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• Is it ok to initialize an RB_ConstraintActor in PostBeginPlay?

  - by Almo

  I have a KActorSpawnable subclass that acts weird. In PostBeginPlay, I initialize an RB_ConstraintActor; the default is not to allow rotation. If I create one in the editor, it's fine, and won't rotate. If I spawn one, it rotates. Here's the class: class QuadForceKActor extends KActorSpawnable placeable; var(Behavior) bool bConstrainRotation; var(Behavior) bool bConstrainX; var(Behavior) bool bConstrainY; var(Behavior) bool bConstrainZ; var RB_ConstraintActor PhysicsConstraintActor; simulated event PostBeginPlay() { Super.PostBeginPlay(); PhysicsConstraintActor = Spawn(class'RB_ConstraintActorSpawnable', self, '', Location, rot(0, 0, 0)); if(bConstrainRotation) { PhysicsConstraintActor.ConstraintSetup.bSwingLimited = true; PhysicsConstraintActor.ConstraintSetup.bTwistLimited = true; } SetLinearConstraints(bConstrainX, bConstrainY, bConstrainZ); PhysicsConstraintActor.InitConstraint(self, None); } function SetLinearConstraints(bool InConstrainX, bool InConstrainY, bool InConstrainZ) { if(InConstrainX) { PhysicsConstraintActor.ConstraintSetup.LinearXSetup.bLimited = 1; } else { PhysicsConstraintActor.ConstraintSetup.LinearXSetup.bLimited = 0; } if(InConstrainY) { PhysicsConstraintActor.ConstraintSetup.LinearYSetup.bLimited = 1; } else { PhysicsConstraintActor.ConstraintSetup.LinearYSetup.bLimited = 0; } if(InConstrainZ) { PhysicsConstraintActor.ConstraintSetup.LinearZSetup.bLimited = 1; } else { PhysicsConstraintActor.ConstraintSetup.LinearZSetup.bLimited = 0; } } DefaultProperties { bConstrainRotation=true bConstrainX=false bConstrainY=false bConstrainZ=false bSafeBaseIfAsleep=false bNoEncroachCheck=false } Here's the code I use to spawn one. It's a subclass of the one above, but it doesn't reference the constraint at all. local QuadForceKCreateBlock BlockActor; BlockActor = spawn(class'QuadForceKCreateBlock', none, 'PowerCreate_Block', BlockLocation(), m_PreparedRotation, , false); BlockActor.SetDuration(m_BlockDuration); BlockActor.StaticMeshComponent.SetNotifyRigidBodyCollision(true); BlockActor.StaticMeshComponent.ScriptRigidBodyCollisionThreshold = 0.001; BlockActor.StaticMeshComponent.SetStaticMesh(m_ValidCreationBlock.StaticMesh); BlockActor.StaticMeshComponent.AddImpulse(m_InitialVelocity); I used to initialize an RB_ConstraintActor where I spawned it from the outside. This worked, which is why I'm pretty sure it has nothing to do with the other code in QuadForceKCreateBlock. I then added the internal constraint in QuadForceKActor for other purposes. When I realized I had two constraints on the CreateBlock doing the same thing, I removed the constraint code from the place where I spawn it. Then it started rotating. Is there a reason I should not be initializing an RB_ConstraintActor in PostBeginPlay? I feel like there's some basic thing about how the engine works that I'm missing.

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• Issues glVertexAttribPointer last 2 parameters?

  - by NoobScratcher

  Introduction Hello I will start out by explaining my setup, showing samples as I go along explaining the situation. I'm using these tools: OpenGL 3.3 GLSL 330 C++ Problem The problem is when I render the wavefront obj 3d model it gives a very weird visual glitch the model was supposed to be a square but instead its a triangluated mess with parts of the vertexes pointing in a stretched direction in massive amounts towards the bottom left side of the frustum.... Explanation: I'm using std::vectors to store my wavefront .obj model data using sscanf to get the floating point values into the structure members x,y,z and store them into the Points structure variable p; int index = IndexAssigner(1, 1); ifstream file (list[index].c_str() ); points.push_back(Point()); Point p; int face[4]; while (!file.eof() ) { char modelbuffer[10000]; file.getline(modelbuffer, 10000); switch(modelbuffer[0]) { case 'v' : sscanf(modelbuffer, "v %f %f %f", &p.x, &p.y, &p.z); points.push_back(p); break; case 'f': sscanf(modelbuffer, "f %d %d %d %d", face, face+1, face+2, face+3 ); faces.push_back(face[0]); faces.push_back(face[1]); faces.push_back(face[2]); faces.push_back(face[3]); } //Turn on FileReader aka "RENDER CODE" FileReader = true; } then I render the Points vector using the .data() member of std::vectors to the frustum. Other declarations: int numfloats = 4; float* point=reinterpret_cast<float*>(&points[0]); int num_bytes=numfloats*sizeof(float); Vector declarations: struct Point {float x, y , z; }; std::vector<int>faces; std::vector<Point>points; Render code: glGenBuffers(1, &vertexbuffer); glGenTextures(1, &ModelTexture); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertexbuffer); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_3D, ModelTexture); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0,GL_RGBA, ModelSurface->w, ModelSurface->h, 0, GL_BGR, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, ModelSurface->pixels); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(points), points.data(), GL_STATIC_DRAW); glVertexAttribPointer(3, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE,num_bytes ,points.data()); glEnableVertexAttribArray(3); //Translation Process GLfloat TranslationMatrix[] = { 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 }; //Send Translation Matrix up to the vertex shader glUniformMatrix4fv(translation, 1, TRUE, TranslationMatrix); glDrawElements( GL_QUADS, faces.size(), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, faces.data()); I tried looking at what was causing this and went through every function every parameter ,etc looked at the man pages. Then found out that it could be my glVertexAttribPointer. Here are the man pages for glVertexAttribPointer http://www.opengl.org/sdk/docs/man/xhtml/glVertexAttribPointer.xml The last 2 parameters is my problem How do I write those 2 last parameters do I try putting the data from Points into it?. glVertexAttribPointer(3, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE,num_bytes ,points.data()); How does it work with vectors? Is it fast?* if you can not be bothered too look at the man pages here is the scripts coming from the man pages directly. Stride Specifies the byte offset between consecutive generic vertex attributes. If stride is 0, the generic vertex attributes are understood to be tightly packed in the array. The initial value is 0. Pointer Specifies a pointer to the first component of the first generic vertex attribute in the array. The initial value is 0. If you want my full source - http://ideone.com/fPfkg Thanks Again if you do read this.

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• The practical cost of swapping effects

  - by sebf

  Hello, I use XNA for my projects and on those forums I sometimes see references to the fact that swapping an effect for a mesh has a relatively high cost, which surprises me as I thought to swap an effect was simply a case of copying the replacement shader program to the GPU along with appropriate parameters. I wondered if someone could explain exactly what is costly about this process? And put, if possible, 'relatively' into context? For example say I wanted to use a short shader to help with picking, I would: Change the effect on every object, calculting a unique color to identify it and providing it to the shader. Draw all the objects to a render target in memory. Get the color from the target and use it to look up the selected object. What portion of the total time taken to complete that process would be spent swapping the shaders? My instincts would say that rendering the scene again, no matter how simple the shader, would be an order of magnitude slower than any other part of the process so why all the concern over effects?

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• Pixmaps, ByteBuffers, and Textures....Oh my

  - by odaymichael

  My ultimate goal is to take a specific region of the screen, and redraw it somewhere else. For example, take a square from the upper left hand corner of the screen and redraw it on the lower right hand corner, so that it is basically a copy of that screen section; kind of like a minimap, but at the same scale as the original. I have looked in to pixmaps and bytebuffers. Also maybe copying that region from the backbuffer somehow. Wondering the best way to go about this. Any help is appreciated. I am using opengl es and libgdx for what it's worth.

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• How to model interentity membership in entity-component architecture?

  - by croxis

  I'm falling in love with simple grace of entity-component design, although I still have issues breaking from MVC and OOP practices. Some of my game entities have membership relationships with each other (ex: a player is a member of a city, a city is a member of a nation), and I am unsure on the best way to implement it. My initial reaction is to have a a MemberOfCity component that points to the appropriate city component, but components are suppose to have no references to each other. My other option is to have a System do it, but that would require the system to persist data outside of a component. Is there a clean way to do this in an entity-component design, or am I trying to use a hammer on a screw and should use a hybrid/another approach?

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• Beginner question about vertex arrays in OpenGL

  - by MrDatabase

  Is there a special order in which vertices are entered into a vertex array? Currently I'm drawing single textures like this: glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texName); glVertexPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, vertices); glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, coordinates); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4); where vertices has four "xy pairs". This is working fine. As a test I doubled the sizes of the vertices and coordinates arrays and changed the last line above to: glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 8); since vertices now contains eight "xy pairs". I do see two textures (the second is intentionally offset from the first). However the textures are now distorted. I've tried passing GL_TRIANGLES to glDrawArrays instead of GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP but this doesn't work either. I'm so new to OpenGL that I thought it's best to just ask here :-) Cheers!

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• What 2D game engines are there available for C++?

  - by dysoco

  I just realized there are not C++ 2D Game Engines that I know of. For example, something like Pygame in Python, or Slick2D in Java. We have the following: SDL - Too low level, not a Game Engine SFML - Handles more things than SDL and it's more modern, but still not a Game Engine. I like it, but I have found it a little bit buggy with the 2.0 version. Irrlitch - It's a Game Engine, but 3D focused. Ogre3D - Same as Irrlitch Allegro - This is a Game Engine, but it's C based, I'd like a modern C++ library. Monocle Engine - This looks like what I need... but sadly there is no Documentation, no community... nothing, all I have is the Github repo. So, do you know any ? I'd like to use C++, not C#, not Java: I'm just more comfortable with C++.

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• How can I achieve strong typing with a component messaging system?

  - by Vaughan Hilts

  I'm looking at implementing a messaging system in my entity component system. I've deduced that I can use an event / queue for passing messages, but right now, I just use a generic object and cast out the data I want. I also considered using a dictionary. I see a lot of information on this, but they all involve a lot of casting and guessing. Is there any way to do this elegantly and keep strong typing on my messages?

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• Who should map physical keys to abstract keys?

  - by Paul Manta

  How do you bridge the gap between the library's low-level event system and your engine's high-level event system? (I'm not necessarily talking about key events, but also about quit events.) At the top level of my event system, I send out KeyPressedEvents, KeyRelesedEvents and others of this kind. These high-level events only contain the abstract values of the keys (they don't say that Space way pressed, but that the JumpKey was pressed, for example). Whose responsibility should it be to map the "JumpKey" to an actual key on the keyboard?

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• What is causing these visual artifacts on my OpenGL sprites?

  - by Amplify91

  What could be the cause of the defects in my characters sprite? I am using OpenGL ES 2.0. I draw my sprites in a sprite batch that uses UV coordinates from one large texture atlas. If you look around the character' edges, you'll see two noticeable problems: The invisible alpha background is not invisible, but shows a strange static-like background. There are unwanted streaks where the character nears the edge of the frame (but only in some frames of the animation, this happened to be one of them). Any idea what could be causing these? I will provide related code if asked for, but I'll try to avoid just dumping the entire project and expecting someone to look through it all. EDIT: Here's a bit of code: This is how I generate my UV coordinates: private float[] createFrameUV(int frameWidth, int frameHeight, int x, int y){ float[] uv = new float[4]; if(numberOfFrames>1){ float width = (float)frameWidth / (float)mBitmap.getWidth(); float height = (float)frameHeight / (float)mBitmap.getHeight(); float u = (float)x / (float)mBitmap.getWidth(); float v = (float)y / (float)mBitmap.getHeight(); uv[0] = u; uv[1] = v; uv[2] = u + width; uv[3] = v + height; }else{ uv[0] = 0f; uv[1] = 0f; uv[2] = 1f; uv[3] = 1f; } return uv; } These are some OpenGL settings: GLES20.glTexParameterf(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GLES20.GL_LINEAR); GLES20.glTexParameterf(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GLES20.GL_LINEAR); GLES20.glTexParameterf(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GLES20.GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); GLES20.glTexParameterf(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GLES20.GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);

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• Best way to implement mouse-based movement in MMOG

  - by fiftyeight

  I want to design an MMO where players click the destination they want to walk to with their mouse and the character moves there, similar to Runescape in this manner. I think it should be easier than keyboard movement since the client can simply send the server the destination each time the player clicks on a destination. The main thing I'm trying to decide is what to do when there are obstacles in the way. It's no problem to implement a simple path-finding solution on the client, the question is if the server will do path-finding as well, since it'll probably take too much Computation power from the server. What I though is that when there is an obstacle the client will send only the first coordinate it plans to go to and then when he gets there he'll send the next coordinate automatically. For example if there is a rock in the way the character will decide on a route that is made of two destinations so it goes around the rock and when it arrives at the first destination it sends the next coordinate. That way if the player changes destination is the middle he won't send unnecessary information. Is this a good way to implement it and is there a standard way MMOGs usually do it? EDIT: I should also mention that the server will make sure all movements are legal and there aren't any walls in the way etc. In the way I wrote it should be quite easy since all movements will be sent in straight lines so the server will just check there aren't any obstacles along that line.

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• How to import or "using" a custom class in Unity script?

  - by Bobbake4

  I have downloaded the JSONObject plugin for parsing JSON in Unity but when I use it in a script I get an error indicating JSONObject cannot be found. My question is how do I use a custom object class defined inside another class. I know I need a using directive to solve this but I am not sure of the path to these custom objects I have imported. They are in the root project folder inside JSONObject folder and class is called JSONObject. Thanks

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• How do I make this rendering thread run together with the main one?

  - by funk

  I'm developing an Android game and need to show an animation of an exploding bomb. It's a spritesheet with 1 row and 13 different images. Each image should be displayed in sequence, 200 ms apart. There is one Thread running for the entire game: package com.android.testgame; import android.graphics.Canvas; public class GameLoopThread extends Thread { static final long FPS = 10; // 10 Frames per Second private final GameView view; private boolean running = false; public GameLoopThread(GameView view) { this.view = view; } public void setRunning(boolean run) { running = run; } @Override public void run() { long ticksPS = 1000 / FPS; long startTime; long sleepTime; while (running) { Canvas c = null; startTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); try { c = view.getHolder().lockCanvas(); synchronized (view.getHolder()) { view.onDraw(c); } } finally { if (c != null) { view.getHolder().unlockCanvasAndPost(c); } } sleepTime = ticksPS - (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime); try { if (sleepTime > 0) { sleep(sleepTime); } else { sleep(10); } } catch (Exception e) {} } } } As far as I know I would have to create a second Thread for the bomb. package com.android.testgame; import android.graphics.Bitmap; import android.graphics.Canvas; import android.graphics.Rect; public class Bomb { private final Bitmap bmp; private final int width; private final int height; private int currentFrame = 0; private static final int BMPROWS = 1; private static final int BMPCOLUMNS = 13; private int x = 0; private int y = 0; public Bomb(GameView gameView, Bitmap bmp) { this.width = bmp.getWidth() / BMPCOLUMNS; this.height = bmp.getHeight() / BMPROWS; this.bmp = bmp; x = 250; y = 250; } private void update() { currentFrame++; new BombThread().start(); } public void onDraw(Canvas canvas) { update(); int srcX = currentFrame * width; int srcY = height; Rect src = new Rect(srcX, srcY, srcX + width, srcY + height); Rect dst = new Rect(x, y, x + width, y + height); canvas.drawBitmap(bmp, src, dst, null); } class BombThread extends Thread { @Override public void run() { try { sleep(200); } catch(InterruptedException e){ } } } } The Threads would then have to run simultaneously. How do I do this?

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• Want to develop my own primitive physics engine, don't know how to start with it's high-level architecture. Suggestions?

  - by Violet Giraffe

  Few years ago I tried to make a simple 3D game - billiards. Completed like 50%, stuck with physics. Basically, I only need to calculate balls rolling over flat surface, but it would be nice to make something more flexible. I know all the formulas and laws (most of them, anyway). the problem is I have no idea of how to make good physics engine architecture-wise. I tried google and other forums but didn't find what I was looking for. The only suggestion was to look at open-source engine, but I'm not that good a programmer to make heads or tails out of it...

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• Creating a level editor event system

  - by Vaughan Hilts

  I'm designing a level editor for game, and I'm trying to create sort of an 'event' system so I can chain together things. If anyone has used RPG Maker, I'm trying to do similar to their system. Right now, I have an 'EventTemplate' class and a bunch of sub-classed 'EventNodes' which basically just contain properties of their data. Orginally, the IAction and IExecute interface performed logic but it was moved into a DLL to share between the two projects. Question: How can I abstract logic from data in this case? Is my model wrong? Isn't cast typing expensive to parse these actions all the time? Should I write a 'Processor' class to execute these all? But then these actions that can do all sorts of things need to interact with all sorts of sub-systems.

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• Drawing different per-pixel data on the screen

  - by Amir Eldor

  I want to draw different per-pixel data on the screen, where each pixel has a specific value according to my needs. An example may be a random noise pattern where each pixel is randomly generated. I'm not sure what is the correct and fastest way to do this. Locking a texture/surface and manipulating the raw pixel data? How is this done in modern graphics programming? I'm currently trying to do this in Pygame but realized I will face the same problem if I go for C/SDL or OpenGL/DirectX.

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• Snake Game Help

  - by MuhammadA

  I am making a snake game and learning XNA at the same time. I have 3 classes : Game.cs, Snake.cs and Apple.cs My problem is more of a conceptual problem, I want to know which class is really responsible for ... detecting collision of snake head on apple/itself/wall? which class should increase the snakes speed, size? It seems to me that however much I try and put the snake stuff into snake.cs that game.cs has to know a lot about the snake, like : -- I want to increase the score depending on size of snake, the score variable is inside game.cs, which means now I have to ask the snake its size on every hit of the apple... seems a bit unclean all this highly coupled code. or -- I DO NOT want to place the apple under the snake... now the apple suddenly has to know about all the snake parts, my head hurts when I think of that. Maybe there should be some sort of AppleLayer.cs class that should know about the snake... Whats the best approach in such a simple scenario? Any tips welcome. Game.cs : using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Audio; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.GamerServices; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Input; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Media; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Design; namespace Snakez { public enum CurrentGameState { Playing, Paused, NotPlaying } public class Game1 : Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Game { private GraphicsDeviceManager _graphics; private SpriteBatch _spriteBatch; private readonly Color _niceGreenColour = new Color(167, 255, 124); private KeyboardState _oldKeyboardState; private SpriteFont _scoreFont; private SoundEffect _biteSound, _crashSound; private Vector2 _scoreLocation = new Vector2(10, 10); private Apple _apple; private Snake _snake; private int _score = 0; private int _speed = 1; public Game1() { _graphics = new GraphicsDeviceManager(this); Content.RootDirectory = "Content"; } /// <summary> /// Allows the game to perform any initialization it needs to before starting to run. /// This is where it can query for any required services and load any non-graphic /// related content. Calling base.Initialize will enumerate through any components /// and initialize them as well. /// </summary> protected override void Initialize() { base.Initialize(); } /// <summary> /// LoadContent will be called once per game and is the place to load /// all of your content. /// </summary> protected override void LoadContent() { _spriteBatch = new SpriteBatch(GraphicsDevice); _scoreFont = Content.Load<SpriteFont>("Score"); _apple = new Apple(800, 480, Content.Load<Texture2D>("Apple")); _snake = new Snake(Content.Load<Texture2D>("BodyBlock")); _biteSound = Content.Load<SoundEffect>("Bite"); _crashSound = Content.Load<SoundEffect>("Crash"); } /// <summary> /// UnloadContent will be called once per game and is the place to unload /// all content. /// </summary> protected override void UnloadContent() { Content.Unload(); } /// <summary> /// Allows the game to run logic such as updating the world, /// checking for collisions, gathering input, and playing audio. /// </summary> /// <param name="gameTime">Provides a snapshot of timing values.</param> protected override void Update(GameTime gameTime) { KeyboardState newKeyboardState = Keyboard.GetState(); if (newKeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Escape)) { this.Exit(); // Allows the game to exit } else if (newKeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Up) && !_oldKeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Up)) { _snake.SetDirection(Direction.Up); } else if (newKeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Down) && !_oldKeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Down)) { _snake.SetDirection(Direction.Down); } else if (newKeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Left) && !_oldKeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Left)) { _snake.SetDirection(Direction.Left); } else if (newKeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Right) && !_oldKeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Right)) { _snake.SetDirection(Direction.Right); } _oldKeyboardState = newKeyboardState; _snake.Update(); if (_snake.IsEating(_apple)) { _biteSound.Play(); _score += 10; _apple.Place(); } base.Update(gameTime); } /// <summary> /// This is called when the game should draw itself. /// </summary> /// <param name="gameTime">Provides a snapshot of timing values.</param> protected override void Draw(GameTime gameTime) { GraphicsDevice.Clear(_niceGreenColour); float frameRate = 1 / (float)gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalSeconds; _spriteBatch.Begin(); _spriteBatch.DrawString(_scoreFont, "Score : " + _score, _scoreLocation, Color.Red); _apple.Draw(_spriteBatch); _snake.Draw(_spriteBatch); _spriteBatch.End(); base.Draw(gameTime); } } } Snake.cs : using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework; namespace Snakez { public enum Direction { Up, Down, Left, Right } public class Snake { private List<Rectangle> _parts; private readonly Texture2D _bodyBlock; private readonly int _startX = 160; private readonly int _startY = 120; private int _moveDelay = 100; private DateTime _lastUpdatedAt; private Direction _direction; private Rectangle _lastTail; public Snake(Texture2D bodyBlock) { _bodyBlock = bodyBlock; _parts = new List<Rectangle>(); _parts.Add(new Rectangle(_startX, _startY, _bodyBlock.Width, _bodyBlock.Height)); _parts.Add(new Rectangle(_startX + bodyBlock.Width, _startY, _bodyBlock.Width, _bodyBlock.Height)); _parts.Add(new Rectangle(_startX + (bodyBlock.Width) * 2, _startY, _bodyBlock.Width, _bodyBlock.Height)); _parts.Add(new Rectangle(_startX + (bodyBlock.Width) * 3, _startY, _bodyBlock.Width, _bodyBlock.Height)); _direction = Direction.Right; _lastUpdatedAt = DateTime.Now; } public void Draw(SpriteBatch spriteBatch) { foreach (var p in _parts) { spriteBatch.Draw(_bodyBlock, new Vector2(p.X, p.Y), Color.White); } } public void Update() { if (DateTime.Now.Subtract(_lastUpdatedAt).TotalMilliseconds > _moveDelay) { //DateTime.Now.Ticks _lastTail = _parts.First(); _parts.Remove(_lastTail); /* add new head in right direction */ var lastHead = _parts.Last(); var newHead = new Rectangle(0, 0, _bodyBlock.Width, _bodyBlock.Height); switch (_direction) { case Direction.Up: newHead.X = lastHead.X; newHead.Y = lastHead.Y - _bodyBlock.Width; break; case Direction.Down: newHead.X = lastHead.X; newHead.Y = lastHead.Y + _bodyBlock.Width; break; case Direction.Left: newHead.X = lastHead.X - _bodyBlock.Width; newHead.Y = lastHead.Y; break; case Direction.Right: newHead.X = lastHead.X + _bodyBlock.Width; newHead.Y = lastHead.Y; break; } _parts.Add(newHead); _lastUpdatedAt = DateTime.Now; } } public void SetDirection(Direction newDirection) { if (_direction == Direction.Up && newDirection == Direction.Down) { return; } else if (_direction == Direction.Down && newDirection == Direction.Up) { return; } else if (_direction == Direction.Left && newDirection == Direction.Right) { return; } else if (_direction == Direction.Right && newDirection == Direction.Left) { return; } _direction = newDirection; } public bool IsEating(Apple apple) { if (_parts.Last().Intersects(apple.Location)) { GrowBiggerAndFaster(); return true; } return false; } private void GrowBiggerAndFaster() { _parts.Insert(0, _lastTail); _moveDelay -= (_moveDelay / 100)*2; } } } Apple.cs : using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework; namespace Snakez { public class Apple { private readonly int _maxWidth, _maxHeight; private readonly Texture2D _texture; private readonly Random random = new Random(); public Rectangle Location { get; private set; } public Apple(int screenWidth, int screenHeight, Texture2D texture) { _maxWidth = (screenWidth + 1) - texture.Width; _maxHeight = (screenHeight + 1) - texture.Height; _texture = texture; Place(); } public void Place() { Location = GetRandomLocation(_maxWidth, _maxHeight); } private Rectangle GetRandomLocation(int maxWidth, int maxHeight) { // x and y -- multiple of 20 int x = random.Next(1, maxWidth); var leftOver = x % 20; x = x - leftOver; int y = random.Next(1, maxHeight); leftOver = y % 20; y = y - leftOver; return new Rectangle(x, y, _texture.Width, _texture.Height); } public void Draw(SpriteBatch spriteBatch) { spriteBatch.Draw(_texture, Location, Color.White); } } }

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• Incorrect lighting results with deferred rendering

  - by Lasse

  I am trying to render a light-pass to a texture which I will later apply on the scene. But I seem to calculate the light position wrong. I am working on view-space. In the image above, I am outputting the attenuation of a point light which is currently covering the whole screen. The light is at 0,10,0 position, and I transform it to view-space first: Vector4 pos; Vector4 tmp = new Vector4 (light.Position, 1); // Transform light position for shader Vector4.Transform (ref tmp, ref Camera.ViewMatrix, out pos); shader.SendUniform ("LightViewPosition", ref pos); Now to me that does not look as it should. What I think it should look like is that the white area should be on the center of the scene. The camera is at the corner of the scene, and it seems as if the light would move along with the camera. Here's the fragment shader code: void main(){ // default black color vec3 color = vec3(0); // Pixel coordinates on screen without depth vec2 PixelCoordinates = gl_FragCoord.xy / ScreenSize; // Get pixel position using depth from texture vec4 depthtexel = texture( DepthTexture, PixelCoordinates ); float depthSample = unpack_depth(depthtexel); // Get pixel coordinates on camera-space by multiplying the // coordinate on screen-space by inverse projection matrix vec4 world = (ImP * RemapMatrix * vec4(PixelCoordinates, depthSample, 1.0)); // Undo the perspective calculations vec3 pixelPosition = (world.xyz / world.w) * 3; // How far the light should reach from it's point of origin float lightReach = LightColor.a / 2; // Vector in between light and pixel vec3 lightDir = (LightViewPosition.xyz - pixelPosition); float lightDistance = length(lightDir); vec3 lightDirN = normalize(lightDir); // Discard pixels too far from light source //if(lightReach < lightDistance) discard; // Get normal from texture vec3 normal = normalize((texture( NormalTexture, PixelCoordinates ).xyz * 2) - 1); // Half vector between the light direction and eye, used for specular component vec3 halfVector = normalize(lightDirN + normalize(-pixelPosition)); // Dot product of normal and light direction float NdotL = dot(normal, lightDirN); float attenuation = pow(lightReach / lightDistance, LightFalloff); // If pixel is lit by the light if(NdotL > 0) { // I have moved stuff from here to above so I can debug them. // Diffuse light color color += LightColor.rgb * NdotL * attenuation; // Specular light color color += LightColor.xyz * pow(max(dot(halfVector, normal), 0.0), 4.0) * attenuation; } RT0 = vec4(color, 1); //RT0 = vec4(pixelPosition, 1); //RT0 = vec4(depthSample, depthSample, depthSample, 1); //RT0 = vec4(NdotL, NdotL, NdotL, 1); RT0 = vec4(attenuation, attenuation, attenuation, 1); //RT0 = vec4(lightReach, lightReach, lightReach, 1); //RT0 = depthtexel; //RT0 = 100 / vec4(lightDistance, lightDistance, lightDistance, 1); //RT0 = vec4(lightDirN, 1); //RT0 = vec4(halfVector, 1); //RT0 = vec4(LightColor.xyz,1); //RT0 = vec4(LightViewPosition.xyz/100, 1); //RT0 = vec4(LightPosition.xyz, 1); //RT0 = vec4(normal,1); } What am I doing wrong here?

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• Why does my 3D model not translate the way I expect? [closed]

  - by ChocoMan

  In my first image, my model displays correctly: But when I move the model's position along the Z-axis (forward) I get this, yet the Y-axis doesnt change. An if I keep going, the model disappears into the ground: Any suggestions as to how I can get the model to translate properly visually? Here is how Im calling the model and the terrain in draw(): cameraPosition = new Vector3(camX, camY, camZ); // Copy any parent transforms. Matrix[] transforms = new Matrix[mShockwave.Bones.Count]; mShockwave.CopyAbsoluteBoneTransformsTo(transforms); Matrix[] ttransforms = new Matrix[terrain.Bones.Count]; terrain.CopyAbsoluteBoneTransformsTo(ttransforms); // Draw the model. A model can have multiple meshes, so loop. foreach (ModelMesh mesh in mShockwave.Meshes) { // This is where the mesh orientation is set, as well // as our camera and projection. foreach (BasicEffect effect in mesh.Effects) { effect.EnableDefaultLighting(); effect.PreferPerPixelLighting = true; effect.World = transforms[mesh.ParentBone.Index] * Matrix.CreateRotationY(modelRotation) * Matrix.CreateTranslation(modelPosition); // Looking at the model (picture shouldnt change other than rotation) effect.View = Matrix.CreateLookAt(cameraPosition, modelPosition, Vector3.Up); effect.Projection = Matrix.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView( MathHelper.ToRadians(45.0f), aspectRatio, 1.0f, 10000.0f); effect.TextureEnabled = true; } // Draw the mesh, using the effects set above. prepare3d(); mesh.Draw(); } //Terrain test foreach (ModelMesh meshT in terrain.Meshes) { foreach (BasicEffect effect in meshT.Effects) { effect.EnableDefaultLighting(); effect.PreferPerPixelLighting = true; effect.World = ttransforms[meshT.ParentBone.Index] * Matrix.CreateRotationY(0) * Matrix.CreateTranslation(terrainPosition); // Looking at the model (picture shouldnt change other than rotation) effect.View = Matrix.CreateLookAt(cameraPosition, terrainPosition, Vector3.Up); effect.Projection = Matrix.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView( MathHelper.ToRadians(45.0f), aspectRatio, 1.0f, 10000.0f); effect.TextureEnabled = true; } // Draw the mesh, using the effects set above. prepare3d(); meshT.Draw(); DrawText(); } base.Draw(gameTime); } I'm suspecting that there may be something wrong with how I'm handling my camera. The model rotates fine on its Y-axis.

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• 2D camera perspective projection from 3D coordinates -- HOW?

  - by Jack

  I am developing a camera for a 2D game with a top-down view that has depth. It's almost a 3D camera. Basically, every object has a Z even though it is in 2D, and similarly to parallax layers their position, scale and rotation speed vary based on their Z. I guess this would be a perspective projection. But I am having trouble converting the objects' 3D coordinates into the 2D space of the screen so that everything has correct perspective and scale. I never learned matrices though I did dig the topic a bit today. I tried without using matrices thanks to this article but every attempt gave awkward results. I'm using ActionScript 3 and Flash 11+ (Starling), where the screen coordinates work like this: Left-handed coordinates system illustration I can explain further what I did if you want to help me sort out what's wrong, or you can directly tell me how you would do it properly. In case you prefer the former, read on. These are images showing the formulas I used: upload.wikimedia.org/math/1/c/8/1c89722619b756d05adb4ea38ee6f62b.png upload.wikimedia.org/math/d/4/0/d4069770c68cb8f1aa4b5cfc57e81bc3.png (Sorry new users can't post images, but both are from the wikipedia article linked above, section "Perspective projection". That's where you'll find what all variables mean, too) The long formula is greatly simplified because I believe a normal top-down 2D camera has no X/Y/Z rotation values (correct ?). Then it becomes d = a - c. Still, I can't get it to work. Maybe you could explain what numbers I should put in a(xyz), c(xyz), theta(xyz), and particularly, e(xyz) ? I don't quite get how e is different than c in my case. c.z is also an issue to me. If the Z of the camera's target object is 0, should the camera's Z be something like -600 ? ( = focal length of 600) Whatever I do, it's wrong. I only got it to work when I used arbitrary calculations that "looked" right, like most cameras with parallax layers seem to do, but that's fake! ;) If I want objects to travel between Z layers I might as well do it right. :) Thanks a lot for your help!

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• Getting isometric grid coordinates from standard X,Y coordinates

  - by RoryHarvey

  I'm currently trying to add sprites to an isometric Tiled TMX map using Objects in cocos2d. The problem is the X and Y metadata from TMX object are in standard 2d format (pixels x, pixels y), instead of isometric grid X and Y format. Usually you would just divide them by the tile size, but isometric needs some sort of transform. For example on a 64x32 isometric tilemap of size 40 tiles by 40 tiles an object at (20,21)'s coordinates come out as (640,584) So the question really is what formula gets (20,21) from (640,584)?

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• Is it legal to develop a game using D&D rules?

  - by Max

  For a while now I've been thinking about trying my hand at creating a game similar in spirit and execution to Baldur's Gate, Icewind Dale and offshoots. I'd rather not face the full bulk of work in implementing my own RPG system - I'd like to use D&D rules. Now, reading about the subject it seems there is something called "The License" which allows a company to brand a game as D&D. This license seems to be exclusive, and let's just say I don't have the money to buy it :p. Is it still legal for me to implement and release such a game? Commercially or open-source? I'm not sure exactly which edition would fit the best, but since Baldur's Gate is based of 2nd edition, could I go ahead an implement that? in short: what are the issues concerning licensing and publishing when it comes to D&D? Also: Didn't see any similar question...

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• Creating a frozen bubble clone

  - by Vaughan Hilts

  This photo illustrates the environment: http://i.imgur.com/V4wbp.png I'll shoot the cannon, it'll bounce off the wall and it's SUPPOSED to stick to the bubble. It does at pretty much every other angle. The problem is always reproduced here, when hit off the wall into those bubbles. It also exists in other cases, but I'm not sure what triggers it. What actually happens: The ball will sometimes set to the wrong cell, and my "dropping" code will detect it as a loner and drop it off the stage. *There are many implementations of "Frozen Bubble" on the web, but I can't for the life of me find a good explanation as to how the algorithm for the "Bubble Sticking" works. * I see this: http://www.wikiflashed.com/wiki/BubbleBobble https://frozenbubblexna.svn.codeplex.com/svn/FrozenBubble/ But I can't figure out the algorithims... could anyone explain possibly the general idea behind getting the balls to stick? Code in question: //Counstruct our bounding rectangle for use var nX = currentBall.x + ballvX * gameTime; var nY = currentBall.y - ballvY * gameTime; var movingRect = new BoundingRectangle(nX, nY, 32, 32); var able = false; //Iterate over the cells and draw our bubbles for (var x = 0; x < 8; x++) { for (var y = 0; y < 12; y++) { //Get the bubble at this layout var bubble = bubbleLayout[x][y]; var rowHeight = 27; //If this slot isn't empty, draw if (bubble != null) { var bx = 0, by = 0; if (y % 2 == 0) { bx = x * 32 + 270; by = y * 32 + 45; } else { bx = x * 32 + 270 + 16; by = y * 32 + 45; } //Check var targetBox = new BoundingRectangle(bx, by, 32, 32); if (targetBox.intersects(movingRect)) { able = true; } } } } cellY = Math.round((currentBall.y - 45) / 32); if (cellY % 2 == 0) cellX = Math.round((currentBall.x - 270) / 32); else cellX = Math.round((currentBall.x - 270 - 16) / 32); Any ideas are very much welcome. Things I've tried: Flooring and Ceiling values Changing the wall bounce to a lower value Slowing down the ball None of these seem to affect it. Is there something in my math I'm not getting?

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• (Abstract) Game engine design

  - by lukeluke

  I am writing a simple 2D game (for mobile platforms) for the first time. From an abstract point of view, i have the main player controlled by the human, the enemies, elments that will interact with the main player, other living elements that will be controlled by a simple AI (both enemies and non-enemies). The human player will be totally controlled by the player, the other actors will be controlled by AI. So i have a class CActor and a class CActorLogic to start with. I would define a CActor subclass CHero (the main player controlled with some input device). This class will probably implement some type of listener, in order to capture input events. The other players controlled by the AI will be probably a specific subclass of CActor (a subclass per-type, obviously). This seems to be reasonable. The CActor class should have a reference to a method of CActorLogic, that we will call something like CActorLogic::Advance() or similar. Actors should have a visual representation. I would introduce a CActorRepresentation class, with a method like Render() that will draw the actor (that is, the right frame of the right animation). Where to change the animation? Well, the actor logic method Advance() should take care of checking collisions and other things. I would like to discuss the design of a game engine (actors, entities, objects, messages, input handling, visualization of object states (that is, rendering, sound output and so on)) but not from a low level point of view, but from an high level point of view, like i have described above. My question is: is there any book/on line resource that will help me organize things (using an object oriented approach)? Thanks

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• Efficient existing rating system for multiplayer?

  - by Nikolay Kuznetsov

  I would like to add a rating for online version of a board game. In this game there are many game rooms each normally having 3-4 people. So I expect that player's rating adjustments (RA) should depends on Rating of opponents in the game room Number of players in game room and final place of a player Person gets rating increase if he plays more games and more frequently If a person leaves a game room (disconnect) before the game ends he should get punished with a high rating decrease I have found two related questions in here Developing an ELO like point system for a multiplayer gaming site Simplest most effective way to rank and measure player skill in a multi-player environment? Please, let me know what would be the most appropriate existing rating model to refer.

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