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• Procedural content (settlement) generation

  - by instancedName

  I have, lets say, something like a homework or assignment to do. Roughly said I need to write an algorithm (pseudo code is not necessary, just in depth description) of procedure that would generate settlements, environment and a people to populate it with, as part of some larger world generation procedure. The genre of game is not specified, it could be any genre (rpg, strategy, colony simulation etc.) where interacting with large and extensive world is central to the game. Procedure should be called once per settlement. At the time of calling, world generation procedure makes geography, culture and history input available. Output should be map of the village and it's immediate area, and various potential additional information like myths, history, demographic facts etc. Bonus would be quest ant similar stuff, but that not really my focus at the moment. I will leave quality of the output for later when I actually dig little deeper into this topic. I am free to change parameters as long as I have strong explanation for doing so. Setting of the game is undetermined so I am free to use anything that I like the most. Ok, so my actual question is: Can anyone who has some experience in this field of game design recommend me some good literature, or point me in the direction where I should look/reed/study? I'm somewhat experienced game programmer, but I've never been into game design till now so any help will be great. I want to do this assignment as good as I can. As for deadline, it's not strictly set, but lets say I don't want it to take longer then few weeks, one month at worst case.

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• JOGL2 test compiles, but doesn't execute - help?

  - by Chuchinyi

  I have a problem with JOGL2. My JOGL2Template.java compiles fine, but executing it results in the following error: D:\java\java\jogl>javac JOGL2Template.java <== compile ok D:\java\java\jogl>java JOGL2Template <== execute error Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ExceptionInInitializerError at javax.media.opengl.GLProfile.<clinit>(GLProfile.java:1176) at JOGL2Template.<init>(JOGL2Template.java:24) at JOGL2Template.main(JOGL2Template.java:57) Caused by: java.lang.SecurityException: no certificate for gluegen-rt.dll in D:\ java\lib\gluegen-rt-natives-windows-i586.jar at com.jogamp.common.util.JarUtil.validateCertificate(JarUtil.java:350) at com.jogamp.common.util.JarUtil.validateCertificates(JarUtil.java:324) at com.jogamp.common.util.cache.TempJarCache.validateCertificates(TempJa rCache.java:328) at com.jogamp.common.util.cache.TempJarCache.bootstrapNativeLib(TempJarC ache.java:283) at com.jogamp.common.os.Platform$3.run(Platform.java:308) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at com.jogamp.common.os.Platform.loadGlueGenRTImpl(Platform.java:298) at com.jogamp.common.os.Platform.<clinit>(Platform.java:207) ... 3 more Here is the JOGL2Template.java source code: import java.awt.Dimension; import java.awt.Frame; import java.awt.event.WindowAdapter; import java.awt.event.WindowEvent; import javax.media.opengl.GLAutoDrawable; import javax.media.opengl.GLCapabilities; import javax.media.opengl.GLEventListener; import javax.media.opengl.GLProfile; import javax.media.opengl.awt.GLCanvas; import com.jogamp.opengl.util.FPSAnimator; import javax.swing.JFrame; /* * JOGL 2.0 Program Template For AWT applications */ public class JOGL2Template extends JFrame implements GLEventListener { private static final int CANVAS_WIDTH = 640; // Width of the drawable private static final int CANVAS_HEIGHT = 480; // Height of the drawable private static final int FPS = 60; // Animator's target frames per second // Constructor to create profile, caps, drawable, animator, and initialize Frame public JOGL2Template() { // Get the default OpenGL profile that best reflect your running platform. GLProfile glp = GLProfile.getDefault(); // Specifies a set of OpenGL capabilities, based on your profile. GLCapabilities caps = new GLCapabilities(glp); // Allocate a GLDrawable, based on your OpenGL capabilities. GLCanvas canvas = new GLCanvas(caps); canvas.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(CANVAS_WIDTH, CANVAS_HEIGHT)); canvas.addGLEventListener(this); // Create a animator that drives canvas' display() at 60 fps. final FPSAnimator animator = new FPSAnimator(canvas, FPS); addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() { // For the close button @Override public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) { // Use a dedicate thread to run the stop() to ensure that the // animator stops before program exits. new Thread() { @Override public void run() { animator.stop(); System.exit(0); } }.start(); } }); add(canvas); pack(); setTitle("OpenGL 2 Test"); setVisible(true); animator.start(); // Start the animator } public static void main(String[] args) { new JOGL2Template(); } @Override public void init(GLAutoDrawable drawable) { // Your OpenGL codes to perform one-time initialization tasks // such as setting up of lights and display lists. } @Override public void display(GLAutoDrawable drawable) { // Your OpenGL graphic rendering codes for each refresh. } @Override public void reshape(GLAutoDrawable drawable, int x, int y, int w, int h) { // Your OpenGL codes to set up the view port, projection mode and view volume. } @Override public void dispose(GLAutoDrawable drawable) { // Hardly used. } } Any ideas what might be the cause of these errors?

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• Consistency of DirectX models

  - by marc wellman

  Is there a way to check the consistency of a DirectX model (.x) ? Whilst compiling .x files with XNA GameStudio 3.1 compilation is aborted with the following error message: Error 2 Could not read the X file. The file is corrupt or invalid. Error code: D3DXFERR_PARSEERROR. C:\WFP\Browser\Content\m.x KiviBrowser Some models compile correctly without any error/warning and some abort as described. The files of each model have several thousand lines. I am creating the files in Googles SketchUp 8 where they all look fine and don't show any sign of corruption. Suppose I have such a model my XNA compiler won't compile because their is an inconsistency somewhere in the file - how could I identify this in order to correct it ?

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• OpenGL ES 2.0: Mixing 2D with 3D

  - by Bunkai.Satori

  Is it possible to mix 2D and 3D graphics in a single OpenGL ES 2.0 game, please? I have plenty of 2D graphics in my game. The 2D graphics is represented by two triangular polygons (making up a rectangle) with texture on them. I use orthographic matrix to render the whole scene. However, I need to add some 3D effects into my game. Threfore, I wish to use perspective camera to render the meshes. Is it possible to mix orthographic and perspective camera in one scene? If yes, is there going to be a large performance cost for this? Is there any recommended approach to do this effectively? I wil have 90% of 2D graphics and only 10% of 3D. Target platform is OpenGL ES 2.0 (iOS, Android). I use C++ to develop. Thank you.

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• Checking for alternate keys with XNA IsKeyDown

  - by jocull

  I'm working on picking up XNA and this was a confusing point for me. KeyboardState keyState = Keyboard.GetState(); if (keyState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Left) || keyState.IsKeyDown(Keys.A)) { //Do stuff... } The book I'm using (Learning XNA 4.0, O'Rielly) says that this method accepts a bitwise OR series of keys, which I think should look like this... KeyboardState keyState = Keyboard.GetState(); if (keyState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Left | Keys.A)) { //Do stuff... } But I can't get it work. I also tried using !IsKeyUp(... | ...) as it said that all keys had to be down for it to be true, but had no luck with that either. Ideas? Thanks.

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• Why does creating dynamic bodies in JBox2D freeze my app?

  - by Amplify91

  My game hangs/freezes when I create dynamic bullet objects with Box2D and I don't know why. I am making a game where the main character can shoot bullets by the user tapping on the screen. Each touch event spawns a new FireProjectileEvent that is handled properly by an event queue. So I know my problem is not trying to create a new body while the box2d world is locked. My bullets are then created and managed by an object pool class like this: public Projectile getProjectile(){ for(int i=0;i<mProjectiles.size();i++){ if(!mProjectiles.get(i).isActive){ return mProjectiles.get(i); } } return mSpriteFactory.createProjectile(); } mSpriteFactory.createProjectile() leads to the physics component of the Projectile class creating its box2d body. I have narrowed the issue down to this method and it looks like this: public void create(World world, float x, float y, Vec2 vertices[], boolean dynamic){ BodyDef bodyDef = new BodyDef(); if(dynamic){ bodyDef.type = BodyType.DYNAMIC; }else{ bodyDef.type = BodyType.STATIC; } bodyDef.position.set(x, y); mBody = world.createBody(bodyDef); PolygonShape dynamicBox = new PolygonShape(); dynamicBox.set(vertices, vertices.length); FixtureDef fixtureDef = new FixtureDef(); fixtureDef.shape = dynamicBox; fixtureDef.density = 1.0f; fixtureDef.friction = 0.0f; mBody.createFixture(fixtureDef); mBody.setFixedRotation(true); } If the dynamic parameter is set to true my game freezes before crashing, but if it is false, it will create a projectile exactly how I want it just doesn't function properly (because a projectile is not a static object). Why does my program fail when I try to create a dynamic object at runtime but not when I create a static one? I have other dynamic objects (like my main character) that work fine. Any help would be greatly appreciated. This is a screenshot of a method profile I did: Especially notable is number 8. I'm just still unsure what I'm doing wrong. Other notes: I am using JBox2D 2.1.2.2. (Upgraded from 2.1.2.1 to try to fix this problem) When the application freezes, if I hit the back button, it appears to move my game backwards by one update tick. Very strange.

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• Automatically triggering standard spaceship controls to stop its motion

  - by Garan

  I have been working on a 2D top-down space strategy/shooting game. Right now it is only in the prototyping stage (I have gotten basic movement) but now I am trying to write a function that will stop the ship based on it's velocity. This is being written in Lua, using the Love2D engine. My code is as follows (note- object.dx is the x-velocity, object.dy is the y-velocity, object.acc is the acceleration, and object.r is the rotation in radians): function stopMoving(object, dt) local targetr = math.atan2(object.dy, object.dx) if targetr == object.r + math.pi then local currentspeed = math.sqrt(object.dx*object.dx+object.dy*object.dy) if currentspeed ~= 0 then object.dx = object.dx + object.acc*dt*math.cos(object.r) object.dy = object.dy + object.acc*dt*math.sin(object.r) end else if (targetr - object.r) >= math.pi then object.r = object.r - object.turnspeed*dt else object.r = object.r + object.turnspeed*dt end end end It is implemented in the update function as: if love.keyboard.isDown("backspace") then stopMoving(player, dt) end The problem is that when I am holding down backspace, it spins the player clockwise (though I am trying to have it go the direction that would be the most efficient at getting to the angle it would have to be) and then it never starts to accelerate the player in the direction opposite to it's velocity. What should I change in this code to get that to work? EDIT : I'm not trying to just stop the player in place, I'm trying to get it to use it's normal commands to neutralize it's existing velocity. I also changed math.atan to math.atan2, apparently it's better. I noticed no difference when running it, though.

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• Wrong faces culled in OpenGL when drawing a rectangular prism

  - by BadSniper

  I'm trying to learn opengl. I did some code for building a rectangular prism. I don't want to draw back faces so I used glCullFace(GL_BACK), glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);. But I keep getting back faces also when viewing from front and also sometimes when rotating sides are vanishing. Can someone point me in right direction? glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT,GL_LINE); // draw wireframe polygons glColor3f(0,1,0); // set color green glCullFace(GL_BACK); // don't draw back faces glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE); // don't draw back faces glTranslatef(-10, 1, 0); // position glBegin(GL_QUADS); // face 1 glVertex3f(0,-1,0); glVertex3f(0,-1,2); glVertex3f(2,-1,2); glVertex3f(2,-1,0); // face 2 glVertex3f(2,-1,2); glVertex3f(2,-1,0); glVertex3f(2,5,0); glVertex3f(2,5,2); // face 3 glVertex3f(0,5,0); glVertex3f(0,5,2); glVertex3f(2,5,2); glVertex3f(2,5,0); // face 4 glVertex3f(0,-1,2); glVertex3f(2,-1,2); glVertex3f(2,5,2); glVertex3f(0,5,2); // face 5 glVertex3f(0,-1,2); glVertex3f(0,-1,0); glVertex3f(0,5,0); glVertex3f(0,5,2); // face 6 glVertex3f(0,-1,0); glVertex3f(2,-1,0); glVertex3f(2,5,0); glVertex3f(0,5,0); glEnd();

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• Smooth pixels while rotating sprite

  - by goodm

  I just started with andengine, so this maybe gonna be silly question. How to make my sprites more smooth while I rotate them? Or maybe it because this is screenshot from tablet? Thanks JohnEye it works: Just need to change my BitmapTextureAtlas from: BitmapTextureAtlas carAtlas = new BitmapTextureAtlas(this.getTextureManager(),100, 63); to: BitmapTextureAtlas carAtlas = new BitmapTextureAtlas(this.getTextureManager(),100, 63, TextureOptions.BILINEAR);

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• Super-quick MIDI generator with nonrestrictive license?

  - by Ricket

  I'm working on my Ludum Dare entry and trying to figure out how in the world I'm ever going to get background music. I found WolframTones, but the license is too restrictive: Unless otherwise specified, this Site and content presented on this Site are for your personal and noncommercial use. You may not modify, copy, distribute, transmit, display, perform, reproduce, publish, license, create derivative works from, transfer, or sell any information or content obtained from this Site. For commercial and other uses, contact us. But I really like the interface! It's a lot like sfxr - click a genre and download a song. That's so cool. Is there another program that does this same sort of thing but without a restrictive license, so that I can generate a bgm and use it in my game?

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• Why doesn't my texture display with this GLSL shader?

  - by Chewy Gumball

  I am trying to display a DXT1 compressed texture on a quad using a VBO and shaders, but I have been unable to get it working. All I get is a black square. I know my texture is uploaded properly because when I use immediate mode without shaders the texture displays fine but I will include that part just in case. Also, when I change the gl_FragColor to something like vec4 (0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0) then I get a nice blue quad so I know that my shader is able to set the colour. It appears to be either the texture is not being bound correctly in the shader or the texture coordinates are not being picked up. However, I can't find the error! What am I doing wrong? I am using OpenTK in C# (not xna). Vertex Shader: void main() { gl_TexCoord[0] = gl_MultiTexCoord0; // Set the position of the current vertex gl_Position = gl_ModelViewProjectionMatrix * gl_Vertex; } Fragment Shader: uniform sampler2D diffuseTexture; void main() { // Set the output color of our current pixel gl_FragColor = texture2D(diffuseTexture, gl_TexCoord[0].st); //gl_FragColor = vec4 (0.0,1.0,1.0,1.0); } Drawing Code: int vb, eb; GL.GenBuffers(1, out vb); GL.GenBuffers(1, out eb); // Position Texture float[] verts = { 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.9f, 0.1f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.9f, 1.9f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.1f, 1.9f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f }; uint[] indices = { 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 3 }; //upload data to the VBO GL.BindBuffer(BufferTarget.ArrayBuffer, vb); GL.BindBuffer(BufferTarget.ElementArrayBuffer, eb); GL.BufferData(BufferTarget.ArrayBuffer, (IntPtr)(verts.Length * sizeof(float)), verts, BufferUsageHint.StaticDraw); GL.BufferData(BufferTarget.ElementArrayBuffer, (IntPtr)(indices.Length * sizeof(uint)), indices, BufferUsageHint.StaticDraw); //Upload texture int buffer = GL.GenTexture(); GL.BindTexture(TextureTarget.Texture2D, buffer); GL.TexParameter(TextureTarget.Texture2D, TextureParameterName.TextureWrapS, (float)TextureWrapMode.Repeat); GL.TexParameter(TextureTarget.Texture2D, TextureParameterName.TextureWrapT, (float)TextureWrapMode.Repeat); GL.TexParameter(TextureTarget.Texture2D, TextureParameterName.TextureMagFilter, (float)TextureMagFilter.Linear); GL.TexParameter(TextureTarget.Texture2D, TextureParameterName.TextureMinFilter, (float)TextureMinFilter.Linear); GL.TexEnv(TextureEnvTarget.TextureEnv, TextureEnvParameter.TextureEnvMode, (float)TextureEnvMode.Modulate); GL.CompressedTexImage2D(TextureTarget.Texture2D, 0, texture.format, texture.width, texture.height, 0, texture.data.Length, texture.data); //Draw GL.UseProgram(shaderProgram); GL.EnableClientState(ArrayCap.VertexArray); GL.EnableClientState(ArrayCap.TextureCoordArray); GL.VertexPointer(3, VertexPointerType.Float, 5 * sizeof(float), 0); GL.TexCoordPointer(2, TexCoordPointerType.Float, 5 * sizeof(float), 3); GL.ActiveTexture(TextureUnit.Texture0); GL.Uniform1(GL.GetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "diffuseTexture"), 0); GL.DrawElements(BeginMode.Triangles, indices.Length, DrawElementsType.UnsignedInt, 0);

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• Algorithm to shoot at a target in a 3d game

  - by Sebastian Bugiu

  For those of you remembering Descent Freespace it had a nice feature to help you aim at the enemy when shooting non-homing missiles or lasers: it showed a crosshair in front of the ship you chased telling you where to shoot in order to hit the moving target. I tried using the answer from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4107403/ai-algorithm-to-shoot-at-a-target-in-a-2d-game?lq=1 but it's for 2D so I tried adapting it. I first decomposed the calculation to solve the intersection point for XoZ plane and saved the x and z coordinates and then solving the intersection point for XoY plane and adding the y coordinate to a final xyz that I then transformed to clipspace and put a texture at those coordinates. But of course it doesn't work as it should or else I wouldn't have posted the question. From what I notice the after finding x in XoZ plane and the in XoY the x is not the same so something must be wrong. float a = ENG_Math.sqr(targetVelocity.x) + ENG_Math.sqr(targetVelocity.y) - ENG_Math.sqr(projectileSpeed); float b = 2.0f * (targetVelocity.x * targetPos.x + targetVelocity.y * targetPos.y); float c = ENG_Math.sqr(targetPos.x) + ENG_Math.sqr(targetPos.y); ENG_Math.solveQuadraticEquation(a, b, c, collisionTime); First time targetVelocity.y is actually targetVelocity.z (the same for targetPos) and the second time it's actually targetVelocity.y. The final position after XoZ is crossPosition.set(minTime * finalEntityVelocity.x + finalTargetPos4D.x, 0.0f, minTime * finalEntityVelocity.z + finalTargetPos4D.z); and after XoY crossPosition.y = minTime * finalEntityVelocity.y + finalTargetPos4D.y; Is my approach of separating into 2 planes and calculating any good? Or for 3D there is a whole different approach? sqr() is square not sqrt - avoiding a confusion.

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• Generated 3d tree meshes

  - by Jari Komppa

  I did not find a question on these lines yet, correct me if I'm wrong. Trees (and fauna in general) are common in games. Due to their nature, they are a good candidate for procedural generation. There's SpeedTree, of course, if you can afford it; as far as I can tell, it doesn't provide the possibility of generating your tree meshes at runtime. Then there's SnappyTree, an online webgl based tree generator based on the proctree.js which is some ~500 lines of javascript. One could use either of above (or some other tree generator I haven't stumbled upon) to create a few dozen tree meshes beforehand - or model them from scratch in a 3d modeller - and then randomly mirror/scale them for a few more variants.. But I'd rather have a free, linkable tree mesh generator. Possible solutions: Port proctree.js to c++ and deal with the open source license (doesn't seem to be gpl, so could be doable; the author may also be willing to co-operate to make the license even more free). Roll my own based on L-systems. Don't bother, just use offline generated trees. Use some other method I haven't found yet.

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• Which will be faster? Switching shaders or ignore that some cases don't need full code?

  - by PolGraphic

  I have two types of 2d objects: In first case (for about 70% of objects), I need that code in the shader: float2 texCoord = input.TexCoord + textureCoord.xy But in the second case I have to use: float2 texCoord = fmod(input.TexCoord, texCoordM.xy - textureCoord.xy) + textureCoord.xy I can use second code also for first case, but it will be a little slower (fmod is useless here, input.TexCoord will be always lower than textureCoord.xy - textureCoord.xy for sure). My question is, which way will be faster: Making two independent shaders for both types of rectangles, group rectangles by types and switch shaders during rendering. Make one shader and use some if statement. Make one shader and ignore that sometimes (70% of cases) I don't need to use fmod.

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• Cocos2d: Moving background on update: offsett issue

  - by mm24

  working with Objective C, iOS and Cocos2d I am developing a vertical scrolling shooter game for iPhone (retina display models with 640 width x 960 height pixel resolution). My basic algorithm works as following: I create two instances of an image that has exactly 640 width x 960 height pixel of resolution, which we will call imageA and imageB I then set the two imags with exactly 480.0f of offset from each other, as the screenSize of a CCScene is set by default to 480.0f. At each update method call I move the two images by the same value. I make sure that their offsett stays to 480.0f However when running the game I see a 1 pixel height line between the two images. This literally bugs me and would like to adjust this. What am I doing wrong? This is a zoom in on the background when the "offsett line" is visible. The white line you can see divides the two background images and is not meant to exist as both images are completely black :): If I change the yPositionOfSecondElement value to 479.0f until the first loop the two images overlap correctly, but as soon as the loop starts the two images starts having an offsett of -1.0f. Here is the initialization code: -(void) init { //... screenHeight = 480.0f; yPositionOfSecondElement= screenHeight;//I tried subtracting an offsett of -1 but eventually the image would go wrong again yPositionOfFirstElement = 0.0f; loopedBackgroundImageInstanceA = [BackgroundLoopedImage loopImageForLevel:levelName]; loopedBackgroundImageInstanceA.anchorPoint = CGPointMake(0.5f, 0.0f); loopedBackgroundImageInstanceA.position = CGPointMake(160.0f, yPositionOfFirstElement); [node addChild:loopedBackgroundImageInstanceA z:zLevelBackground]; //loopedBackgroundImageInstanceA.color= ccRED; loopedBackgroundImageInstanceB = [BackgroundLoopedImage loopImageForLevel:levelName]; loopedBackgroundImageInstanceB.anchorPoint = CGPointMake(0.5f, 0.0f); loopedBackgroundImageInstanceB.position = CGPointMake(160.0f, yPositionOfSecondElement); [node addChild:loopedBackgroundImageInstanceB z:zLevelBackground]; //.... } And here is the move code called at each update: -(void) moveBackgroundSprites:(BackgroundLoopedImage*)imageA :(BackgroundLoopedImage*)imageB :(ccTime)delta { isEligibleToMove=false; //This is done to avoid rounding errors float yStep = delta * [GameController sharedGameController].currentBackgroundSpeed; NSString* formattedNumber = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%.02f", yStep]; yStep = atof([formattedNumber UTF8String]); //First should adjust position of images [self adjustPosition:imageA :imageB]; //The can get the actual image position CGPoint posA = imageA.position; CGPoint posB = imageB.position; //Here could verify if the checksum is equal to the required difference (should be 479.0f) if (![self verifyCheckSum:posA :posB]) { CCLOG(@"does not comply A"); } //At this stage can compute the hypotetical new position CGPoint newPosA = CGPointMake(posA.x, posA.y - yStep); CGPoint newPosB = CGPointMake(posB.x, posB.y - yStep); // Reposition stripes when they're out of bounds if (newPosA.y <= -yPositionOfSecondElement) { newPosA.y = yPositionOfSecondElement; [imageA shuffle]; if (timeElapsed>=endTime && hasReachedEndLevel==FALSE) { hasReachedEndLevel=TRUE; shouldMoveImageEnd=TRUE; } } else if (newPosB.y <= -yPositionOfSecondElement) { newPosB.y = yPositionOfSecondElement; [imageB shuffle]; if (timeElapsed>=endTime && hasReachedEndLevel==FALSE) { hasReachedEndLevel=TRUE; shouldMoveImageEnd=TRUE; } } //Here should verify that the check sum is equal to 479.0f if (![self verifyCheckSum:posA :posB]) { CCLOG(@"does not comply B"); } imageA.position = newPosA; imageB.position = newPosB; //Here could verify that the check sum is equal to 479.0f if (![self verifyCheckSum:posA :posB]) { CCLOG(@"does not comply C"); } isEligibleToMove=true; } -(BOOL) verifyCheckSum:(CGPoint)posA :(CGPoint)posB { BOOL comply = false; float sum = 0.0f; if (posA.y > posB.y) { sum = posA.y - posB.y; } else if (posB.y > posA.y){ sum = posB.y - posA.y; } else{ return false; } if (sum!=yPositionOfSecondElement) { comply= false; } else{ comply=true; } return comply; } And here is what happens on the update: if(shouldMoveImageA && shouldMoveImageB) { if (isEligibleToMove) { [self moveBackgroundSprites:loopedBackgroundImageInstanceA :loopedBackgroundImageInstanceB :delta]; } Forget about shouldMoveImageA and shouldMoveImageB, this is just for when the background reaches the end of level, this works.

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• Normal map lighting bug in bottom right quadrant

  - by Ryan Capote

  I am currently working on getting normal maps working in my project, and have run into a problem with lighting. As you can see, the normals in the bottom right quadrant of the lighting isn't calculating the correct direction to the light or something. Best seen by the red light If I use flat normals (z normal = 1.0), it seems to be working fine: normals for the tile sheet: Shader: #version 330 uniform sampler2D uDiffuseTexture; uniform sampler2D uNormalsTexture; uniform sampler2D uSpecularTexture; uniform sampler2D uEmissiveTexture; uniform sampler2D uWorldNormals; uniform sampler2D uShadowMap; uniform vec4 uLightColor; uniform float uConstAtten; uniform float uLinearAtten; uniform float uQuadradicAtten; uniform float uColorIntensity; in vec2 TexCoords; in vec2 GeomSize; out vec4 FragColor; float sample(vec2 coord, float r) { return step(r, texture2D(uShadowMap, coord).r); } float occluded() { float PI = 3.14; vec2 normalized = TexCoords.st * 2.0 - 1.0; float theta = atan(normalized.y, normalized.x); float r = length(normalized); float coord = (theta + PI) / (2.0 * PI); vec2 tc = vec2(coord, 0.0); float center = sample(tc, r); float sum = 0.0; float blur = (1.0 / GeomSize.x) * smoothstep(0.0, 1.0, r); sum += sample(vec2(tc.x - 4.0*blur, tc.y), r) * 0.05; sum += sample(vec2(tc.x - 3.0*blur, tc.y), r) * 0.09; sum += sample(vec2(tc.x - 2.0*blur, tc.y), r) * 0.12; sum += sample(vec2(tc.x - 1.0*blur, tc.y), r) * 0.15; sum += center * 0.16; sum += sample(vec2(tc.x + 1.0*blur, tc.y), r) * 0.15; sum += sample(vec2(tc.x + 2.0*blur, tc.y), r) * 0.12; sum += sample(vec2(tc.x + 3.0*blur, tc.y), r) * 0.09; sum += sample(vec2(tc.x + 4.0*blur, tc.y), r) * 0.05; return sum * smoothstep(1.0, 0.0, r); } float calcAttenuation(float distance) { float linearAtten = uLinearAtten * distance; float quadAtten = uQuadradicAtten * distance * distance; float attenuation = 1.0 / (uConstAtten + linearAtten + quadAtten); return attenuation; } vec3 calcFragPosition(void) { return vec3(TexCoords*GeomSize, 0.0); } vec3 calcLightPosition(void) { return vec3(GeomSize/2.0, 0.0); } float calcDistance(vec3 fragPos, vec3 lightPos) { return length(fragPos - lightPos); } vec3 calcLightDirection(vec3 fragPos, vec3 lightPos) { return normalize(lightPos - fragPos); } vec4 calcFinalLight(vec2 worldUV, vec3 lightDir, float attenuation) { float diffuseFactor = dot(normalize(texture2D(uNormalsTexture, worldUV).rgb), lightDir); vec4 diffuse = vec4(0.0); vec4 lightColor = uLightColor * uColorIntensity; if(diffuseFactor > 0.0) { diffuse = vec4(texture2D(uDiffuseTexture, worldUV.xy).rgb, 1.0); diffuse *= diffuseFactor; lightColor *= diffuseFactor; } else { discard; } vec4 final = (diffuse + lightColor); if(texture2D(uWorldNormals, worldUV).g > 0.0) { return final * attenuation; } else { return final * occluded(); } } void main(void) { vec3 fragPosition = calcFragPosition(); vec3 lightPosition = calcLightPosition(); float distance = calcDistance(fragPosition, lightPosition); float attenuation = calcAttenuation(distance); vec2 worldPos = gl_FragCoord.xy / vec2(1024, 768); vec3 lightDir = calcLightDirection(fragPosition, lightPosition); lightDir = (lightDir*0.5)+0.5; float atten = calcAttenuation(distance); vec4 emissive = texture2D(uEmissiveTexture, worldPos); FragColor = calcFinalLight(worldPos, lightDir, atten) + emissive; }

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• Trouble with AABB collision response and physics

  - by WCM

  I have been racking my brain trying to figure out a problem I am having with physics and basic AABB collision response. I am fairly close as the physics are mostly right. Gravity feels good and movement is solid. The issue I am running into is that when I land on the test block in my project, I can jump off of it most of the time. If I repeatedly jump in place, I will eventually get stuck one or two pixels below the surface of the test block. If I try to jump, I can become free of the other block, but it will happen again a few jumps later. I feel like I am missing something really obvious with this. I have two functions that support the detection and function to return a vector for the overlap of the two rectangle bounding boxes. I have a single update method that is processing the physics and collision for the entity. I feel like I am missing something very simple, like an ordering of the physics vs. collision response handling. Any thoughts or help can be appreciated. I apologize for the format of the code, tis prototype code mostly. The collision detection function: public static bool Collides(Rectangle source, Rectangle target) { if (source.Right < target.Left || source.Bottom < target.Top || source.Left > target.Right || source.Top > target.Bottom) { return false; } return true; } The overlap function: public static Vector2 GetMinimumTranslation(Rectangle source, Rectangle target) { Vector2 mtd = new Vector2(); Vector2 amin = source.Min(); Vector2 amax = source.Max(); Vector2 bmin = target.Min(); Vector2 bmax = target.Max(); float left = (bmin.X - amax.X); float right = (bmax.X - amin.X); float top = (bmin.Y - amax.Y); float bottom = (bmax.Y - amin.Y); if (left > 0 || right < 0) return Vector2.Zero; if (top > 0 || bottom < 0) return Vector2.Zero; if (Math.Abs(left) < right) mtd.X = left; else mtd.X = right; if (Math.Abs(top) < bottom) mtd.Y = top; else mtd.Y = bottom; // 0 the axis with the largest mtd value. if (Math.Abs(mtd.X) < Math.Abs(mtd.Y)) mtd.Y = 0; else mtd.X = 0; return mtd; } The update routine (gravity = 0.001f, jumpHeight = 0.35f, moveAmount = 0.15f): public void Update(GameTime gameTime) { Acceleration.Y = gravity; Position += new Vector2((float)(movement * moveAmount * gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalMilliseconds), (float)(Velocity.Y * gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalMilliseconds)); Velocity.Y += Acceleration.Y; Vector2 previousPosition = new Vector2((int)Position.X, (int)Position.Y); KeyboardState keyboard = Keyboard.GetState(); movement = 0; if (keyboard.IsKeyDown(Keys.Left)) { movement -= 1; } if (keyboard.IsKeyDown(Keys.Right)) { movement += 1; } if (Position.Y + 16 > GameClass.Instance.GraphicsDevice.Viewport.Height) { Velocity.Y = 0; Position = new Vector2(Position.X, GameClass.Instance.GraphicsDevice.Viewport.Height - 16); IsOnSurface = true; } if (Collision.Collides(BoundingBox, GameClass.Instance.block.BoundingBox)) { Vector2 mtd = Collision.GetMinimumTranslation(BoundingBox, GameClass.Instance.block.BoundingBox); Position += mtd; Velocity.Y = 0; IsOnSurface = true; } if (keyboard.IsKeyDown(Keys.Space) && !previousKeyboard.IsKeyDown(Keys.Space)) { if (IsOnSurface) { Velocity.Y = -jumpHeight; IsOnSurface = false; } } previousKeyboard = keyboard; } This is also a full download to the project. https://www.box.com/s/3rkdtbso3xgfgc2asawy P.S. I know that I could do this with the XNA Platformer Starter Kit algo, but it has some deep flaws that I am going to try to live without. I'd rather go the route of collision response via an overlay function. Thanks for any and all insight!

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• How can i run my .LÖVE game directly from the lua interpreter?

  - by jonathan

  I've just started with LOVE and LUA , i'm interested in LOVE because i want to play around with something different from my dayjob(i'm a webdeveloper) and since it uses LUA and is interpreted , i though it would be a great way to try out the API. but i couldn't find how to run my .LÖVE game directly from the lua interpreter? i'm finding it bothersome to package the game each time i make a little test with the API. since i couldn't find the answer i'm asking, but maybe i'm serching for the wrong terms, if this it is a simple matter like "import the library" or set the global, i'll gladly remove my question.

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• Which opcodes are faster at the CPU level?

  - by Geotarget

  In every programming language there are sets of opcodes that are recommended over others. I've tried to list them here, in order of speed. Bitwise Integer Addition / Subtraction Integer Multiplication / Division Comparison Control flow Float Addition / Subtraction Float Multiplication / Division Where you need high-performance code, C++ can be hand optimized in assembly, to use SIMD instructions or more efficient control flow, data types, etc. So I'm trying to understand if the data type (int32 / float32 / float64) or the operation used (*, +, &) affects performance at the CPU level. Is a single multiply slower on the CPU than an addition? In MCU theory you learn that speed of opcodes is determined by the number of CPU cycles it takes to execute. So does it mean that multiply takes 4 cycles and add takes 2? Exactly what are the speed characteristics of the basic math and control flow opcodes? If two opcodes take the same number of cycles to execute, then both can be used interchangeably without any performance gain / loss? Any other technical details you can share regarding x86 CPU performance is appreciated

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• How to modify VBO data

  - by Romeo

  I am learning LWJGL so i can start working on my game. In order to learn LWJGL I got the idea to implement the map builder so I can get comfortable with graphics programming. Now, for the map creation tool I need to draw new elements or draw the old one's with different coordinates. Let me explain this: My game will be a 2D scroller. The map will be consisting of multiple rectangles ( 2 strip triangles). When I click my left-mouse button i want to start the rectangle and when I release it I want to stop the rectangle bottom-right at that position. As I want to use VBOs I want to know how to modify data inside the VBO based on user input. Should i have a copy of a vertex array and then add the whole array to the VBO at each user input? How is usually implemented the VBO update?

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• Quake 3 Bot Programming Example

  - by Manni

  I would like to implement an intelligent bot for Quake-3. I downloaded the and built the code successfully under Linux. My problem is that I couldn't find any complete tutorial telling me how to build an agent; telling which files to use( as there are many files in the source code). Can you give me a website or piece of source code telling me how to start? Or something like an example source code for a bot.

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• GUI for DirectX

  - by DeadMG

  I'm looking for a GUI library built on top of DirectX- preferably 9, but I can also do 11. I've looked at stuff like DXUT, but it's way too much for me- I'm only needing some UI controls which I would rather not write (and debug) myself, and their need to keep a C-compatible API is definitely a big downside. I'd rather look at UI libs that are designed to be integrated into an existing DirectX-based system, rather than forming the basis of a system. Any recommendations?

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• AI to move custom-shaped spaceships (shape affecting movement behaviour)

  - by kaoD

  I'm designing a networked turn based 3D-6DOF space fleet combat strategy game which relies heavily on ship customization. Let me explain the game a bit, since you need to know a bit about it to set the question. What I aim for is the ability to create your own fleet of ships with custom shapes and attached modules (propellers, tractor beams...) which would give advantages and disadvantages to each ship, so you have lots of different fleet distributions. E.g., long ship with two propellers at the side would let the ship spin around that plane easily, bigger ships would move slowly unless you place lots of propellers at the back (therefore spending more "construction" points and energy when moving, and it will only move fast towards that direction.) I plan to balance all the game around this feature. The game would revolve around two phases: orders and combat phase. During the orders phase, you command the different ships. When all players finish the order phase, the combat phase begins and the ship orders get resolved in real-time for some time, then the action pauses and there's a new orders phase. The problem comes when I think about player input. To move a ship, you need to turn on or off different propellers if you want to steer, travel forward, brake, rotate in place... These propellers don't have to work at their whole power, so you can achieve more movement combinations with less propellers. I think this approach is a bit boring. The player doesn't want to fiddle with motors or anything, you just want to MOVE and KILL. The way I intend the player to give orders to these ships is by a destination and a rotation, and then the AI would calculate the correct propeller power to achive that movement and rotation. Propulsion doesn't have to be the same throught the entire turn calculation (after the orders have been given) so it would be cool if the ships reacted as they move, adjusting the power of the propellers for their needs dynamically, but it may be too hard to implement and it's not really needed for the game to work. In both cases, how would that AI decide which propellers to activate for the best (or at least not worst) trajectory to be achieved? I though about some approaches: Learning AI: The ship types would learn about their movement by trial and error, adjusting their behaviour with more uses, and finally becoming "smart". I don't want to get involved THAT far in AI coding, and I think it can be frustrating for the player (even if you can let it learn without playing.) Pre-calculated timestep movement: Upon ship creation, ALL possible movements are calculated for each propeller configuration and power for a given delta-time. Memory intensive, ugly, bad. Pre-calculated trajectories: The same as above but not for each delta-time but the whole trajectory, which would then be fitted as much as possible. Requires a fixed propeller configuration for the whole combat phase and is still memory intensive, ugly and bad. Continuous brute forcing: The AI continously checks ALL possible propeller configurations throughout the entire combat phase, precalculates a few time steps and decides which is the best one based on that. Con: what's good now might not be that good later, and it's too CPU intensive, ugly, and bad too. Single brute forcing: Same as above, but only brute forcing at the beginning of the simulation, so it needs constant propeller configuration throughout the entire combat phase. Coninuous angle check: This is not a full movement method, but maybe a way to discard "stupid" propeller configurations. Given the current propeller's normal vector and the final one, you can approximate the power needed for the propeller based on the angle. You must do this continuously throughout the whole combat phase. I figured this one out recently so I didn't put in too much thought. A priori, it has the "what's good now might not be that good later" drawback too, and it doesn't care about the other propellers which may act together to make a better propelling configuration. I'm really stuck here. Any ideas?

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• Behavior Trees and Animations

  - by Tom

  I have started working on the AI for a game, but am confused how I should handle animations. I will be using a Behavior Tree for AI behavior and Cocos2D for my game engine. Should my "PlayAnimationWalk" just be another node in the tree? Something similar to this: [Approach Player] - Play Walk animation - Move Towards player - Stop Walk animation Or should the node just update an AnimationState in the blackboard and have some type of animation handler/component reference this for which animation should be playing? This has been driving me nuts :)

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• How does a collision engine work?

  - by JXPheonix

  Original question: Click me How exactly does a collision engine work? This is an extremely broad question. What code keeps things bouncing against each other, what code makes the player walk into a wall instead of walk through the wall? How does the code constantly refresh the players position and objects position to keep gravity and collision working as it should? If you don't know what a collision engine is, basically it's generally used in platform games to make the player acutally hit walls and the like. There's the 2D type and the 3D type, but they all accomplish the same thing: collision. So, what keeps a collision engine ticking?

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