when camera moves

    - by Chad Layton
    I've implemented shadow maps in my simple block engine as an exercise. I'm using one directional light and using the view volume to create the shadow matrices. I'm experiencing some problems with the shadows shimmering when the camera moves and I'd like to know if it's an issue with my implementation or just an issue with basic/naive shadow mapping itself. Here's a video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vyprATt5BBg&feature=youtu.be Here's the code I use to create the shadow matrices. The commented out code is my original attempt to perfectly fit the view frustum. You can also see my attempt to try clamping movement to texels in the shadow map which didn't seem to make any difference. Then I tried using a bounding sphere instead, also to no apparent effect. public void CreateViewProjectionTransformsToFit(Camera camera, out Matrix viewTransform, out Matrix projectionTransform, out Vector3 position) { BoundingSphere cameraViewFrustumBoundingSphere = BoundingSphere.CreateFromFrustum(camera.ViewFrustum); float lightNearPlaneDistance = 1.0f; Vector3 lookAt = cameraViewFrustumBoundingSphere.Center; float distanceFromLookAt = cameraViewFrustumBoundingSphere.Radius + lightNearPlaneDistance; Vector3 directionFromLookAt = -Direction * distanceFromLookAt; position = lookAt + directionFromLookAt; viewTransform = Matrix.CreateLookAt(position, lookAt, Vector3.Up); float lightFarPlaneDistance = distanceFromLookAt + cameraViewFrustumBoundingSphere.Radius; float diameter = cameraViewFrustumBoundingSphere.Radius * 2.0f; Matrix.CreateOrthographic(diameter, diameter, lightNearPlaneDistance, lightFarPlaneDistance, out projectionTransform); //Vector3 cameraViewFrustumCentroid = camera.ViewFrustum.GetCentroid(); //position = cameraViewFrustumCentroid - (Direction * (camera.FarPlaneDistance - camera.NearPlaneDistance)); //viewTransform = Matrix.CreateLookAt(position, cameraViewFrustumCentroid, Up); //Vector3[] cameraViewFrustumCornersWS = camera.ViewFrustum.GetCorners(); //Vector3[] cameraViewFrustumCornersLS = new Vector3[8]; //Vector3.Transform(cameraViewFrustumCornersWS, ref viewTransform, cameraViewFrustumCornersLS); //Vector3 min = cameraViewFrustumCornersLS[0]; //Vector3 max = cameraViewFrustumCornersLS[0]; //for (int i = 1; i < 8; i++) //{ // min = Vector3.Min(min, cameraViewFrustumCornersLS[i]); // max = Vector3.Max(max, cameraViewFrustumCornersLS[i]); //} //// Clamp to nearest texel //float texelSize = 1.0f / Renderer.ShadowMapSize; //min.X -= min.X % texelSize; //min.Y -= min.Y % texelSize; //min.Z -= min.Z % texelSize; //max.X -= max.X % texelSize; //max.Y -= max.Y % texelSize; //max.Z -= max.Z % texelSize; //// We just use an orthographic projection matrix. The sun is so far away that it's rays are essentially parallel. //Matrix.CreateOrthographicOffCenter(min.X, max.X, min.Y, max.Y, -max.Z, -min.Z, out projectionTransform); } And here's the relevant part of the shader: if (CastShadows) { float4 positionLightCS = mul(float4(position, 1.0f), LightViewProj); float2 texCoord = clipSpaceToScreen(positionLightCS) + 0.5f / ShadowMapSize; float shadowMapDepth = tex2D(ShadowMapSampler, texCoord).r; float distanceToLight = length(LightPosition - position); float bias = 0.2f; if (shadowMapDepth < (distanceToLight - bias)) { return float4(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); } } The shimmer is slightly better if I drastically reduce the view volume but I think that's mostly just because the texels become smaller and it's harder to notice them flickering back and forth. I'd appreciate any insight, I'd very much like to understand what's going on before I try other techniques.

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  • Advantages and disadvantages of libgdx [on hold]

    - by Paul
    I've been an android developer for a while and am thinking about getting into gaming. While looking for a game dev framework, I thought libgdx provides very friendly documentation and functionality. So I would like to use it if there is no big obstacle. But when I tried to see how many developers employ this library, I could find not that many. Is there anything wrong with this library? In other words, I would like to know its advantages or disadvantages from any experienced developer. UPDATE: After reviewing its documentations and trying to build simple games with libgdx, I decided to go with it as its documentations are good enough and its community is very active. What I liked the most is that it provides a bunch of demo games that I can learn a lot from.

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  • How to change speed without changing path travelled?

    - by Ben Williams
    I have a ball which is being thrown from one side of a 2D space to the other. The formula I am using for calculating the ball's position at any one point in time is: x = x0 + vx0*t y = y0 + vy0*t - 0.5*g*t*t where g is gravity, t is time, x0 is the initial x position, vx0 is the initial x velocity. What I would like to do is change the speed of this ball, without changing how far it travels. Let's say the ball starts in the lower left corner, moves upwards and rightwards in an arc, and finishes in the lower right corner, and this takes 5s. What I would like to be able to do is change this so it takes 10s or 20s, but the ball still follows the same curve and finishes in the same position. How can I achieve this? All I can think of is manipulating t but I don't think that's a good idea. I'm sure it's something simple, but my maths is pretty shaky.

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  • Normals vs Normal maps

    - by KaiserJohaan
    I am using Assimp asset importer (http://assimp.sourceforge.net/lib_html/index.html) to parse 3d models. So far, I've simply pulled out the normal vectors which are defined for each vertex in my meshes. Yet I have also found various tutorials on normal maps... As I understand it for normal maps, the normal vectors are stored in each texel of a normal map, and you pull these out of the normal texture in the shader. Why is there two ways to get the normals, which one is considered best-practice and why?

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  • Restrict Tile Map to its boundaries

    - by Farooq Arshed
    I have loaded a tmx file in cocos2dx and now I am trying to implement panning. I have successfully implemented the panning first part where the map moves. Now I want to restrict the map so it does not display the map beyond its boundary where it shows black screen. I am confused as to how to implement it. Below is my code any help would be appreciated. bool HelloWorld::init() { if ( !CCLayer::init() ) { return false; } const char* tmx= "isometric_grass_and_water.tmx"; _tileMap = new CCTMXTiledMap(); _tileMap->initWithTMXFile(tmx); this->addChild(_tileMap); this->setTouchEnabled(true); return true; } void HelloWorld::ccTouchesBegan(CCSet *touches, CCEvent *event){ CCSetIterator it; for (it=touches->begin(); it!=touches->end(); ++it){ CCTouch* touch = (CCTouch*)it.operator*(); CCLog("touches id: %d", touch->getID()); oldLoc = touch->getLocationInView(); oldLoc = CCDirector::sharedDirector()->convertToGL(oldLoc); } } void HelloWorld::ccTouchesMoved(CCSet *touches, CCEvent *event) { if (touches->count() == 1) { CCTouch* touch = (CCTouch*)( touches->anyObject() ); this->moveScreen(touch); } else if (touches->count() == 2) { this->scaleScreen(touches); } } void HelloWorld::moveScreen(CCTouch* touch) { CCPoint currentLoc = touch->getLocationInView(); currentLoc = CCDirector::sharedDirector()->convertToGL(currentLoc); CCPoint moveTo = ccpSub(oldLoc, currentLoc); moveTo = ccpMult(moveTo, -1); oldLoc = currentLoc; this->setPosition(ccpAdd(this->getPosition(), ccp(moveTo.x, moveTo.y))); }

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  • How to fetch only the sprites in the player's range of motion for collision testing? (2D, axis aligned sprites)

    - by Twodordan
    I am working on a 2D sprite game for educational purposes. (In case you want to know, it uses WebGl and Javascript) I've implemented movement using the Euler method (and delta time) to keep things simple. Now I'm trying to tackle collisions. The way I wrote things, my game only has rectangular sprites (axis aligned, never rotated) of various/variable sizes. So I need to figure out what I hit and which side of the target sprite I hit (and I'm probably going to use these intersection tests). The old fashioned method seems to be to use tile based grids, to target only a few tiles at a time, but that sounds silly and impractical for my game. (Splitting the whole level into blocks, having each sprite's bounding box fit multiple blocks I might abide. But if the sprites change size and move around, you have to keep changing which tiles they belong to, every frame, it doesn't sound right.) In Flash you can test collision under one point, but it's not efficient to iterate through all the elements on stage each frame. (hence why people use the tile method). Bottom line is, I'm trying to figure out how to test only the elements within the player's range of motion. (I know how to get the range of motion, I have a good idea of how to write a collisionCheck(playerSprite, targetSprite) function. But how do I know which sprites are currently in the player's vicinity to fetch only them?) Please discuss. Cheers!

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  • Deferred rendering with both Clockwise and CounterClockwise culling

    - by user1423893
    I have a deferred rendering system that works well with objects that appear solid and drawn using CounterClockwise culling. I have a problem with Clockwise culled objects that are supposed to represent hollow that display their inside faces only. The image below shows a CounterClockwise culled object (left) Clockwise culled object (right). The Clockwise culled object faces display what would be displayed on the CounterClockwise face. How can I get the lighting to light the inner faces for Clockwise culled objects and continue lighting the outer CounterClockwise faces as normal? My lighting method is below private void DeferredLighting(GameTime gameTime) { // Set the render target for the lights game.GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(lightMap); // Clear the render target to (0, 0, 0, 0) game.GraphicsDevice.Clear(Color.Transparent); // Set the render states game.GraphicsDevice.BlendState = BlendState.Additive; game.GraphicsDevice.DepthStencilState = DepthStencilState.None; game.GraphicsDevice.RasterizerState = RasterizerState.CullCounterClockwise; // Set sampler state to Point as the Surface type requires it in XNA 4.0 game.GraphicsDevice.SamplerStates[0] = SamplerState.PointClamp; // Set the camera properties for all lights BaseLight.SetCameraProperties(game.ActiveCamera); // Draw the lights int numLights = lights.Count; for (int i = 0; i < numLights; ++i) { if (lights[i].Diffuse.W > 0f) { lights[i].Render(gameTime, ref normalMap, ref depthMap, ref sgrMap); } } // Resolve the render target game.GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(null); } I have tried adjusting the render states but no combination works for both objects.

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  • How do I efficiently code both the client and server at the same time?

    - by liamzebedee
    I'm coding my game using a client-server model. When playing on singleplayer, the game starts a local server, and interacts with it just like a remote server (multiplayer). I have done this to avoid coding separate singleplayer and multiplayer code. I have just started coding and have encountered a major problem. Currently I'm developing the game in Eclipse, having all the game classes organized into packages. Then, in my server code, I just use all the classes in the client packages. The problem is, these client classes have variables that are specific to rendering, which obviously wouldn't be performed on a server. Should I create modified versions of the client classes to use in the server? Or should I just modify the client classes with a boolean, to indicate if its the client/server using it. Are there any other options I have? I just had a thought about maybe using the server class as the core class, then extending it with rendering stuff?

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  • PCF shadow shader math causing artifacts

    - by user2971069
    For a while now I used PCSS for my shadow technique of choice until I discovered a type of percentage closer filtering. This method creates really smooth shadows and with hopes of improving performance, with only a fraction of texture samples, I tried to implement PCF into my shader. This is the relevant code: float c0, c1, c2, c3; float f = blurFactor; float2 coord = ProjectedTexCoords; if (receiverDistance - tex2D(lightSampler, coord + float2(0, 0)).x > 0.0007) c0 = 1; if (receiverDistance - tex2D(lightSampler, coord + float2(f, 0)).x > 0.0007) c1 = 1; if (receiverDistance - tex2D(lightSampler, coord + float2(0, f)).x > 0.0007) c2 = 1; if (receiverDistance - tex2D(lightSampler, coord + float2(f, f)).x > 0.0007) c3 = 1; coord = (coord % f) / f; return 1 - (c0 * (1 - coord.x) * (1 - coord.y) + c1 * coord.x * (1 - coord.y) + c2 * (1 - coord.x) * coord.y + c3 * coord.x * coord.y); This is a very basic implementation. blurFactor is initialized with 1 / LightTextureSize. So the if statements fetch the occlusion values for the four adjacent texels. I now want to weight each value based on the actual position of the texture coordinate. If it's near the bottom-right pixel, that occlusion value should be preferred. The weighting itself is done with a simple bilinear interpolation function, however this function takes a 2d vector in the range [0..1] so I have to convert my texture coordinate to get the distance from my first pixel to the second one in range [0..1]. For that I used the mod operator to get it into [0..f] range and then divided by f. This code makes sense to me, and for specific blurFactors it works, producing really smooth one pixel wide shadows, but not for all blurFactors. Initially blurFactor is (1 / LightTextureSize) to sample the 4 adjacent texels. I now want to increase the blurFactor by factor x to get a smooth interpolation across maybe 4 or so pixels. But that is when weird artifacts show up. Here is an image: Using a 1x on blurFactor produces a good result, 0.5 is as expected not so smooth. 2x however doesn't work at all. I found that only a factor of 1/2^n produces an good result, every other factor produces artifacts. I'm pretty sure the error lies here: coord = (coord % f) / f; Maybe the modulo is not calculated correctly? I have no idea how to fix that. Is it even possible for pixel that are further than 1 pixel away?

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  • Identify which CCSprite is touched in Cocos2d

    - by PeterK
    I am trying to learn Cocos2d and is experimenting with Ray Wenderlich tutorial whack-a-mole: www.raywenderlich.com/2560/how-to-create-a-mole-whacking-game-with-cocos2d-part-1 In this tutorial three CCSprite's are popping up and you should click on them... However, i am trying to identify which mole, rat in my case, is popping up and place a CCSprite above that. Initially this looked like an easy task but i am failing. I am trying to NSLog LEFT HIT. i would guess the problem is in the If-statement and the last "227" height parameter. The left rat boundingBox = {{99.5, 146.5}, {165, 227}} (from NSLog). The key code is in the ccTouchBegan function: -(BOOL) ccTouchBegan:(UITouch *)touch withEvent:(UIEvent *)event { CGPoint touchLocation = [self convertTouchToNodeSpace:touch]; for (CCSprite *rat in rats) { if (rat.userData == FALSE) continue; if (CGRectContainsPoint(rat.boundingBox, touchLocation)) { //left: rat boundingBox = {{99.5, 146.5}, {165, 227}} //mid: rat boundingBox = {{349.5, 146.5}, {165, 227}} //right: rat boundingBox = {{599.5, 146.5}, {165, 227}} //>>>>Here is where i try to get a hit<<<< if (CGRectContainsPoint(CGRectMake(99.5, 146.55, 165, 227), touchLocation)) { NSLog(@">>>>HIT LEFT<<<<<"); } I would really appreciate a few ideas how to get this to work.

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  • If I use my own normal values, should I turn off winding order culling?

    - by Phil
    I've discovered that I managed to program a series of boxes with indexed vertices in such a way that every other triangle (Half of each face) has a backwards winding order. As a result, XNA is culling half of them. However, my Vertex objects contain normal data that I have explicitly set, and I am going to implement my own backface culling shortly to reduce the size of the VertexBuffer. Should I turn off winding order culling and manage it myself, or should I make sure the winding order is consistent and let XNA handle it?

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  • Simultaneous AI in turn based games

    - by Eduard Strehlau
    I want to hack together a roguelike. Now I thought about entity and world representation and got to a quite big problem. If you want all the AI to act simultaneously you would normally(in cellular automa for examble) just copy the cell buffer and let all action of indiviual cells depend on the copy. Actions which are not valid anymore after some cell before the cell you are currently operating on changed the original enviourment(blocking the path) are just ignored or reapplied with the "current"(between turns) environment. After all cells have acted you copy the current map to the buffer again. Now for an environment with complex AI and big(datawise) entities the copying would take too long. So I thought you could put every action and entity makes into a que(make no changes to the environment) and execute the whole que after everyone took their move. Every interaction on this que are realy interacting entities, so if a entity tries to attack another entity it sends a message to it, the consequences of the attack would be visible next turn, either by just examining the entity or asking the entity for data. This would remove problems like what happens if an entity dies middle in the cue but got actions or is messaged later on(all messages would go to null, and the messages from the entity would either just be sent or deleted(haven't decided yet) But what would happen if a monster spawns a fireball which by itself tracks the player(in the same turn). Should I add the fireball to the enviourment beforehand, so make a change to the environment before executing the action list or just add the ball to the "need updated" list as a special case so it doesn't exist in the environment and still operates on it, spawing after evaluating the action list? Are there any solutions or papers on this subject which I can take a look at? EDIT: I don't need information on writing a roguelike I need information on turn based ai in respective to a complex enviourment.

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  • Calculating the "power" of a player in a "Defend Your Castle" type game

    - by Jesse Emond
    I'm a making a "Defend Your Castle" type game, where each player has a castle and must send units to destroy the opponent's castle. It looks like this (and yeah, this is the actual game, not a quick paint drawing..): Now, I'm trying to implement the AI of the opponent, and I'd like to create 4 different AI levels: Easy, Normal, Hard and Hardcore. I've never made any "serious" AI before and I'd like to create a quite complete one this time. My idea is to calculate a player's "power" score, based on the current health of its castle and the individual "power" score of its units. Then, the AI would just try to keep a score close to the player's one(Easy would stay below it, Normal would stay near it and Hard would try to get above it). But I just don't know how to calculate a player's power score. There are just too many variables to take into account and I don't know how to properly use them to create one significant number(the power level). Could anyone help me out on this one? Here are the variables that should influence a player's power score: Current castle health, the unit's total health, damage, speed and attack range. Also, the player can have increased Income(the money bag), damage(the + Damage) and speed(the + speed)... How could I include them in the score? I'm really stuck here... Or is there an other way that I could implement AI for this type of game? Thanks for your precious time.

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  • Problems Rendering Text in OpenGL Using FreeType

    - by Sean M.
    I've been following both the FreeType2 tutorial and the WikiBooks tuorial, trying to combine things from them both in order to load and render fonts using the FreeType library. I used the font loading code from the FreeType2 tutorial and tried to implement the rendering code from the wikibooks tutorial (tried being the keyword as I'm still trying to learn model OpenGL, I'm using 3.2). Everything loads correctly and I have the shader program to render the text with working, but I can't get the text to render. I'm 99% sure that it has something to do with how I cam passing data to the shader, or how I set up the screen. These are the code segments that handle OpenGL initialization, as well as Font initialization and rendering: //Init glfw if (!glfwInit()) { fprintf(stderr, "GLFW Initialization has failed!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } printf("GLFW Initialized.\n"); //Process the command line arguments processCmdArgs(argc, argv); //Create the window glfwWindowHint(GLFW_SAMPLES, g_aaSamples); glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3); glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 2); g_mainWindow = glfwCreateWindow(g_screenWidth, g_screenHeight, "Voxel Shipyard", g_fullScreen ? glfwGetPrimaryMonitor() : nullptr, nullptr); if (!g_mainWindow) { fprintf(stderr, "Could not create GLFW window!\n"); closeOGL(); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } glfwMakeContextCurrent(g_mainWindow); printf("Window and OpenGL rendering context created.\n"); glClearColor(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f); //Are these necessary for Modern OpenGL (3.0+)? glViewport(0, 0, g_screenWidth, g_screenHeight); glOrtho(0, g_screenWidth, g_screenHeight, 0, -1, 1); //Init glew int err = glewInit(); if (err != GLEW_OK) { fprintf(stderr, "GLEW initialization failed!\n"); fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", glewGetErrorString(err)); closeOGL(); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } printf("GLEW initialized.\n"); Here is the font file (it's slightly too big to post): CFont.h/CFont.cpp Here is the solution zipped up: [solution] (https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/36062916/VoxelShipyard.zip), if anyone feels they need the entire solution. If anyone could take a look at the code, it would be greatly appreciated. Also if someone has a tutorial that is a little more user friendly, that would also be appreciated. Thanks.

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  • How do I reconfigure my GLES frame buffer after a rotation?

    - by Panda Pajama
    I am implementing interface rotation for my GLES based game for iOS, written in Xamarin.iOS with OpenTK. I am detecting the rotation by overriding WillRotate, in my UIViewController, and I correctly re-setup all of my projection matrices. However, when drawing a sprite, the image looks a bit blurrier on the landscape version compared to the portrait version, as you can see in the following closeups magnified 10x. Portrait (before rotating) Landscape (after rotating) In both cases, I'm using the same texture with the same sampler, the same shader, and the same GL state. I just changed the order of the parameters in the projection matrix, so the resulting sizes should be exactly the same pixelwise. Since this could be thought of as a window resize, I suppose that the framebuffer has to be recreated to the new size. When working on desktop apps on Direct3D11 (SharpDX), I would have to call swapChain.ResizeBuffers() to do this. I have tried setting AutoResize = true in my iPhoneOSGameView, but then the framebuffer gets clipped as I rotate the interface, and then everything disappears when rotating the interface again. I'm not doing anything strange, my framebuffer initialization is pretty vanilla: int scaling = (int)UIScreen.MainScreen.Scale; DeviceWidth = (int)UIScreen.MainScreen.Bounds.Width * scaling; DeviceHeight = (int)UIScreen.MainScreen.Bounds.Height * scaling; Size = new System.Drawing.Size((int)(DeviceWidth), (int)(DeviceHeight)); Bounds = new System.Drawing.RectangleF(0, 0, DeviceWidth, DeviceHeight); Frame = new System.Drawing.RectangleF(0, 0, DeviceWidth, DeviceHeight); ContextRenderingApi = EAGLRenderingAPI.OpenGLES2; AutoResize = true; LayerRetainsBacking = true; LayerColorFormat = EAGLColorFormat.RGBA8; I get inconsistent results when changing Size, Bounds and Frame on my CreateFrameBuffer override, but since the documentation is so incomplete (it has nothing on Bounds and Frame), I have resorted to randomly changing stuff here and there without really knowing what is going on. There is a similar question which has no answers. However, I don't know if they're experiencing the same problem as I am. Is my supposition that recreating the framebuffer is necessary, correct? If so, does anybody know how to do it correctly in OpenTK for Xamarin.iOS?

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